An additive and linear general energy scale

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 70-70
Author(s):  
G.C. Emmans
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Scale ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
General Energy ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
General Method ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Armsby (1903) coined the term metabolisable energy, ME, for the gross energy of a diet less the energy in the faeces, urine and methane apparently produced from it. He stated an animal's requirement for ME as the sum of its fasting heat production, FHP, its positive energy retention, ER, and the heat increment, HI. In this paper a general method for predicting HI is proposed and tested.

Energy exchanges of pregnant and lactating ewes

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Energy Exchanges ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

At intervals throughout gestation, the energy, carbon, and nitrogen exchanges of four Merino ewes were determined with the aid of closed-circuit indirect calorimetry. Six similar but non-pregnant animals were studied at the same time. The food consisted of equal parts of lucerne and wheaten hay; half the sheep in each group were given a constant 600 g/day and half 900 g/day, and the non-pregnant ewes were fasted on one occasion. Free fatty acids, glucose, and ketones in the blood were also determined during the final stages of pregnancy. Balance measurements were continued during lactation, the ewes being given 1200 g food/day for the first month and 900 g for the second. The digestibility of the food was not affected by pregnancy or lactation, but urinary nitrogen loss decreased as pregnancy advanced and was least during lactation. Although a constant amount of food was eaten, the heat production of each pregnant animal increased throughout gestation. The heat increment of pregnancy at term was 90 kca1/24 hr/kg foetal tissue. The most direct measurements of oxygen uptake by the foetus in utero indicate much lower levels of heat production per kilogram of tissue; it is concluded that these are underestimates. The metabolic rate was unusually high immediately before parturition, and in two cases decreased to near non-pregnant levels 24 hr after lambing. The total energy retention of the ewes became smaller as pregnancy advanced, and in two cases was negative at term. Metabolizable energy was used for reproduction with a gross efficiency of 15–22% and a net efficiency of 13%. The metabolizable energy used per kilogram of foetus was approximately 10% of the maintenance requirement of the ewe herself. Daily energy utilization by the conceptus at term probably accounted for 70% of the glucogenic substances available from the food. There was no evidence of increased gluconeogenesis from protein by the pregnant ewe. The nutrition of the ewe during gestation affected lactation mainly in the first week or two. The data indicate that nitrogen intake rather than energy intake limited milk production. Irrespective of the amount of energy in the milk, the heat increment due to feeding was 20% smaller for lactating than for dry fatteningewes. It is suggested that efficient use of acetate by the mammary gland permits more efficient lipogenesis by other tissues.

Efficiencies of use of the metabolisable energy from feeds based on barley or sugar beet feed in immature sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 60-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Emmans ◽  
M.R. Cropper ◽  
W.S. Dingwall ◽  
H. Brown ◽  
J D Oldham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Single Dimension ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The ARC (1980) energy system sees growth in the single dimension of energy retention (ER) which increases, with diminishing marginal efficiency, as ME intake increases. The quantitative relationship between ME intake and ER is predicted from q, the proportion of the gross energy which is metabolisable. An experiment on growing sheep on controlled feeding of different feeds was carried out to provide data suitable for testing ARC (1980) and other energy systems.Scottish Blackface wether sheep in single pens, entered the experiment at 25 kg liveweight (LW), when 11 were slaughtered. The remainder were allocated to 3 x 3 x 3 treatments with an intended 4 replicates per treatment. The factors were (i) feeds: feeds B, U and M shown in Table 1, (ii) levels of feeding. L, M and H where H was 936 g/d at 25 kg and was increased by 52 g/d each week, L was half H and M half-way between L and H, (iii) slaughter point, after 9 or 18 weeks, or at 40 kg liveweight.

