scholarly journals Morphological variation and development in a Northern Norwegian role play register

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bror-Magnus S. Strand
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Role Play ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
Effect Of Age

AbstractThis paper investigates the variation in and development of a set of morphological variables in a register known to be used by Norwegian children when engaging in role play. In this register they code-switch to something resembling the standard or Oslo variety for their in-character role utterances. The variation across variables, subjects, and age is demonstrated and discussed, and although most variables are used in the standard variants, their rates vary. A fitted binomial generalised mixed effect analysis on the most frequent variables shows that the rate of standard variants increases significantly as an effect of age.

Abstract P797: Sex Specific Plasma Protein Changes During Thrombectomy

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L Trout ◽  
Jacqueline Frank ◽  
Benton Maglinger ◽  
Jill Roberts ◽  
Ann M Stowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Large Vessel ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Growth Factor Beta

Introduction: Sex differences in stroke have been apparent with premenopausal females having a lower incidence of stroke with better outcomes than postmenopausal females and males. We examined sex-specific outcomes and changes in plasma proteins following emergent large vessel occlusions. The previously published Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC), clinicaltrials.gov NCT03153683, allows for analysis of plasma proteins both systemically and distal to the thrombus. Methods: Plasma samples, processed in accordance with the BACTRAC protocol, were sent to Olink to run cardiometabolic and inflammatory panels. Demographics are reported as mean±SEM. Significance determined in Prism with Mann-Whitney, t-test, or pair mixed-effect analysis. Results: We evaluated 34 subjects, >18 yrs old (20 females, 14 males) enrolled in BACTRAC. There was no significant difference in age (68.9±2.7, 65.4±4.5 yrs, respectively) or comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, cholesterolemia). Interestingly, males had a larger (p<0.1) change in Modified Rankin Scale (mRS, premorbid-discharge, 3.4±1.8, 2.2±1.6, respectively) with larger infarcts (86,666±30,889 mm 3 , 36,228±10,943 mm 3 , respectively). This coincided with a lower (p<0.05) CTA collateral scores for males compared to females (0.64±0.67, 1.1±0.13, respectively). 12 proteins were significantly (p<0.1) higher in females, compared to males (5 proteins upregulated in both the systemic and intracranial, 3 systemic specific, and 4 intracranial specific). Males had 15 proteins significantly higher than females (3 proteins upregulated in both the systemic and intracranial, 12 systemic specific, and 0 intracranial specific). The most significant intracranial protein for females is coagulation factor XI (F11) and males is transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1). Analysis of an additional 16 subjects has begun to validate the sex specific proteins. Conclusions: Unexpectedly, males have larger infarcts and less independence following large vessel occlusions in BACTRAC. We hypothesize this is due to fewer collaterals which leads to sex specific signaling patterns. Additional analysis of the plasma and subjects in BACTRAC are needed to target sex specific therapeutic.

scholarly journals Sex-dependent Pathological Aging Effect on Caudate Functional Connectivity in Mild Cognitive Impairment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengshi Yang ◽  
Jessica Z.K. Caldwell ◽  
Jeffrey L. Cummings ◽  
Aaron Ritter ◽  
Jefferson W. Kinney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Aging Effect ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Pathological Aging ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Purpose To assess the pathological aging effect on caudate functional connectivity among mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants and examine whether and how sex and amyloid contribute to this process. Materials and Methods 277 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions from 163 cognitive normal (CN) older adults and 309 sessions from 139 participants with MCI were included as the main sample in our analysis. Pearson’s correlation was used to characterize the functional connectivity (FC) between caudate and each brain region, then caudate nodal strength was computed to quantify the overall caudate FC strength. Association analysis between caudate nodal strength and age was carried out in MCI and CN separately using linear mixed effect (LME) model with covariates (education, handedness, sex, Apolipoprotein E4 and intra-subject effect). Analysis of covariance was conducted to investigate sex, amyloid status and their interaction effects on aging with the fMRI data subset having amyloid status available. LME model was applied to women and men separately within MCI group to evaluate aging effects on caudate nodal strength and each region’s connectivity with caudate. We then evaluated the roles of sex and amyloid status in the associations of neuropsychological scores with age or caudate nodal strength. An independent cohort was used to validate the sex-dependent aging effects in MCI. Results The MCI group had significantly stronger age-related increase of caudate nodal strength compared to the CN group. Analyzing women and men separately revealed that the aging effect on caudate nodal strength among MCI participants was significant only for women (left: P=6.23x10−7, right: P=3.37x10−8), but not for men (P>0.3 for bilateral caudate). The aging effects on caudate nodal strength were not significantly mediated by brain amyloid burden. Caudate connectivity with ventral prefrontal cortex substantially contributed to the aging effect on caudate nodal strength in women with MCI. Higher caudate nodal strength is significantly related to worse cognitive performance in women but not in men with MCI. Conclusion Sex modulates the pathological aging effects on caudate nodal strength in MCI regardless of amyloid status. Caudate nodal strength may be a sensitive biomarker of pathological aging in women with MCI.

