Leaf Gas Exchange Response of 'Arapaho' Blackberry and Six Red Raspberry Cultivars to Moderate and High Temperatures

Leaf gas exchange of six red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and one blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) genotypes growing in 12-L containers was measured at four temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) once a month for 3 months in growth chambers by infrared gas analysis. Measurements were taken on three successive leaves on the same primocane between the third and seventh nodes (≈75% to 85% of full leaf expansion). The plants were grown in ambient (field) conditions except when measurements were taken. Maximum daily ambient temperatures rose as high as ≈37 °C during this period. Net CO2 assimilation (A), evapotranspiration (ET), and stomatal conductance (gs) were measured during June, July, and August. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) in A were found among the seven genotypes. 'Arapaho' blackberry displayed the highest mean A rate at all temperatures. Only in the raspberry cultivars Nova and Reveille did the rate of A drop significantly when temperature increased from 20 to 30 °C. 'Reveille' was also the only cultivar in which A significantly declined between 30 and 35 °C. The ET increased significantly over the four temperatures in four cultivars ('Arapaho', 'Heritage', 'Nova', and 'Southland'). The ET rate at 35 °C was higher for 'Arapaho' than for all other cultivars. 'Autumn Bliss', 'Dormanred', and 'Reveille' did not change significantly as the temperature rose from 20 to 35 °C. Stomatal conductance of 'Heritage' and 'Arapaho' did not change significantly between 20 and 35 °C, whereas that of 'Autumn Bliss' and 'Reveille' declined almost 50% when temperature increased to 30 or 35 °C.

Download Full-text

Leaf Gas Exchange Characteristics of Red Raspberry Germplasm in a Hot Environment

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.2.278 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 278-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Eric T. Stafne ◽

John R. Clark ◽

Curt R. Rom

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Plant Performance ◽

Red Raspberry ◽

The Third ◽

Hot Environment ◽

Gas Exchange Characteristics ◽

Growth Chambers ◽

Selection Of

Net CO2 assimilation (A), evapotranspiration (ET), and stomatal conductance (gs) were determined in two experiments for 14 and 18 raspberry (Rubus sp.) genotypes, respectively, grown in 4-L containers and exposed to 35 °C daytime temperatures 2 weeks and 4 weeks after placement in growth chambers. Measurements were taken on two successive leaves on the same primocane between the third and seventh node (≈75% to 85% of full leaf expansion). In Expt. 1, selections from Louisiana exhibited higher A (3.10-5.73 μmol·m-2·s-1) than those from Oregon (0.50-2.65 μmol·m-2·s-1). In Expt. 2, the genotype × time interactions were nonsignificant, and time of measurement did not affect A or ET (P ≤ 0.05). Assimilation ranged from 2.08 to 6.84 μmol·m-2·s-1 and varied greatly among genotypes, indicating that diverse A levels exist at high temperatures in raspberry germplasm. NC 296, a selection of R. coreanus Miq. from China, and `Dormanred', a southern-adapted raspberry cultivar with R. parvifolius Hemsl. as a parent, had the highest A rates. Evapotranspiration and gs did not differ among genotypes. Average gs for all genotypes declined from 234 mmol·m-2·s-1 in week 2 to 157 mmol·m-2·s-1 in week 4. Our findings, coupled with plant performance under hot conditions, can be used to identify potential parental raspberry germplasm for breeding southern-adapted cultivars.

Download Full-text

The Effects of Drought on Leaf Gas Exchange and Growth of Three Species of Herbaceous Perennials

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.540a ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 540a-540

Author(s):

K.J. Prevete ◽

R.T. Fernandez

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Transpiration Rate ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

