Types of Control Structure in Expert Systems

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Laurent
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Control Structure ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Distinct Separation

The concept of an expert system covers an increasingly large group of software packages which often have more dissimilarities than points in common. We shall not attempt to give a precise definition of an expert system here, because this might impose too restrictive a framework on the rest of our discussion. We shall simply state that, as is generally recognized, an expert system is a piece of software intended to resolve a certain category of problems, that it uses for this purpose a large quantity of knowledge specific to the field in question, and that in each expert system there is a very distinct separation between this knowledge and the procedures which make use of it.

Types of control structure in expert systems

1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-135
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Laurent
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Control Structure ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Distinct Separation

The concept of an expert system covers an increasingly large group of software packages which often have more dissimilarities than points in common. We shall not attempt to give a precise definition of an expert system here, because this might impose too restrictive a framework on the rest of our discussion. We shall simply state that, as is generally recognized, an expert system is a piece of software intended to resolve a certain category of problems, that it uses for this purpose a large quantity of knowledge specific to the field in question, and that in each expert system there is a very distinct separation between this knowledge and the procedures which make use of it.

Critical Review of Expert System Validation in Transportation

1997 ◽  
Vol 1588 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Spring
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
System Validation ◽  
Overall Evaluation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In

Expert system validation—that is, testing systems to ascertain whether they achieve acceptable performance levels—has with few exceptions been ad hoc, informal, and of dubious value. Very few efforts have been made in this regard in the transportation area. A discussion of the major issues involved in validating expert systems is provided, as is a review of the work that has been done in this area. The review includes a definition of validation within the context of the overall evaluation process, descriptions and critiques of several approaches to validation, and descriptions of guidelines that have been developed for this purpose.

Development of a hybrid expert system: a case study

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 744-750
Author(s):  
K. M. Sakr ◽  
M. U. Hosain
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Routine Design ◽  
Design Calculations ◽  
External Program ◽  
Steel Trusses ◽  
Conventional Computer

This paper considers the possible enhancement of the capabilities of an expert system tool. Most of the commercial tools currently available are not particularly suitable for developing expert systems that involve routine design calculations. To overcome this drawback for engineering applications, numerical computations may be carried out by conventional computer programs which can be linked to an expert system tool through its external program interface. This type of expert systems is called a "hybrid" or "coupled" expert system. Practicing engineers will, sooner or later, face the need to use hybrid expert systems. This paper presents a case study which shows how the capabilities of a commercial expert system tool can be enhanced by integrating it with a conventional computer program. The hybrid expert system developed by the authors for illustration purpose can be used for the analysis of plane steel trusses and the evaluation of member design forces. It utilizes an in-house program called “Manager” to integrate two commercial software packages: an expert system tool called KES and a structural analysis package named PFRAME. The capabilities of the hybrid system appear to exceed those of the individual software packages. Key words: knowledge based expert systems, expert system building tools, hybrid expert systems, structural analysis, structural design.

What is a deep expert system? An analysis of the architectural requirements of second-generation expert systems

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Keravnou ◽  
J. Washbrook
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Robust Solutions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Interaction Problem ◽  
Computer Interaction

AbstractFirst-generation expert systems have significant limitations, often attributed to their not being sufficiently deep. However, a generally accepted answer to “What is a deep expert system?” is still to be given. To answer this question one needs to answer “Why do first-generation systems exhibit the limitations they do?” thus identifying what is missing from first-generation systems and therefore setting the design objectives for second-generation (i.e. deep) systems. Several second-generation architectures have been proposed; inherent in each of these architectures is a definition of deepness. Some of the proposed architectures have been designed with the objective of alleviating a subset, rather than the whole set, of the first-generation limitations. Such approaches are prone to local, non-robust solutions. In this paper we analyze the limitations (under the categories: human-computer interaction, problem-solving flexibility, and extensibility) of the first-generation expert systems thus setting design goals for second-generation systems. On the basis of this analysis proposed second-generation architectures are reviewed and compared. The paper concludes by presenting requirements for a generic second-generation architecture.

scholarly journals The use of expert systems on the differential diagnosis of urinary incontinence

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 704-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Helena Baena de Moraes Lopes ◽  
Heimar de Fátima Marin ◽  
Neli Regina Siqueira Ortega ◽  
Eduardo Massad
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Urodynamic Testing ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
Definition Of

The differential diagnosis of urinary incontinence classes is sometimes difficult to establish. As a rule, only the results of urodynamic testing allow an accurate diagnosis. However, this exam is not always feasible, because it requires special equipment, and also trained personnel to lead and interpret the exam. Some expert systems have been developed to assist health professionals in this field. Therefore, the aims of this paper are to present the definition of Artificial Intelligence; to explain what Expert System and System for Decision Support are and its application in the field of health and to discuss some expert systems for differential diagnosis of urinary incontinence. It is concluded that expert systems may be useful not only for teaching purposes, but also as decision support in daily clinical practice. Despite this, for several reasons, health professionals usually hesitate to use the computer expert system to support their decision making process.

