China's Grain Production 1975–80 and 1952–57 Some Basic Statistics

1981 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 215-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Economic ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Agricultural Economics ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Rural Work ◽  
First Time

The publication of basic agricultural statistics by China for the first time in 20 years has quickened the collective pulse of western economists. During the decade of the 1960s there were virtually no statistics and economic discussion of the performance of agriculture was almost restricted to asking “ How much grain does China produce? ” In the early years of the 1970s some national and provincial grain production figures began to appear, but they were fragmentary, often inconsistent and difficult to interpret. Even so, there was a much better statistical basis for economic analysis than had previously existed and the situation improved right up to the fall of the “ gang of four.” Since 1976 the increase in the supply of statistics has been swift, and especially since 1978, quite dramatic and exciting. For economists interested in agriculture, the publication of the new journal Nongye jingji wenti (Problems of Agricultural Economics) by the Agricultural Economic Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Social Science, and the resurrection of Nongcun gongzuo tongxun (Rural Work Bulletin), have been particularly important.

Agricultural Economics and the Agrarian Lobby in Hungary under State Socialism

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 284-308
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Varga
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Economics ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Agrarian Sector ◽  
Agrarian Policy ◽  
Policy Suggestions ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Oriented Research

Following the revolution in 1956, Hungary’s agrarian policy went through changes and reforms unprecedented within the socialist block. The most important reform was the abolition of the system of compulsory delivery. This article aims to outline how the political change affected agrarian economics and also highlights the significant role played by some scholars, with their latent presence and their policy suggestions, which the Kádár Government had the courage to support in November 1956. With the emergence of the so-called Agrarian Lobby, of the intertwining networks of politicians, administrators, and scientists of the agrarian sector, the personal and intellectual preconditions had already been in place before 1956. Institutionalization, however, could only come about after the partial rehabilitation of market economy. The post-1956 political leadership could only meet the challenge of re-defining the relationship of the state and the agricultural cooperatives with the contribution of professionals. At the same time, the shape and nature of Kádár era agrarian economic research were also affected by the alliance between the practitioners of the field and the emerging network of agro-politicians and administrators, the Agrarian Lobby. Two key figures, Ferenc Erdei and Lajos Fehér, shared the responsibility for the better performance of agriculture. This paper also pays attention to the way their cooperation on this reform policy-oriented research was realized and the key role it played in the Hungarian agricultural cooperatives’ emancipation from the bonds of the kolkhoz model in the 1960s.

Contributions of Chinese doctoral recipients from foreign universities to agricultural economic research and education in North America and China

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingbin Wang ◽  
H. Holly Wang ◽  
Junbiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Agricultural Economic ◽  
Agricultural Economics ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Doctoral Recipients ◽  
Content Type ◽  
American Universities ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Foreign Universities

PurposeThis paper traces the timeline and milestones of Chinese graduate students in agricultural economics and related fields at foreign universities, with an emphasis on North American universities, since the early 1980s, and assesses the contributions of Chinese doctoral recipients from foreign universities to agricultural economic research and education in North America and China.Design/methodology/approachData from department and college websites, associations of agricultural economics, university libraries and databases of theses and dissertations and selected agricultural economic journals in English and Chinese are used to attain the above purposes through graphical and bibliometric analyses.FindingsFirst, the numbers of Chinese doctoral recipients and tenure-track and tenured faculty in agricultural economics at North American universities have increased steadily and significantly. Second, Chinese scholars in North America have achieved tremendous success in agricultural economic research via high-quality publications, prestigious awards, editorship of top journals, leadership in professional organizations, etc. Third, more Chinese doctoral recipients overseas have increasingly returned to China and are playing important roles in China’s agricultural economic research, education and international collaboration. Fourth, the publications of overseas Chinese scholars in Chinese journals and those of their counterparts working in China on topics beyond China are relatively limited and more collaboration may enhance the global impacts of Chinese agricultural economists.Research limitations/implicationsThis research is limited by data availability and quality and the data problems are discussed in the paper.Originality/valueThis is likely the first study to assess the contributions of Chinese doctoral recipients from foreign universities to agricultural economic research and education in China and abroad.

A Historical Perspective on the Use of Randomized Trials in Social Science Settings

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Oakley
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Social Experiments ◽  
What Works ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

Similar to medicine, social science has historically grappled with controlling for chance and bias in assessing the effectiveness of interventions. Questions about what works and how to evaluate the evidence underlie all areas of policy intervention. In the early years of the 20th century, social science in North America developed an established tradition of quantitative sociology that included experimental studies. This was followed by a number of social experiments from the 1960s to the 1980s. The history of prospective experimental studies with control groups applied to the social domain contains important lessons for experimental social science in the 21st century.

scholarly journals The Restoration and Conservation of Islamic Monuments in Egypt

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-580
Author(s):  
Salim A. Elwazani
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Land Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
First Time

