The use of anaphoric pronouns by French children in narrative: evidence from constrained text production

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
VICTOR EMMANUEL MILLOGO
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Old French ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Written Production ◽  
Text Production ◽  
Anaphoric Pronouns ◽  
Anaphoric Pronoun ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sentence Subject ◽  
Memory Constraints

This paper describes the acquisition of the 3rd person pronoun ‘il/elle’ (he, she, it) in seven to twelve-year-old French children (N=58), in written production. An experiment was conducted to examine the relationship between the use of this anaphoric pronoun and the accessibility of the memory-trace of the corresponding referent in the texts. Referential accessibility in short texts was varied according to three factors: referential distance, thematization of the agent role (first sentence subject), and discourse focus. We found that the children were sensitive to the distance factor as early as 7;0, i.e. they used fewer personal pronouns when the referential distance increased. However, children of different ages differed in their weighting of the discourse focus factor and the thematization factor: the seven-year-olds (N=18) and the eleven-year-olds (N=20) were sensitive to variation of the discourse focus but not the thematization factor, while for the nine-year-olds (N=20) it was the reverse. The main results suggest: (a) when seven and nine-year-olds use the pronoun ‘il/elle’, they do not comply with the constraints associated with the accessibility of the memory-trace of the referent; (b) memory constraints have an effect from the age of 7;0, but only when the discourse focus is maintained. It was concluded that the discourse management of the French personal pronoun ‘il/elle’ is not totally mastered at 11;0: children cannot operationally integrate the whole array of constraints implied in anaphoric management.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Otto
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Early Christianity ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Philo Of Alexandria ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Text Production ◽  
Church Father ◽  
Intellectual Formation ◽  
The Relationship

Between the second and the sixteenth centuries CE, references to the Jewish exegete Philo of Alexandria occur exclusively in texts written by Christians. David T. Runia has described this phenomenon as the adoption of Philo by Christians as an “honorary Church Father.” Drawing on the work of Jonathan Z. Smith and recent investigations of the “Parting of the Ways” of early Christianity and Judaism, this study argues that early Christian invocations of Philo reveal ongoing efforts to define the relationship between Jewishness and Christianness, their areas of overlap and points of divergence. The introduction situates invocations of Philo within the wider context of early Christian writing about Jews and Jewishness. It considers how Philo and his early Christian readers participated in the larger world of Greco-Roman philosophical schools, text production, and the ethical and intellectual formation (paideia) of elite young men in the Roman Empire.

scholarly journals O tratamento didático dos mecanismos enunciativos na aula de língua portuguesa

2021 ◽  
pp. 239-268
Author(s):  
Aline Matos de Amorim ◽  
Francisca Rebeca de Lima Xavier
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
National Curriculum ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Reading Practices ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Written Production ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

Reading practices and oral and written production in elementary school" is the result of experiences undertaken regarding the teaching of Portuguese in Basic Education. The book addresses the relationship between theory and practice in order to contemplate the axes of reading, writing, orality and linguistic/semiotic analysis, in line with the assumptions defended in the Common National Curriculum Base (BNCC).

scholarly journals A manifestação da invocação em texto de propaganda produzido por alunos do 9o ano do Ensino Fundamental

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-160
Author(s):  
Meyssa Maria Bezerra Cavalcante dos Santos ◽  
Maria Elias Soares ◽  
Maria Margarete Fernandes de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
National Curriculum ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Reading Practices ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Written Production ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

Reading practices and oral and written production in elementary school" is the result of experiences undertaken regarding the teaching of Portuguese in Basic Education. The book addresses the relationship between theory and practice in order to contemplate the axes of reading, writing, orality and linguistic/semiotic analysis, in line with the assumptions defended in the Common National Curriculum Base (BNCC).

scholarly journals Gambling Tourism and Economic Development: Some Lessons from Macao

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Metaxas ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Text Production ◽  
Alternative Tourism ◽  
Tourist Flows ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

This article aims to explore and document the relationship between forms of alternative tourism and economic development. More specifically, the subject of this investigation will be whether a small national economy is able to rely wholly or largely on tourist flows as a source of income and even to invest in a single type of tourism. Alternative forms of tourism, gaming tourism as well as the features of territorially limited countries and how they are linked to the case of Macao will also be objects of study and annotation. With the process of text production through scientific articles, statistical data, and reliable databases, this article attempts to satisfy the investigated relationship as well as the stemming questions.

