scholarly journals Correction to: Individual-and community-level determinants of neonatal mortality in the emerging regions of Ethiopia: a multilevel mixed-effect analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema ◽  
Misganaw Gebrie Worku

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bror-Magnus S. Strand

AbstractThis paper investigates the variation in and development of a set of morphological variables in a register known to be used by Norwegian children when engaging in role play. In this register they code-switch to something resembling the standard or Oslo variety for their in-character role utterances. The variation across variables, subjects, and age is demonstrated and discussed, and although most variables are used in the standard variants, their rates vary. A fitted binomial generalised mixed effect analysis on the most frequent variables shows that the rate of standard variants increases significantly as an effect of age.


Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L Trout ◽  
Jacqueline Frank ◽  
Benton Maglinger ◽  
Jill Roberts ◽  
Ann M Stowe ◽  
...  

Introduction: Sex differences in stroke have been apparent with premenopausal females having a lower incidence of stroke with better outcomes than postmenopausal females and males. We examined sex-specific outcomes and changes in plasma proteins following emergent large vessel occlusions. The previously published Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC), clinicaltrials.gov NCT03153683, allows for analysis of plasma proteins both systemically and distal to the thrombus. Methods: Plasma samples, processed in accordance with the BACTRAC protocol, were sent to Olink to run cardiometabolic and inflammatory panels. Demographics are reported as mean±SEM. Significance determined in Prism with Mann-Whitney, t-test, or pair mixed-effect analysis. Results: We evaluated 34 subjects, >18 yrs old (20 females, 14 males) enrolled in BACTRAC. There was no significant difference in age (68.9±2.7, 65.4±4.5 yrs, respectively) or comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, cholesterolemia). Interestingly, males had a larger (p<0.1) change in Modified Rankin Scale (mRS, premorbid-discharge, 3.4±1.8, 2.2±1.6, respectively) with larger infarcts (86,666±30,889 mm 3 , 36,228±10,943 mm 3 , respectively). This coincided with a lower (p<0.05) CTA collateral scores for males compared to females (0.64±0.67, 1.1±0.13, respectively). 12 proteins were significantly (p<0.1) higher in females, compared to males (5 proteins upregulated in both the systemic and intracranial, 3 systemic specific, and 4 intracranial specific). Males had 15 proteins significantly higher than females (3 proteins upregulated in both the systemic and intracranial, 12 systemic specific, and 0 intracranial specific). The most significant intracranial protein for females is coagulation factor XI (F11) and males is transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1). Analysis of an additional 16 subjects has begun to validate the sex specific proteins. Conclusions: Unexpectedly, males have larger infarcts and less independence following large vessel occlusions in BACTRAC. We hypothesize this is due to fewer collaterals which leads to sex specific signaling patterns. Additional analysis of the plasma and subjects in BACTRAC are needed to target sex specific therapeutic.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengshi Yang ◽  
Jessica Z.K. Caldwell ◽  
Jeffrey L. Cummings ◽  
Aaron Ritter ◽  
Jefferson W. Kinney ◽  
...  