This book is about the care of the Islamic architectural heritage inEgypt. The book's salient ideas amount to an argwnent for the necessity ofcare based on the implied quality of significance attached to monwnentsand urban districts as material testimonies to the country's history and culturethrough successive Islamic periods. The argument is supported by aseries of papers dealing with the causes of physical deterioration of thesetestimonies and the strategies and procedures for preserving them.That existing buildings endure deterioration in their structural andmaterial integrity over time poses no question. Familiar climatic elements,such as temperature and humidity, as well as normal use, dictate an incessantrate of deterioration. But eminent dangers, especially for historic buildings,stem from the oppressive acts of humans and nature. Widespreadindustry, population growth, land development, and wars all contribute tohwnan-generated building threat and deterioration; floods, hurricanes, andearthquakes, on the other hand, spearhead a gamut of natural forces ofbuilding deterioration.Relishing the value of architectural heritage and recognizing the needfor its protection have prompted many nations to develop plans and programsof protection. To clarify issues crucial to protection efforts, debateintensified, particularly in Western Europe and the United States, sincethe early years of the twentieth century. These issues revolved aroundsuch sweeping questions as why (rationale), what (scope), and how(means and methods) to protect historic buildings. The "why" debate resolutionsshaped the philosophy of preservation, and such a philosophyshaped, in tum and at least in principle, the answers for the "what" and"how" questions.Architectural heritage protection endeavors entered the internationalarena during the 1960s. Worldly conventions, charters, and organizationscame into existence in order to foster cooperation between world membersin the area of preservation. This situation presented opportunities, often forthe first time, for developing countries to initiate or strengthen preservationefforts at home. These opportunities were enhanced through programs ofinternational bodies, such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific,and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Council onMonuments and Sites (ICOMOS). However, opportunities to strengthen ...

The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽  
EUDALD CORTINA ORERO
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

Japanese Historical Writing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Modernization Theory ◽  
Master Narrative ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
Economic Miracle ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter shows how in Japan, the year 1945 represented a change of a very different kind. Japanese historians now repudiated the ultranationalist historiography of the 1930s and early 1940s, and turned in significant numbers towards Marxism, which rapidly achieved a kind of hegemony. They criticized the master narrative of the post-Meiji past, centered on the Tennō (emperor), and identified it with Fascism as a failed experiment in modernity. In the 1960s, however, this Marxist historiographical dominance was gradually supplanted by a pluralism of competing approaches. Modernization theory, social science methodologies, and ‘history from below’ coexisted, and historians, inspired by the Japanese economic miracle, tried to come to terms with the fact that Japan’s traditions, long perceived as an obstacle to modernization, actually seemed to foster it.

scholarly journals A Virtual Telescope for the Open University Science Foundation Course

1998 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Norton ◽  
Mark H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Open University ◽  
Distance Teaching ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
University Science ◽  
First Time ◽  
Degree Level ◽  
Selection Of

The Open University is the UK's foremost distance teaching university. For over twenty five years we have been presenting courses to students spanning a wide range of degree level and vocational subjects. Since we have no pre-requisites for entry, a major component of our course profile is a selection of foundation courses comprising one each in the Arts, Social Science, Mathematics, Technology and Science faculties. The Science Faculty's foundation course is currently undergoing a substantial revision. The new course, entitled “S103: Discovering Science”, will be presented to students for the first time in 1998.

Business model of garment enterprises: a scientometric review

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 1609-1626
Author(s):  
Yuran Jin ◽  
Xiangye Song ◽  
Jinhuan Tang ◽  
Xiaodong Dong ◽  
Huisheng Ji
Keyword(s):  
Conference Proceedings ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Business Models ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Citation Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fast Fashion ◽  
First Time

The research on the business model of garment enterprises (BMGE) has expanded rapidly in the last decade. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive reviews of it, let alone visual research. Based on scientometrics, in this paper 118 papers and their 4803 references from Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, Conference Proceedings Citation Index—Science, and Conference Proceedings Citation Index—Social Science & Humanities for the period 2010–2020 about the BMGE were analyzed by visualizing the co-cited references, co-occurrence keywords, burst references, dual-map overlays, and more with CiteSpace, Google Maps, and VOSviewer. The research revealed the intellectual landscapes of the BMGE for the first time and mapped the landmark papers, hotspots and trends, national or regional distributions and their cooperation networks, highly cited authors, and prestigious journals and disciplines related to the BMGE. The results show that the biggest hotspot is the fast fashion business model; social responsibility, smart fashion, Internet of Things, and sharing fashion are the main emerging hotspots; and the research focuses has evolved from traditional business models to business models driven by new technologies, then to new issues such as circular economy models. The institutions are mainly distributed in China, the United States, and Western Europe, and there is cooperation between more than 11 countries. The most popular disciplines are economics and politics, while psychology, education, and social science are the essential basic disciplines. The Journal of Cleaner Production and Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, among others, actively promoted the research.

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