Who Becomes a Business Owner in High-inequality Regimes? The Conditioning Effect of Economic Inequality on the Impact of Individual Educational and Financial Endowment on Entrepreneurship

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-154
Author(s):  
Daniel Auguste
Keyword(s):  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Entrepreneurial Entry ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Conditioning Effect ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
The Impact

Research has shown that individual educational and financial endowments are key indicators of their potential for entrepreneurial entry and success. At the same time, scholars have shown that economic inequality undermines educational development while increasing financial precarity. Yet, we know little about the extent to which economic inequality may condition how education and income affect an individual’s entrepreneurial experience. In this article, we present a mixed-effect analysis using data from 50 countries that shows that economic inequality diminishes the importance of an individual’s education and income on entrepreneurial entry. This effect is larger for higher education and income individuals than those in the bottom of the educational and income strata. In addition, inequality increases the likelihood that an individual would undertake entrepreneurial activities as a last resort, particularly individuals in low-education strata. These results suggest that under high-inequality regimes, entrepreneurship may be a sign of economic insecurity and inefficiency, and highlight the need for scholars to pay greater attention to understanding the structural forces that facilitate entrepreneurship development.

Intraspecific variation in morphology and sexual dimorphism in Liolaemus tenuis (Tropiduridae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Lamborot ◽  
Marcela Vidal ◽  
Claudio Ramírez ◽  
Juan Carlos Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Geometric Approach ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Territorial Defense ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
Wide Geographic Distribution

AbstractLiolaemus tenuis is a widely distributed arboreal lizard species in central-southern Chile. Although two subspecies, L. t. tenuis and L. t. punctatissimus, have been described based on sexual dimorphism, their characteristic have not been accurately demarcated. Therefore, both traditional and geometric morphometrics were used to study the morphological variation of L. tenuis. Four specific questions were addressed: (1) Does population morphological variation occur along a latitudinal gradient, given its wide geographic distribution in a climactic gradient? (2) Does L. tenuis present sexual dimorphism? (3) In the case of dimorphism, what is the variation along a latitudinal gradient? (4) Are these subspecies morphologically distinguishable? The study was performed in a variety of locations, including the following six bioclimatic regions of Chile: arid mediterranean, semi-arid mediterranean, sub-humid mediterranean, humid mediterranean, per-humid mediterranean, and oceanic with mediterranean influence. Male and female individuals were measured and photographed. Our results suggest sexual dimorphism for all morphological variables analyzed. Geometric data indicate that the eye orbits of the males are more extended than those of the females; this is probably related to territorial defense and/or polygynic mating system. The traditional morphometric approach revealed a difference in individuals from the arid region, whereas the geometric approach revealed a difference in individuals from the oceanic region. Differences in the limits of their distribution ranges seem be related to local factors, such as topography and climatic conditions. Finally, is not possible to recognize distinct subspecies within L. tenuis, and our research concludes that the species consists of one homogenous identity.

scholarly journals The perceived benefit of intraoperative stress modifiers for surgeons: an experimental simulation study in volunteers

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Erestam ◽  
David Bock ◽  
Annette Erichsen Andersson ◽  
Eva Haglind ◽  
Jennifer Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Heart Rate Change ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Experimental Simulation ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background During surgery, surgeons often work under stressful conditions, which could affect patient safety. Reducing intraoperative stress for surgeons could benefit surgeons and subsequently patients. It is difficult to study stress and stress relief in real life situations due to the multitude of confounding factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate simulated intraoperative stressors on surgeons’ stress levels and the effect of an intervention (pause including a sugar-containing drink) during standardized experiments (simulated operations). Methods An experimental interventional study was conducted using a simulator. The healthy surgeon volunteers were randomized to intervention and control in a cross-over design. Primary endpoint was salivary cortisol difference between a pause including a sugar containing drink (intervention) and controls. Secondary endpoints were change in heart rate, change in self-perceived stress measured by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and experience of the intraoperative pause. Endpoints were calculated with a mixed effect analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model. Results Seventeen surgeons performed 32 experiments. There was no statistically significant difference in salivary cortisol between simulations with and without a pause including a sugar-containing drink; percent reduction, 8% (0.92 (95%CI:0.72;1.18)), p-value = 0.469. The surgeons’ self-estimation of intervention was positive, but there was no statistically significant difference in heart rate or STAI. Conclusions The surgeons’ experience of a pause including a drink was positive but there were no differences in physiological outcomes of the intervention. Lessons learned from this study could contribute to optimizing design of future studies. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04626648, Registered November 6, 2020, retrospectively registered.