Practical and Empirical Knowledge of Photoillustration: What is and is Not Known

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette N. Bradford ◽  
David B. Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Aesthetic Judgment ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Text Production ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Fruitful Research ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Little empirical research has been conducted concerning the relationship of photographs to text in photoillustration. Knowledge of photoillustration has remained the informal folklore of layout artists and photographers for several reasons: the unquantifiable nature of aesthetic judgment; the differences between principles of photography and of traditional art forms; and advances in both camera and press technology. As a result of these factors, tradition, not empirical research, has dominated practice. But traditional layout principles which have been the subject of empirical testing have received both denial and reinforcement in such areas as the effectiveness of photoillustration, color versus black-and-white, placement of photographs, and the photograph and traditional layout principles. More research is needed into this vital aspect of text production; fruitful research directions are suggested and the synthesis of the knowledge of both the practitioner and the researcher advocated.

scholarly journals Regulation of postischemic liver injury following different durations of ischemia

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (3) ◽  
pp. G536-G545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian N. Hines ◽  
Jason M. Hoffman ◽  
Heleen Scheerens ◽  
Brian J. Day ◽  
Hirohisa Harada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Kupffer Cells ◽  
Neutrophil Infiltration ◽  
Hepatocellular Injury ◽  
Text Production ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Text Formation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Deficient Mice

The objective of this study was to define the relationship among Kupffer cells, O[Formula: see text]production, and TNF-α expression in the pathophysiology of postischemic liver injury following short and long periods of ischemia. Using different forms of superoxide dismutase with varying circulating half-lives, a monoclonal antibody directed against mouse TNF-α, and NADPH oxidase-deficient mice, we found that 45 or 90 min of partial (70%) liver ischemia and 6 h of reperfusion (I/R) produced time-dependent increases in liver injury and TNF-α expression in the absence of neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, we observed that hepatocellular injury induced by short periods of ischemia were not dependent on formation of TNF-α but were dependent on Kupffer cells and NADPH oxidase-independent production of O[Formula: see text]. However, liver injury induced by extended periods of ischemia appeared to require the presence of Kupffer cells, NADPH oxidase-derived O[Formula: see text], and TNF-α expression. We conclude that the sources for O[Formula: see text] formation and the relative importance of TNF-α in the pathophysiology of I/R-induced hepatocellular injury differ depending on the duration of ischemia.

Bi-polar terms of address in Kuwaiti Arabic

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Aziz F. Yassin
Keyword(s):  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Relationship

Bi-polarity is the use of the same term to denote both speaker and addressee. It is possible to distinguish broadly three types of bi-polar term in Kuwaiti Arabic (KA). The first type is characterized in form by the use of the monolexic kin-terms: /yuba/ ‘father’, /yumma/ ‘mother’, /yaddi/ ‘grandfather’, /yadda/ ‘grandmother’. The second type consists of the vocative particle /ya/ + the KA kin-term for brother /?ax/ + 2nd person pronominal suffix. The third type of KA bi-polar term consists of the joining word /wa/ ‘and’ + the personal pronoun /ana/ ‘I’ + one of the monolexic kin-terms + 2nd person pronominal suffix. In this paper a comparison is made between these three types of bi-polarity exploring the relationship between their respective forms and functions.

Ammonia Production Rates of Artemia salina Under Various Culture Conditions

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1643-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Moffett ◽  
William S. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Culture System ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Ammonia Production ◽  
Ammonia Metabolism ◽  
Text Production ◽  
Total Ammonia ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

Artemia salina are used as a live food in the cultivation of several Crustacea and their metabolites add to the metabolites of the cultured species. Because it is toxic, ammonia was monitored over 7-d periods while A. salina nauplii and adults were held in a variety of culture conditions. Ammonia production increased with increasing temperature between 15–25 °C according to the relationship[Formula: see text]Production of ammonia by nauplii was density dependent. No change in ammonia production was shown by adults with alteration of density (200–2000 A. salina/L), salinity (10–50‰), or pH (7.0–9.0), or when fed twice daily with 50 000–100 000 cells Platymonas sp./mL. Artemia salina fed ad lib. to cultured experimental lobsters would contribute about 46% of the total ammonia in the culture system. Key words: Artemia, aquaculture, ammonia, metabolism, excretion, Crustacea

scholarly journals Letramento em perspectiva: o lugar da mulher nos contos de fada

2021 ◽  
pp. 379-400
Author(s):  
Lorena Lopes Chaves ◽  
Pollyanne Bicalho Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
National Curriculum ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Reading Practices ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Written Production ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

Reading practices and oral and written production in elementary school" is the result of experiences undertaken regarding the teaching of Portuguese in Basic Education. The book addresses the relationship between theory and practice in order to contemplate the axes of reading, writing, orality and linguistic/semiotic analysis, in line with the assumptions defended in the Common National Curriculum Base (BNCC).

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