Herbaceous Perennials ◽

Effects Of Drought ◽

Analysis System

Three species of herbaceous perennials were tested on their ability to withstand and recover from drought stress periods of 2, 4, and 6 days. Eupatorium rugosum and Boltonia asteroides `Snowbank' were chosen because of their reported drought intolerance, while Rudbeckia triloba was chosen based on its reported drought tolerance. Drought stress began on 19 Sept. 1997. Plants were transplanted into the field the day following the end of each stress period. The effects of drought on transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and net photosynthetic rate were measured during the stress and throughout recovery using an infrared gas analysis system. Leaf gas exchange measurements were taken through recovery until there were no differences between the stressed plants and the control plants. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis of Rudbeckia and Boltonia were not affected until 4 days after the start of stress. Transpiration of Eupatorium decreased after 3 days of stress. After rewatering, leaf gas exchange of Boltonia and Rudbeckia returned to non-stressed levels quicker than Eupatorium. Growth measurements were taken every other day during stress, and then weekly following transplanting. Measurements were taken until a killing frost that occurred on 3 Nov. There were no differences in the growth between the stressed and non-stressed plants in any of the species. Plants will be monitored throughout the winter, spring, and summer to determine the effects of drought on overwintering capability and regrowth.

Download Full-text

Seasonal changes in net carbon dioxide exchange rates of Autumn Bliss, a primocane-fruiting red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p96-022 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 427-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jean-Pierre Privé ◽

J. A. Sullivan ◽

J. T. A. Proctor

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Seasonal Changes ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Leaf Age ◽

Rubus Idaeus ◽

Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽

Red Raspberry ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll Content ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll

Seasonal changes in leaf net carbon exchange rate (NCER), stomatal conductance (gs), and intercellular CO2 (ci) were determined for 2-yr-old potted Autumn Bliss (Rubus idaeus L.) plants grown under field conditions. NCER varied inconsistently between leaves which subtended fruiting lateral branches (laterals) and those that did not. In leaves with fruiting laterals, it was lower on three dates, similar on three other dates and once greater than in leaves without fruiting laterals. Evidence of nonstomatal inhibition of photosynthesis was also apparent as leaf NCER and gs fluctuated during the season while ci remained relatively constant. The leaf chlorophyll content increased when fruiting laterals were present, but this did not produce a consistently higher leaf NCER. The SPAD-501 meter provided a rapid and accurate, nondestructive estimate of leaf chlorophyll content for Autumn Bliss red raspberry leaves. Under uniform environmental conditions, all healthy, fully expanded leaves along the primocane had the same photosynthetic potential. Also, leaf age did not influence leaf gas exchange until the leaves started to senesce. Therefore, good light interception throughout the canopy is needed to optimize dry matter production in primocane-fruiting red raspberries. Key words: Rubus idaeus L., primocane-fruiting, leaf gas exchange

Download Full-text

Normal Cyclic Variation in CO2 Concentration in Indoor Chambers Decreases Leaf Gas Exchange and Plant Growth

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9050663 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 663

Author(s):

James Bunce

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Cyclic Variation ◽

Indoor Exposure ◽

Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽

Gas Exchange System ◽

Opening And Closing

Attempts to identify crop genetic material with larger growth stimulation at projected elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations are becoming more common. The probability of reductions in photosynthesis and yield caused by short-term variation in CO2 concentration within elevated CO2 treatments in the free-air CO2 enrichment plots raises the question of whether similar effects occur in glasshouse or indoor chamber experiments. These experiments were designed to test whether even the normal, modest, cyclic variation in CO2 concentration typical of indoor exposure systems have persistent impacts on photosynthesis and growth, and to explore mechanisms underlying the responses observed. Wheat, cotton, soybeans, and rice were grown from seed in indoor chambers at a mean CO2 concentration of 560 μmol mol−1, with “triangular” cyclic variation with standard deviations of either 4.5 or 18.0 μmol mol−1 measured with 0.1 s sampling periods with an open path analyzer. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and above ground biomass at 20 to 23 days were reduced in all four species by the larger variation in CO2 concentration. Tests of rates of stomatal opening and closing with step changes in light and CO2, and tests of responses to square-wave cycling of CO2 were also conducted on individual leaves of these and three other species, using a leaf gas exchange system. Reduced stomatal conductance due to larger amplitude cycling of CO2 during growth occurred even in soybeans and rice, which had equal rates of opening and closing in response to step changes in CO2. The gas exchange results further indicated that reduced mean stomatal conductance was not the only cause of reduced photosynthesis in variable CO2 conditions.