Abstract Purpose To assess the pathological aging effect on caudate functional connectivity among mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants and examine whether and how sex and amyloid contribute to this process. Materials and Methods 277 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions from 163 cognitive normal (CN) older adults and 309 sessions from 139 participants with MCI were included as the main sample in our analysis. Pearson’s correlation was used to characterize the functional connectivity (FC) between caudate and each brain region, then caudate nodal strength was computed to quantify the overall caudate FC strength. Association analysis between caudate nodal strength and age was carried out in MCI and CN separately using linear mixed effect (LME) model with covariates (education, handedness, sex, Apolipoprotein E4 and intra-subject effect). Analysis of covariance was conducted to investigate sex, amyloid status and their interaction effects on aging with the fMRI data subset having amyloid status available. LME model was applied to women and men separately within MCI group to evaluate aging effects on caudate nodal strength and each region’s connectivity with caudate. We then evaluated the roles of sex and amyloid status in the associations of neuropsychological scores with age or caudate nodal strength. An independent cohort was used to validate the sex-dependent aging effects in MCI. Results The MCI group had significantly stronger age-related increase of caudate nodal strength compared to the CN group. Analyzing women and men separately revealed that the aging effect on caudate nodal strength among MCI participants was significant only for women (left: P=6.23x10−7, right: P=3.37x10−8), but not for men (P>0.3 for bilateral caudate). The aging effects on caudate nodal strength were not significantly mediated by brain amyloid burden. Caudate connectivity with ventral prefrontal cortex substantially contributed to the aging effect on caudate nodal strength in women with MCI. Higher caudate nodal strength is significantly related to worse cognitive performance in women but not in men with MCI. Conclusion Sex modulates the pathological aging effects on caudate nodal strength in MCI regardless of amyloid status. Caudate nodal strength may be a sensitive biomarker of pathological aging in women with MCI.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mastewal Arefaynie ◽  
Melaku Yalew ◽  
Yitayish Damtie ◽  
Bereket Kefale

Abstract Background Evidences on determinants of early sexual initiation among female youth is still limited especially; community-level factors are not investigated in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess individual and community-level factors associated with early sexual initiation among female youth in Ethiopia. Methods The 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) dataset were used and a total of 6143 participants (female youth) were included. Multi-level mixed-effect logistic regression was done to identify individual and community-level factors. Adjusted odds ratio along with 95% confidence interval was used to show the strength and direction of the association. Finally, the level of statistical significance was declared at P value less than 0.05. Results Individual-level factors significantly associated with early sexual initiation among female youth were; age group from 19 to 24 years [AOR = 5.8, 95% CI = (4.6, 7.3)], not attending school [AOR = 14.1, 95% CI = (8.1, 24.7)], ever chewing Chat [AOR = 2.0, 95% CI = (1.3, 3.0)]. From community-level factors: living in Addis Ababa [AOR = 0.3, 95% CI = (0.2, 0.5)], living in Gambella [AOR = 2.7, 95% CI = (1.7, 4.3)] and live in a low proportion of poor communities [AOR = 0.7, 95% CI = (0.5, 0.9)] were significantly associated with early sexual initiation among female youth in Ethiopia. Conclusions Age, low educational status, ever chewing Chat, region and live in a high proportion of poor community had a statistical association with early sexual initiation among female youth in Ethiopia. Improving educational coverage and community-level of wealth status are important intervention areas to delay the age of early sexual initiation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. e005674
Author(s):  
Brittany L Kmush ◽  
Bhavneet Walia ◽  
Anushruta Neupane ◽  
Carolina Frances ◽  
Idris Ahmed Mohamed ◽  
...  

IntroductionAccess to sanitation facilities (toilets or latrines) greatly improves human health. Low community sanitation coverage may lead to increased exposure to pathogens for households both with and without a sanitation facility.MethodsWe created a retrospective cohort using Demographic and Health Surveys from 1990 through 2018. Using regression with matched women as a random intercept, we assessed the association between community-level sanitation coverage and neonatal mortality (Poisson model, n=1 254 862 live births, 187 datasets), small birth size (logit model, n=1 058 843 live births, 187 datasets) and anaemia (logit model, n=1 304 626 women, 75 datasets).ResultsAmong women with household sanitation, the incidence of neonatal death (incidence rate ratio: 0.85, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.93), the odds of small birth size (OR: 0.81, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.87) and anaemia (OR: 0.82, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.85) were lower for women in communities with 100% sanitation coverage compared with 1%–30% (p≤0.001 for all). There was no difference in neonatal deaths between women in communities with 31%–99% sanitation coverage compared with 1%–30% (p≥0.05). Among women without household sanitation, there were no differences in neonatal mortality by community sanitation (p≥0.05). The odds of small birth size were decreased (OR: 0.91, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.97, p=0.003) for women in communities with 61%–99% sanitation coverage compared with 1%–30%; there was no association with the other community sanitation categories (p≥0.05). The odds of anaemia were increased (OR: 1.08, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.11, p<0.001) for women living in communities with 0% sanitation coverage compared with 1%–30%, but no association with the other community sanitation categories (p≥0.05).ConclusionCommunity sanitation coverage is associated with improved maternal and neonatal outcomes, particularly among women with household sanitation. This suggests that the impact of sanitation coverage on maternal and neonatal health is underestimated unless the community-level effects are considered.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mastewal Arefaynie ◽  
Gedamnesh Bitew ◽  
Erkihun Tadesse Amsalu ◽  
Bereket Kefale ◽  
Amare Muche ◽  
...  