scholarly journals Correction to: Individual-and community-level determinants of neonatal mortality in the emerging regions of Ethiopia: a multilevel mixed-effect analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema ◽  
Misganaw Gebrie Worku
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Effect Analysis

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

scholarly journals Unsupervised Online Assessment of Visual Working Memory in 4- to 10-Year-Old Children: Array Size Influences Capacity Estimates and Task Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Ross-Sheehy ◽  
Esther Reynolds ◽  
Bret Eschman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Array Size ◽  
Online Testing ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Capacity Estimates

The events of the COVID-19 Pandemic forced many psychologists to abandon lab-based approaches and embrace online experimental techniques. Although lab-based testing will always be the gold standard of experimental precision, several protocols have evolved to enable supervised online testing for paradigms that require direct observation and/or interaction with participants. However, many tasks can be completed online in an unsupervised way, reducing reliance on lab-based resources (e.g., personnel and equipment), increasing flexibility for families, and reducing participant anxiety and/or demand characteristics. The current project demonstrates the feasibility and utility of unsupervised online testing by incorporating a classic change-detection task that has been well-validated in previous lab-based research. In addition to serving as proof-of-concept, our results demonstrate that large online samples are quick and easy to acquire, facilitating novel research questions and speeding the dissemination of results. To accomplish this, we assessed visual working memory (VWM) in 4- to 10-year-old children in an unsupervised online change-detection task using arrays of 1–4 colored circles. Maximum capacity (max K) was calculated across the four array sizes for each child, and estimates were found to be on-par with previously published lab-based findings. Importantly, capacity estimates varied markedly across array size, with estimates derived from larger arrays systematically underestimating VWM capacity for our youngest participants. A linear mixed effect analysis (LME) confirmed this observation, revealing significant quadratic trends for 4- through 7-year-old children, with capacity estimates that initially increased with increasing array size and subsequently decreased, often resulting in estimates that were lower than those obtained from smaller arrays. Follow-up analyses demonstrated that these regressions may have been based on explicit guessing strategies for array sizes perceived too difficult to attempt for our youngest children. This suggests important interactions between VWM performance, age, and array size, and further suggests estimates such as optimal array size might capture both quantitative aspects of VWM performance and qualitative effects of attentional engagement/disengagement. Overall, findings suggest that unsupervised online testing of VWM produces reasonably good estimates and may afford many benefits over traditional lab-based testing, though efforts must be made to ensure task comprehension and compliance.

scholarly journals Stress-Induced Blood Pressure Elevation Self-Measured by a Wearable Watch-Type Device

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoko Tomitani ◽  
Hiroshi Kanegae ◽  
Yuka Suzuki ◽  
Mitsuo Kuwabara ◽  
Kazuomi Kario
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Emotional Stress ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Blood Pressure Elevation ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Ambulatory Bp Monitoring ◽  
Type Device

Abstract BACKGROUND Psychological stress contributes to blood pressure (BP) variability, which is a significant and independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. We compared the effectiveness of a recently developed wearable watch-type BP monitoring (WBPM) device and an ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) device for detecting ambulatory stress-induced BP elevation in 50 outpatients with 1 or more cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS The WBPM and ABPM were both worn on the subject’s nondominant arm. ABPM was measured automatically at 30-minute intervals, and each ABPM measurement was followed by a self-measured WBPM measurement. We also collected self-reported information about situational conditions, including the emotional state of subjects at the time of each BP measurement. We analyzed 642 paired BP readings for which the self-reported emotional state in the corresponding diary entry was happy, calm, anxious, or tense. RESULTS In a mixed-effect analysis, there were significant differences between the BP values measured during negative (anxious, tense) and positive (happy, calm) emotions in both the WBPM (systolic BP [SBP]: 9.3 ± 2.1 mm Hg, P &lt; 0.001; diastolic BP [DBP]: 8.4 ± 1.4 mm Hg, P &lt; 0.001) and ABPM (SBP: 10.7 ± 2.1 mm Hg, P &lt; 0.001; DBP: 5.6 ± 1.4 mm Hg, P &lt; 0.001). The absolute BP levels induced by emotional stress self-measured by the WBPM were similar to those automeasured by the ABPM (SBP, WBPM: 141.1 ± 2.7 mm Hg; ABPM: 140.3 ± 2.7 mm Hg; P = 0.724). The subject’s location at the BP measurement was also significantly associated with BP elevation. CONCLUSIONS The self-measurement by the WBPM could detect BP variability induced by multiple factors, including emotional stress, under ambulatory conditions as accurately as ABPM.

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