Download Full-text

Effect of ontogeny, heterophylly and leaf position on the gas exchange of the hop plant

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/671/2014-pse ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 525-530 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. Hejnák ◽

H. Hniličková ◽

F. Hnilička

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Leaf Position ◽

The Third ◽

Rate Of Photosynthesis

This paper evaluates the influence of ontogeny and the position of bine and offshoot leaves on the rate of photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) in hop plants. In the ontogeny influencing Pn, E and gs among hops. The highest Pn was measured in phase 81–89 BBCH and E and gs in phase 61–69 BBCH. The Pn increased over the course of ontogeny from the 1st to 3rd level of the hop plants. From the 61 BBCH phase, the leaves of the first and second level achieved a photosynthetic maturity and Pn value no longer increased. The third-level leaves achieved photosynthetic maturity from the 81 BBCH phase. Higher E was measured in the upper parts of the hop plant. Pn and E were higher in the bine leaves in the third level of the hop plant over the entire course of the vegetation period. In the first and second level of the hop plant, higher values of Pn were measured in the offshoot leaves. Differences in gs were not noteworthy among the leaf types. Results show that a significant factor affecting the differences in Pn and E in hops is the age of the leaves.

Download Full-text

The impact of kaolin clay sprays on leaf gas exchange of Ginger Gold apple trees in New Brunswick

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p06-130 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 86 (Special Issue) ◽

pp. 1377-1381 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. P. Privé ◽

L. Russell ◽

A. LeBlanc

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

New Brunswick ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Apple Orchard ◽

Kaolin Clay ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Leaf Physiology ◽

The Impact

A field trial was conducted over two growing seasons in a Ginger Gold apple orchard in Bouctouche, New Brunswick, Canada to examine the impact of Surround (95% kaolin clay) on leaf gas exchange [net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 (Ci) and transpiration (E)]. In 2004, a greater rate of Pn and gs was achieved at the higher than at the lower frequency of Surround applications. This was particularly notable at leaf temperatures exceeding 35°C. In 2005, no significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences among leaf residue groupings [Trace (< 0.5 g m-2), Low (0.5 to 2 g m-2), and High (≥ 2 g m-2)] were found for the four leaf gas exchange parameters at leaf temperatures ranging from 25 to 40°C. It would appear that under New Brunswick commercial orchard conditions, the application of Surround favours or has no effect on leaf gas exchange. Key words: Surround, particle film, leaf physiology, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2, transpiration

Download Full-text

The interplay between irrigation and fruiting on branch growth and mortality, gas exchange and water relations of coffee trees

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpaa116 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Wellington L Almeida ◽

Rodrigo T Ávila ◽

Junior P Pérez-Molina ◽

Marcela L Barbosa ◽

Dinorah M S Marçal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Water Status ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Plant Hydraulics ◽

Branch Growth ◽

Source To Sink ◽

Leaf Transpiration

Abstract The overall coordination between gas exchanges and plant hydraulics may be affected by soil water availability and source-to-sink relationships. Here we evaluated how branch growth and mortality, leaf gas exchange and metabolism are affected in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) trees by drought and fruiting. Field-grown plants were irrigated or not, and maintained with full or no fruit load. Under mild water deficit, irrigation per se did not significantly impact growth but markedly reduced branch mortality in fruiting trees, despite similar leaf assimilate pools and water status. Fruiting increased net photosynthetic rate in parallel with an enhanced stomatal conductance, particularly in irrigated plants. Mesophyll conductance and maximum RuBisCO carboxylation rate remained unchanged across treatments. The increased stomatal conductance in fruiting trees over nonfruiting ones was unrelated to internal CO2 concentration, foliar abscisic acid (ABA) levels or differential ABA sensitivity. However, stomatal conductance was associated with higher stomatal density, lower stomatal sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit, and higher leaf hydraulic conductance and capacitance. Increased leaf transpiration rate in fruiting trees was supported by coordinated alterations in plant hydraulics, which explained the maintenance of plant water status. Finally, by preventing branch mortality, irrigation can mitigate biennial production fluctuations and improve the sustainability of coffee plantations.

