Structural and Systems Approach to Central Representation of Motor Functions: Importance of State Dependent Reactions

It was with considerable hesitation that I finally accepted the kind invitation of Vernon Brooks and the Organizing Committee of this Symposium to say a few words at the end giving some of my impressions of the presentations and discussion and reflections on the remarkable advances in our knowledge of motor systems that has occurred during recent years. I have been asked also if I would try to place some of these findings from experimental laboratories in the context of clinical experience with diseases and disorders of motor control. I would like to draw particular attention to the importance of state dependent reactions in which patterns of behavior are set up, even including spinal reflexes, by present programs depending on the general or directional reactive state of the organism.

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Architecture and Recreation as a Political Tool—Seaside Architectural Heritage of the Worker Holiday Fund (WHF) in the Era of the Polish People’s Republic (1949–1989)

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su14010171 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 171

Author(s):

Wojciech Bal ◽

Magdalena Czałczyńska-Podolska

Keyword(s):

Social Impact ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Field Studies ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

The Public ◽

State Dependent ◽

Set Up ◽

Second World ◽

New Facilities

The Worker Holiday Fund (WHF) was set up just after the Second World War as a state-dependent organization that arranged recreation for Polish workers under the socialist doctrine. The communist authorities turned organized recreation into a tool of indoctrination and propaganda. This research aims to characterize the seaside tourism architecture in the Polish People’s Republic (1949–1989) against the background of nationalized and organized tourism being used as a political tool, to typify the architecture and to verify the influence of politics on the development of holiday architecture in Poland. The research methodology is based on historical and interpretative studies (iconology, iconography and historiography) and field studies. The research helped distinguish four basic groups of holiday facilities: one form of adapted facilities (former villas and boarding houses) and three forms of new facilities (sanatorium-type, pavilion-type and lightweight temporary facilities, such as bungalows and cabins). The study found that each type of holiday facility was characterized by certain political significance and social impact. Gradual destruction was the fate of a significant part of WHF facilities, which, in the public awareness, are commonly associated with the past era of the Polish People’s Republic (PRL) as an “unwanted heritage”.

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Humans, Heroes and Artists: (Re)Creating the Unexpected Situation

Critical Studies in Improvisation / Études critiques en improvisation ◽

10.21083/csieci.v8i2.2140 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Kathleen Coessens

Keyword(s):

Everyday Life ◽

Free Choice ◽

Human Being ◽

Music Improvisation ◽

Time Experience ◽

The Arts ◽

Patterns Of Behavior ◽

Set Up ◽

Over Time ◽

Urgent Action

Life is difficult, never the same, always challenging acquired patterns of behavior and expectation, urging the human being to improvise. Improvisatory acts in everyday life are the result of unexpected situations, where the encounter between self and environment suddenly disrupts the banal rituals of life. Over time, experience and knowledge enhance ways to cope with unexpectedness, and to 'improvise' better, or even 'less.' In music, improvisation is often a situation of choice. The unexpected situation is created, set up, purposively leading to an improvisatory encounter between body and environment. The musician knows he/she will 'improvise' the next hour. But it can also resemble life, by way of sudden unexpected moments which the musician still did not 'set up.' Experience and expertise enhance the fluidity of improvisational acts in the arts. This paper seeks to explore these tensions between improvisation in everyday life and in arts: between 'urgent action' and 'play,' between determined and created situations. It will be argued that the shift is not radical, and the tensions but a matter of degree. The 'artification' of improvisation originates in everyday life by play, tactics (de Certeau) and experience (Dewey) and reaches an aesthetic and ethic level of kairos (Aristotle) in art, exploring actions of choice and risking failure by (re)creating unexpectedness. The artist, like the human being in life, but now from his/her own free choice, is challenged to leave security and encounter the unexpected. But isn't that also the quest of the hero?

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Investigations Concerning Motor Control in Patients Suffering from Various Lesions of Sensory-Motor Systems

Advances in Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 4 - Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementum ◽

10.1007/978-3-7091-8592-6_54 ◽

1980 ◽

pp. 417-421 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Struppler ◽

F. Erbel ◽

C. H. Lücking ◽

F. Velho

Keyword(s):

Motor Control ◽

Motor Systems ◽

Sensory Motor

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Motor systems Motor control from molecules to bedside

Current Opinion in Neurobiology ◽

10.1016/s0959-4388(98)80109-8 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 693-696 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eve Marder ◽

KeirG Pearson

Keyword(s):

Motor Control ◽

Motor Systems

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A DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS APPROACH TO MEMBRANE PHENOMENA UNDERLYING CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS

International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos ◽

10.1142/s0218127495000065 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 05 (01) ◽

pp. 75-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

RICHARD P. KLINE ◽

B. MITCHELL BAKER

Keyword(s):

Dynamical Systems ◽

Action Potential ◽

Systems Approach ◽

Chaotic Behavior ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Quantitative Agreement ◽

Current Activation ◽

Patterns Of Behavior ◽

On Line ◽

Considerable Detail

A model is constructed for cardiac rhythmic response to stimulation via a family of continuous time dynamical systems. Starting with experimentally observed properties common to the kinetics of both repolarizing membrane currents and cardiac action potential responses to sudden changes in cycle length, extremely elementary dynamical assumptions are made concerning current activation and decay, and repolarization threshold. A two-parameter family of one-dimensional dynamical systems emerges. The resulting systems are analytically tractable in considerable detail generating restitution curves, bifurcation schemes, rhythmic responses and chaotic behavior for a representative cardiac cell. The excellent qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental data reported for several cardiac preparations is discussed. The two-dimensional analog produces unexpected basin behavior which could be of clinical significance in explaining how a single extra beat or a pause could alter subsequent action potential behavior and cause dispersion of refractoriness across the ventricle increasing the risks for arrhythmias. By having a manageable number of parameters, analytically defined patterns of behavior, and computational ease, this dynamical system has the potential to be used in computer simulations to study the effects of antiarrhythmic drugs on complex two- and three-dimensional reentrant substrates, or used on line by an interactive pacemaker.