Calorimetric studies on the effect of dietary energy source and environmental temperature on the metabolic efficiency of energy utilization by mature Light Sussex cockerels

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. F. Shannon ◽  
W. O. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Calorimetric Studies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Maize Oil

SUMMARYExperiments to determine the net availabilities of the metabolizable energy (NAME) of a cereal-based diet and a maize-oil diet for maintenance and lipogenesis and the effect of environmental temperature on the NAME of the cereal-based diet are described. Four 1- to 2-year-old Light Sussex cockerels were used.The relationship between ME intake and energy retention was linear for each diet. The NAME'S of the cereal-based diet given at 22° and 28 °C (70.6 ± 1.83 % and 73.6 ± 3.54%, respectively) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the NAME of the maize-oil diet (84.1 ± 1.85%). It is concluded that the beneficial effect of maize oil on the efficiency of energy utilization is due to a reduced heat increment rather than a reduction in the basal component of the heat production. The higher efficiency from the maize-oil diet led to an increase in the energy retained as fat.The mean fasting heat production at 28 °C was 15 % lower than at 22 °C (43.2 ± 1.45 and 51.2 ± 1.09 kcal/kg/day, respectively). The NAME of the cereal-based diet was not significantly different when the birds were kept at 22° or 28 °C. The lower metabolic rate at 28 °C was reflected in a lower maintenance requirement and in an increase in the deposition of body fat.

Review: Energy partitioning in broiler chickens

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lopez ◽  
S. Leeson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentration Changes

In commercial nutrition and in research studies, metabolizable energy (ME) is the standard measure of energy used in describing energy requirements and diets for poultry. The provision of dietary energy will influence the intake of all other nutrients. Broilers exhibit an outstanding ability to control their energy intake by adjusting their feed intake as diet energy concentration changes. There is still considerable debate on the accuracy, precision and usefulness of different procedures used for determining ME values of diets and ingredients. ME intake is generally partitioned into energy retained (ER) in body tissues (mainly as fat and protein) and as heat production (HP): ME = HP + ER. There are few reported estimates of HP and its components, fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF). Requirements for maintenance (MEm), including major components of FHP and physical activity, are established at around 155 kcal kg BW0.60. We recentlyreported that maintenance requirements for young broilers based on kg BW0.75 were 8% lower than the values estimated using kg BW0.60, and that BW raised to the exponent 0.60, was a more precise estimator. Gross energy retained in the body as fat (TERF) and protein (TERP), together contribute most of the total energy retained (TER) in the body. Efficiency of ME utilization above maintenance varies from 70 to 84% for lipid deposition in adult birds and between 37 and 85% in growing birds. Key words: Energy, broiler, metabolic rate, energy retention

The effect of diet and condition score on fasting heat production of non-producing dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 34-34
Author(s):  
J.W. Birnie ◽  
R.E. Agnew ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

The metabolisable energy (ME) requirement for maintenance (MEm) has been derived from measurements of fasting heat production (FHP) with non-lactating cattle, with, for example, ARC (1980) using published data on steers to develop equations to calculate the MEm of dairy cattle. Recent studies at this Institute (Yan et al. 1997 a&b) have produced estimates of MEm, through either direct measurement of FHP, or the use of regression techniques for producing animals and concluded that MEm was higher than those in published feeding standards (ARC, 1980; AFRC, 1993). The objective of the present experiments was to explore possible reasons for the differences, such as the effect of cow body condition score (CS) on FHP and the effect of level and type of diet given during the pre-fasting period on FHP.

scholarly journals Bayesian analysis of energy balance data from growing cattle using parametric and non-parametric modelling

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2068 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Moraes ◽  
E. Kebreab ◽  
A. B. Strathe ◽  
J. France ◽  
J. Dijkstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Parametric Modelling ◽  
Retention Models ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Non Parametric