Abstract Background There is limited national representative evidence on determinants of women’s acceptance of wife-beating especially; community level factors are not investigated in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to assess individual and community-level factors associated with acceptance of wife beating among reproductive age women in Ethiopia. Methods Secondary data analysis was done on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. A total of 15,683 weighted reproductive age group women were included in the analysis. Multi-level mixed-effect logistic regression analysis was done by Stata version 14.0 to identify individual and community-level factors. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to show the strength and direction of the association. Statistical significance was declared at p value less than 0.05 at the final model. Result Individual-level factors significantly associated with acceptance of wife-beating among women were; being Muslim follower [AOR = 1.3, 95% CI = (1.1, 1.5)], Being married [AOR = 1.3, 95% CI = (1.1, 1.6)], attending primary, secondary and higher education [AOR = 0.8, 95% CI = (0.7, 0.9)], [AOR = 0.4, 95% CI = (0.3, 0.5)], [AOR = 0.3, 95% CI (0.2, 0.4)] respectively. From community level factors, living in Somali [AOR = 0.2 95% CI = (0.1, 0.3)], Addis Ababa [AOR = 0.3, 95%CI = (0.2, 0.5)] and Dire Dawa [AOR = 0.5, 95% CI = (0.3, 0.7)] were 80%, 70% and 50% less likely accept wife-beating when compare to women who live in Tigray region, respectively. Live in high proportion of poor community [AOR = 1.2, 95% CI = (1.1, 1.3)], live in low proportion of television exposure communities [AOR = 1.4, 95% CI = (1.2, 2.2)] were significantly associated with acceptance of wife-beating among women in Ethiopia. Conclusion Educational status, religion, marital status, region, community-level wealth, and community level of television exposure had a statistical association with women’s acceptance of wife-beating. Improving educational coverage, community-level of media exposure, community-level wealth status and providing community-friendly interventions are important to reduce the acceptance of wife-beating among women in Ethiopia.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels van den Berg ◽  
Ingrid van Dijk ◽  
Rick Mourits