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Extended field-of-view ultrathin microendoscopes for high-resolution two-photon imaging with minimal invasiveness

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.58882 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Antonini ◽

Andrea Sattin ◽

Monica Moroni ◽

Serena Bovetti ◽

Claudio Moretti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Resolution ◽

Neuronal Activity ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Field Of View ◽

Imaging Data ◽

Minimal Invasiveness ◽

Two Photon ◽

State Dependent ◽

Set Up

Imaging neuronal activity with high and homogeneous spatial resolution across the field-of-view (FOV) and limited invasiveness in deep brain regions is fundamental for the progress of neuroscience, yet is a major technical challenge. We achieved this goal by correcting optical aberrations in gradient index lens-based ultrathin (≤500 µm) microendoscopes using aspheric microlenses generated through 3D-microprinting. Corrected microendoscopes had extended FOV (eFOV) with homogeneous spatial resolution for two-photon fluorescence imaging and required no modification of the optical set-up. Synthetic calcium imaging data showed that, compared to uncorrected endoscopes, eFOV-microendoscopes led to improved signal-to-noise ratio and more precise evaluation of correlated neuronal activity. We experimentally validated these predictions in awake head-fixed mice. Moreover, using eFOV-microendoscopes we demonstrated cell-specific encoding of behavioral state-dependent information in distributed functional subnetworks in a primary somatosensory thalamic nucleus. eFOV-microendoscopes are, therefore, small-cross-section ready-to-use tools for deep two-photon functional imaging with unprecedentedly high and homogeneous spatial resolution.

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Pulmonary and respiratory tract receptors.

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.100.1.41 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 41-57

Author(s):

J G Widdicombe

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Large Diameter ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Spinal Reflexes ◽

Mechanical Stimuli ◽

Nerve Fibres ◽

Motor Responses ◽

Myelinated Fibres ◽

Set Up ◽

Stimulation Of

Nervous receptors in the lungs and respiratory tract can be grouped into four general categories. 1. Deep, slowly adapting end-organs, which respond to stretch of the airway wall and have large-diameter myelinated fibres; those in the lungs are responsible for the Breuer-Hering reflex. 2. Endings in and under the epithelium which respond to a variety of chemical and mechanical stimuli (i.e. are polymodal), usually with a rapidly adapting discharge, and with small-diameter myelinated fibres; they are responsible for defensive reflexes such as cough and sneeze, and for the reflex actions to inhaled irritants and to some respiratory disease processes. 3. Receptors with nonmyelinated nerve fibres which, being polymodal, are stimulated by tissue damage and oedema and by the mediators released in these conditions; these receptors may be similar in function to 'nociceptors' in other viscera, and set up appropriate reflexes as a reaction to respiratory damage. 4. Specialized receptors such as those for taste and swallowing, and those around joints and in skeletal muscle. Stimulation of any group of receptors may cause reflex changes in breathing (including defensive reflexes), bronchomotor tone, airway mucus secretion, the cardiovascular system (including the vascular bed of the airways), laryngeal calibre, spinal reflexes and sensation. The total pattern of motor responses is unique for each group of receptors, although it is probably unusual for one type of receptor to be stimulated in isolation. The variety of patterns of motor responses must reflect the complexity of brainstem organization of these systems.

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Induction Motor Control Didactic Set-up Using Sensorless And Sliding Mode Dtc Strategy

Eletrônica de Potência ◽

10.18618/rep.2008.4.291299 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 291-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marcos Vinicius Lazarini ◽

Ernesto Ruppert Filho

Keyword(s):

Motor Control ◽

Induction Motor ◽

Sliding Mode ◽

Set Up

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A Survey of Fuzzy Algorithms Used in Multi-Motor Systems Control

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics9111788 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1788

Author(s):

Vedrana Jerković Štil ◽

Toni Varga ◽

Tin Benšić ◽

Marinko Barukčić

Keyword(s):

Motor Control ◽

Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽

Research Literature ◽

Motor Drive ◽

Fuzzy Logic Controllers ◽

Motor Systems ◽

Fuzzy Algorithms ◽

Drive Control ◽

Multiple Input ◽

Input Multiple Output

Multi-motor systems are strong coupled multiple-input–multiple-output systems. The main objective in multi-motor drive control is to achieve synchronized operation of all motors in the system. In this paper, multi-motor systems are classified in accordance with their control demands. This paper also provides a systematic categorization of multi-motor synchronization techniques. The review of recent research literature indicates that fuzzy algorithms are widely used in multi-motor control. Finally, in this paper, a review of fuzzy logic controllers and their functionalities in multi-motor control is given.

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