Linear and non-linear models have been extensively utilised for the estimation of net and metabolisable energy requirements and for the estimation of the efficiencies of utilising dietary energy for maintenance and tissue gain. In growing animals, biological principles imply that energy retention rate is non-linearly related to the energy intake level because successive increments in energy intake above maintenance result in diminishing returns for tissue energy accretion. Heat production in growing cattle has been traditionally described by logarithmic regression and exponential models. The objective of the present study was to develop Bayesian models of energy retention and heat production in growing cattle using parametric and non-parametric techniques. Parametric models were used to represent models traditionally employed to describe energy use in growing steers and heifers whereas the non-parametric approach was introduced to describe energy utilisation while accounting for non-linearities without specifying a particular functional form. The Bayesian framework was used to incorporate prior knowledge of bioenergetics on tissue retention and heat production and to estimate net and metabolisable energy requirements (NEM and MEM, respectively), and the partial efficiencies of utilising dietary metabolisable energy for maintenance (km) and tissue energy gain (kg). The database used for the study consisted of 719 records of indirect calorimetry on steers and non-pregnant, non-lactating heifers. The NEM was substantially larger in energy retention models (ranged from 0.40 to 0.50 MJ/kg BW0.75.day) than were NEM estimates from heat-production models (ranged from 0.29 to 0.49 MJ/kg BW0.75.day). Similarly, km was also larger in energy retention models than in heat production models. These differences are explained by the nature of y-intercepts (NEM) in these two models. Energy retention models estimate fasting catabolism as the y-intercept, while heat production models estimate fasting heat production. Conversely, MEM was virtually identical in all models and approximately equal to 0.53 MJ/kg BW0.75.day in this database.

scholarly journals Effective energy: a concept of energy utilization applied across species

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Emmans
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Scale ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Effective Energy ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Gross Energy

An energy system is described in which, in both single-stomachedand ruminant animals, the heat increment of feeding is considered to be linearly related to five measurable quantities. For both kinds of animals there of the quantities, with their heat increments in parentheses, are urinary N(wu;kJ/g),faec alorganic matter (wd; kJ/g) and positive protein retention (wp; kJ/g). Inruminants the other two, with their heat increments in parentheses, are CH4energy (wm; kJ/kJ) and positive lipid retention (w1;kJ/g); in single-stomached animals they are positive lipid retention from feed lipid (wu; kJ/g), and positive lipid retention not from feed lipid (w1; kJ/g). Data from suitable experiments on steers, pig sandchickens were used to test the system and to estimatewu29·2, wd3·80, wp36.5, wm0·616, w116·4 and w114·4. The values for wu, wd, wm and (wI–wII) allow an energy scale, called effective energy, to be defined for both single-stomached animals and ruminants. On this energy scale the values of wp and w1, to gether with the heats of combustion of protein and lipid of 23·8 and 39·6 kJ/g respectively, allow the energyr equirement to be expressed as (MH+ 50 PR+56 LR) for both kinds of animal, where PR and LR are the rates of positive protein an lipid retention (g/d), and MH is the maintenance heat production (kJ/d) which can be estimated as 0·96 of the fast in gheat production. The effective energy (EE) yielded toaruminant animal by a feeding redient can be estimated as EE (MJ/kg organic matter)=1·15 ME–3·84–4·67 DCP, where ME is the metabolizable energy value (MJ/kg organic matter)and DCP is the digested crude protein content (kg/kg organic matter) with both measured at maintenance. Alternatively, EE can be estimated as EE (MJ/kg)=GE (d–0·228)–4·67 DCP, where GE is the gross energy (MJ/kg)and d is the energy digestibility (MJ/MJ) also measured at maintenance. The EE yielded to a single-stomached animal can be estimated as EE(kJ/g)=1·17 ME–4·2 CP–2·44, where ME(kJ/g)is measured at, orcorrected to, zero N-retention and CP (g/g)is the crude protein (N×6·25) content of the feeding redient. The system is simpler for ruminants, and more accurate for both kind soft animal, than those no win use. As effective energy values can be tabulated foring redients, and are additivet othe extent that ME values are additive, they can be used to formul at ediet susing line ar programming.