AbstractAre daughters of older mothers less fertile? The human mutation rate is high and increases with chronological age. As female oocytes age, they become less functional, reducing female chances at successful reproduction. Increased oocyte mutation loads at advanced age may be passed on to offspring, decreasing fertility among daughters born to older mothers. In this paper we study the effects of maternal ageing on her daughter’s fertility, including total number of children, age at last birth, and neonatal mortality among her children. We study fertility histories of two generations of women from disjoint families from a pre-transitional historical population in the Dutch province of Zeeland. Using mixed effect Poisson models to take within family (sibling) relations into account, we show that fertility is reduced among married daughters who were born at advanced maternal age, with fewer children ever born and earlier ages at last birth. We do not find consistent evidence for effects on neonatal mortality. These results may indicate that women born to older mothers are negatively affected by their mothers’ increased oocyte mutation load.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen Tieskens ◽  
Prasad Patil ◽  
Jonathan I. Levy ◽  
Paige Brochu ◽  
Kevin J. Lane ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Associations between community-level risk factors and COVID-19 incidence are used to identify vulnerable subpopulations and target interventions, but the variability of these associations over time remains largely unknown. We evaluated variability in the associations between community-level predictors and COVID-19 case incidence in 351 cities and towns in Massachusetts from March to October 2020. Methods: Using publicly available sociodemographic, occupational, environmental, and mobility datasets, we developed mixed-effect, adjusted Poisson regression models to depict associations between these variables and town-level COVID-19 case incidence data across five distinct time periods. We examined town-level demographic variables, including z-scores of percent Black, Latinx, over 80 years and undergraduate students, as well as factors related to occupation, housing density, economic vulnerability, air pollution (PM2.5), and institutional facilities.Results: Associations between key predictor variables and town-level incidence varied across the five time periods. We observed reductions over time in the association with percentage Black residents (IRR=1.12 CI=(1.12-1.13) in spring, IRR=1.01 CI=(1.00-1.01) in fall). The association with number of long-term care facility beds per capita also decreased over time (IRR=1.28 CI=(1.26-1.31) in spring, IRR=1.07 CI=(1.05-1.09)in fall). Controlling for other factors, towns with higher percentages of essential workers experienced elevated incidence of COVID-19 throughout the pandemic (e.g., IRR=1.30 CI=(1.27-1.33) in spring, IRR=1.20, CI=(1.17-1.22) in fall). Towns with higher percentages of Latinx residents also had sustained elevated incidence over time (e.g., IRR=1.19 CI=(1.18-1.21) in spring, IRR=1.14 CI=(1.13-1.15) in fall). Conclusions: Town-level COVID-19 risk factors vary with time. In Massachusetts, racial (but not ethnic) disparities in COVID-19 incidence have decreased over time, perhaps indicating greater success in risk mitigation in selected communities. Our approach can be used to evaluate effectiveness of public health interventions and target specific mitigation efforts on the community level.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-154
Author(s):  
Daniel Auguste

Research has shown that individual educational and financial endowments are key indicators of their potential for entrepreneurial entry and success. At the same time, scholars have shown that economic inequality undermines educational development while increasing financial precarity. Yet, we know little about the extent to which economic inequality may condition how education and income affect an individual’s entrepreneurial experience. In this article, we present a mixed-effect analysis using data from 50 countries that shows that economic inequality diminishes the importance of an individual’s education and income on entrepreneurial entry. This effect is larger for higher education and income individuals than those in the bottom of the educational and income strata. In addition, inequality increases the likelihood that an individual would undertake entrepreneurial activities as a last resort, particularly individuals in low-education strata. These results suggest that under high-inequality regimes, entrepreneurship may be a sign of economic insecurity and inefficiency, and highlight the need for scholars to pay greater attention to understanding the structural forces that facilitate entrepreneurship development.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Erestam ◽  
David Bock ◽  
Annette Erichsen Andersson ◽  
Eva Haglind ◽  
Jennifer Park ◽  
...  

Abstract Background During surgery, surgeons often work under stressful conditions, which could affect patient safety. Reducing intraoperative stress for surgeons could benefit surgeons and subsequently patients. It is difficult to study stress and stress relief in real life situations due to the multitude of confounding factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate simulated intraoperative stressors on surgeons’ stress levels and the effect of an intervention (pause including a sugar-containing drink) during standardized experiments (simulated operations). Methods An experimental interventional study was conducted using a simulator. The healthy surgeon volunteers were randomized to intervention and control in a cross-over design. Primary endpoint was salivary cortisol difference between a pause including a sugar containing drink (intervention) and controls. Secondary endpoints were change in heart rate, change in self-perceived stress measured by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and experience of the intraoperative pause. Endpoints were calculated with a mixed effect analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model. Results Seventeen surgeons performed 32 experiments. There was no statistically significant difference in salivary cortisol between simulations with and without a pause including a sugar-containing drink; percent reduction, 8% (0.92 (95%CI:0.72;1.18)), p-value = 0.469. The surgeons’ self-estimation of intervention was positive, but there was no statistically significant difference in heart rate or STAI. Conclusions The surgeons’ experience of a pause including a drink was positive but there were no differences in physiological outcomes of the intervention. Lessons learned from this study could contribute to optimizing design of future studies. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04626648, Registered November 6, 2020, retrospectively registered.


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