Download Full-text

EFFECT OF TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE FEEDING ON GAS EXCHANGE AND CHLOROPHYLL CHARACTERISTICS OF RED RASPBERRY LEAVES

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1166d ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1166d-1166 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Scott Cameron ◽

Carol A. Hartley ◽

Carl H. Shanks ◽

Jeannie K. L. Garth

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Spider Mite ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Red Raspberry ◽

Leaf Injury ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

Mite Feeding ◽

Two Spotted Spider Mite ◽

Mite Number

At two-week intervals from 17 June to 15 July, three groups of `Meeker' red raspberry plants were infested with two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) in a greenhouse. While populations on individual plants were allowed to develop freely, control plants were kept free of mites with a chemical miticide. Gas exchange measurements were made on 27 July prior to visible mite damage, and on 7 October after injury was apparent. The relationships between mite populations and leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll characteristics were described using a logarithmic function.Physiological responses to mite feeding were observed prior to visible leaf injury. On both dates, CO2 assimilation rates decreased (p ≤ 0.001) with increasing mite numbers per leaflet. On 27 June, a significant relationship (R2 = 0.61***) was found between mite number and mesophyll conductance (gm). On 7 October, significant relationships (p ≤ 0.001) were also observed with gm, stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (E). Total chlorophyll content of leaves decreased with increasing mite populations, but chlorophyll a/b ratio and dry weight per leaf unit area were unchanged.

Download Full-text

The Lanata trichome mutation increases stomatal conductance and reduces leaf temperature in tomato

10.1101/2020.02.11.943761 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Karla Gasparini ◽

Ana Carolina R. Souto ◽

Mateus F. da Silva ◽

Lucas C. Costa ◽

Cássia Regina Fernandes Figueiredo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Spectral Properties ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Glandular Trichome ◽

Leaf Temperature ◽

Trichome Density

ABSTRACTBackground and aimsTrichomes are epidermal structures with an enormous variety of ecological functions and economic applications. Glandular trichomes produce a rich repertoire of secondary metabolites, whereas non-glandular trichomes create a physical barrier against biotic and abiotic stressors. Intense research is underway to understand trichome development and function and enable breeding of more resilient crops. However, little is known on how enhanced trichome density would impinge on leaf photosynthesis, gas exchange and energy balance.MethodsPrevious work has compared multiple species differing in trichome density, instead here we analyzed monogenic trichome mutants in a single tomato genetic background (cv. Micro-Tom). We determined growth parameters, leaf spectral properties, gas exchange and leaf temperature in the hairs absent (h), Lanata (Ln) and Woolly (Wo) trichome mutants.Key resultsShoot dry mass, leaf area, leaf spectral properties and cuticular conductance were not affected by the mutations. However, the Ln mutant showed increased carbon assimilation (A) possibly associated with higher stomatal conductance (gs), since there were no differences in stomatal density or stomatal index between genotypes. Leaf temperature was furthermore reduced in Ln in the early hours of the afternoon.ConclusionsWe show that a single monogenic mutation can increase glandular trichome density, a desirable trait for crop breeding, whilst concomitantly improving leaf gas exchange and reducing leaf temperature.HIGHLIGHTA monogenic mutation in tomato increases trichome density and optimizes gas exchange and leaf temperature

Download Full-text

Another View of Gas Exchange Model: Reflection of Leaf Surface Air to Stomatal Conductance

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.14 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 113-116 ◽

pp. 14-17

Author(s):

Meng Hu ◽

Shao Zhong Kang ◽

Tai Sheng Du ◽

Ling Tong

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Exchange Process ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Reflection Function ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Gas Exchange Process

A reflection function was established, based on leaf gas exchange process and tested with experimental data of eight kinds of plants, i.e. tomato, muskmelon, capsicum, maize, grape, onion, Haloxylon Ammodendron Bunge and Caragana Karshiskii Kom, with multifarious biological characteristic, water and growing status. The function indicated that the leaf stomatal conductance could be linearly reflected by the ratio of humidity and CO2 concentration at leaf surface, and the behaviour of its slope could be recognized as an indicator of leaf gas exchange efficiency, which had a negative relationship with leaf water use efficiency (WUE). The results maybe increase our understanding of potential influences of leaf stomatal conductance on photosynthetic and transpiration gas exchange and leaf WUE.

Download Full-text