Initial Polymerization Sites Indicated During Mitochondrial Oxidation of Diaminobenzidine after Toluene Treatment

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 408-409
Author(s):  
W. A. Shannon ◽  
M. A. Matlib
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Cytochemical Localization ◽  
Oxidative Reaction ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Exogenous Substrates

Numerous studies have dealt with the cytochemical localization of cytochrome oxidase via cytochrome c. More recent studies have dealt with indicating initial foci of this reaction by altering incubation pH (1) or postosmication procedure (2,3). The following study is an attempt to locate such foci by altering membrane permeability. It is thought that such alterations within the limits of maintaining morphological integrity of the membranes will ease the entry of exogenous substrates resulting in a much quicker oxidation and subsequently a more precise definition of the oxidative reaction.The diaminobenzidine (DAB) method of Seligman et al. (4) was used. Minced pieces of rat liver were incubated for 1 hr following toluene treatment (5,6). Experimental variations consisted of incubating fixed or unfixed tissues treated with toluene and unfixed tissues treated with toluene and subsequently fixed.

SISTEM PAKAR MENDIAGNOSA VIRUS MAYORA DENGAN METODE VARIABLE CENTERED INTELLIGENT RULE SYSTEM (VCIRS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Nurhena ◽  
Nelly Astuti Hasibuan ◽  
Kurnia Ulfa
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Visual Basic ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Techniques ◽  
Individual Needs ◽  
Rule System

The diagnosis process is the first step to knowing a type of disease. This type of disease caused by mosquitoes is one of the major viruses (MAVY), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and malaria. Sometimes not everyone can find the virus that is carried by this mosquito, usually children who are susceptible to this virus because the immune system that has not been built perfectly is perfect. To know for sure which virus is infected by mosquitoes, it can diagnose by seeing symptoms perceived symptoms. Expert systems are one of the most used artificial intelligence techniques today because expert systems can act as consultations. In this case the authors make a system to start a diagnosis process with variable centered intelligent rule system (VCIRS) methods through perceived symptoms. With the facilities provided for users and administrators, allowing both users and administrators to use this system according to their individual needs. This expert system is made with the Microsoft Visual Basic 2008 programming language.Keywords: Expert System, Mayora Virus, Variable Centered Intelligent Rule System (VCIRS)The diagnosis process is the first step to knowing a type of disease. This type of disease caused by mosquitoes is one of the major viruses (MAVY), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and malaria. Sometimes not everyone can find the virus that is carried by this mosquito, usually children who are susceptible to this virus because the immune system that has not been built perfectly is perfect. To know for sure which virus is infected by mosquitoes, it can diagnose by seeing symptoms perceived symptoms.Expert systems are one of the most used artificial intelligence techniques today because expert systems can act as consultations. In this case the authors make a system to start a diagnosis process with variable centered intelligent rule system (VCIRS) methods through perceived symptoms.With the facilities provided for users and administrators, allowing both users and administrators to use this system according to their individual needs. This expert system is made with the Microsoft Visual Basic 2008 programming language.Keywords: Expert System, Mayora Virus, Variable Centered Intelligent Rule System (VCIRS)

Authentic Culinary Tourism Experiences: The Perspectives of Locals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan C. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Scholarly Work ◽  
Culinary Tourism ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Napa Valley ◽  
Definition Of

Culinary experiences have long been an important aspect of tourism. For many destinations, culinary offerings have become ubiquitous with the place – pasta in Italy, wine in the Loire- or Napa Valley, or curry in India. As tourists increasingly seek out authentic touristic experiences, including culinary experiences, the question arises regarding what constitutes an authentic culinary experience in a place. While authentic and authenticity are terms widely used in the tourism literature, a precise definition of what those terms mean and a method for identifying that which is authentic remains elusive. Research regarding authenticity in tourism suggests that locals occupy a ‘place of privilege’ with respect to determining the authenticity of a touristic experience because of their connection to and context in relation to the place. This paper examines the perspectives of Prince Edward Island (PEI) residents with respect to what constitutes an authentic culinary touristic experience in which visitors to Canada’s smallest province can partake and that provide those visitors with a glimpse of what life in PEI is or was really like, and provides a voice for an underrepresented group in the authenticity discourse. Results show that authentic culinary experiences transcend food, and encompass people, places, and experiences in ways that enrich touristic endeavours, and that locals understand and interpret authenticity in ways that both conform to and differ from existing scholarly work related to tourism authenticity, and span objective, existential, and constructive authenticity.

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