Energy partition, nutritional energy requirements and methane production in F1 Holstein × Gyr bulls, using the respirometric technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1253
Author(s):  
A. L. Ferreira ◽  
A. L. C. C. Borges ◽  
R. C. Mourão ◽  
R. R. Silva ◽  
A. C. A. Duque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Partition ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The nutritional energy requirements of animals for maintenance and weight gain, such as the energy partition of the diet, were determined in different feeding plans. Fifteen F1 Holstein × Gyr, non-castrated male bovines with a mean initial liveweight of 302 kg were used. The diets were corn silage and concentrate, formulated to enable gains of 100, 500 and 900 g/day, called low, medium and high weight gains, respectively. Tests of digestibility and metabolism were conducted to determine energy losses through faeces, urine and methane emissions. Heat production was determined using respirometry chamber. Net energy for maintenance was calculated as the antilogarithm of the intercept of the regression of the logarithm of the heat production, as a function of the metabolisable energy intake. Retained energy was obtained by subtracting the heat production from the metabolisable energy intake. With the increased consumption of dry matter, there was an increase in faecal and urinary energy loss. Retained energy increased linearly with the metabolisable energy intake. The net energy for gain in the diet did not differ among the treatments, such as the efficiency of use of metabolisable energy for weight gain kg (0.34). The net energy for maintenance was 312 kJ/kg LW0.75, and the metabolisable energy for maintenance was 523 kJ/kg LW0.75. The daily methane production (g/day) increased with the dry matter level and the daily loss represented 5.31% of the gross energy consumption.

Energy and nitrogen utilisation of sow colostrum and milk by the piglet

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Le Dividich ◽  
Julia Marion ◽  
Françoise Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Difference

Twenty-four newborn piglets were used to evaluate the digestibility of sow colostrum and milk and the efficiency of milk utilisation by the piglet. Within a litter, four piglets were allotted to one of the four treatments: killed at birth, or bottle-fed sow colostrum for 30 h and sow milk thereafter at the rate of 100, 200, or 300 g kg-1 d-1. Piglets were killed on day 8. Faeces and urine were daily collected and heat production (HP) was determined by indirect calorimetry on days 6 and 7, each day during three successive periods of 105–110 min. Energy retention (ER) was calculated as the difference between metabolisable energy intake (ME) and HP. ER was also determined over the 8-d period using the comparative slaughter (CS). There was no effect of level of feeding on energy and nitrogen digestibility. Milk energy digestibility and metabolisability (ME/GE × 100) and nitrogen digestibility were 98.2 ± 1.2 (SEM), 96.8 ± 1.4 and 98.3 ± 1.3%, respectively. Corresponding values for colostrum were lower (P < 0.01), averaging 95.2 ± 2.8, 92.6 ± 3.1 and 95.3 ± 2.9%, respectively. Efficiency of using milk ME for ER determined by indirect calorimetry or CS was similar and averaged 0.72 ± 0.02. The energy cost of 1 kJ of protein deposition was 1.77 (± 0.04) kJ (efficiency, 0.56), whereas the energy cost of 1 kJ of fat deposition was not different to 1 kJ. Key words: Piglet, colostrum, milk, energy, nitrogen

scholarly journals The energy requirement for maintenance and production of laying hens.

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H.M. Grimbergen
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Heat production was recorded by open-circuit respiration calorimetry. In the first 3 experiments heat production after 24 h without feed by birds laying at about 80% production was measured. Mean daily fasting heat production of 12 White Leghorn hens of 1.68 kg bodyweight caged individually, 12 White Leghorn hens of 1.68 kg caged in pairs and 10 Australorp x Rhode Island Red hens of 2.4 kg caged in pairs were 97.0, 98.0 and 90.6 kcal per kg W0.75. The overall relation between heat production (H) and W0.75 was H=85.2 W0.75+16.6. The relation between daily energy retention (Y) in kcal per kg W0.75 and intake of metabolisable energy (ME) (X) in kcal per kg W0.75, established with 37 White Leghorn hens at peak and end of production, after 12 months, was Y= 0.642 X-65.7. The net availability of ME for egg production was 64.2+or- 5.5% and the daily maintenance requirement was 102+or-7.6 kcal per kg W0.75. The result was applied to a laying trial with 1020 hens in batteries and 300 on deep litter to get a measure of ME used for maintenance. After subtraction of ME used for production the calculated mean for maintenance was 131 and 138kcal per kg W0.75 for hens in batteries and on deep litter. ME for maintenance was greater in winter.-D. W. F. S. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document