Law Librarians In the Federal Republic of Germany: Their Education and Prospects

1975 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-134
Author(s):  
Hans-Peter Geh
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Education ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Government Employees ◽  
Library Service ◽  
Service Levels ◽  
The Individual

Nearly all libraries in the Federal Republic of Germany are publicly owned, and their employees are placed in the same position as government servants. Library employees enjoy the same advantages and benefits as persons engaged in other branches of government, and their conditions of service are regulated in effect by the same or similar provisions of law. As the Federal Republic of Germany is a federation of several states (Länder), competence to make laws for the regulation of government employees rests concurrently in the federal legislature and the legislatures of the individual states. In this respect there are separate laws for the regulation of federal employees and the employees of the individual state governments, but for all practical purposes such federal and state laws are substantially similar. The respective laws establish systems of different ranks for government employees and prescribe educational qualifications as well as other requirements for the entry into employment at different service levels. There are no specific federal laws for the education and admission of library employees. According to the laws of the individual states, however, library employees are divided into four categories: (1)Senior library service (Höherer Bibliotheksdienst) which is open to persons with academic qualifications (preference being given to persons with doctoral degrees according to the laws of most states) upon completion of a prescribed period of practical library training and a formal educational course in librarianship.(2)Advanced library service (Gehobener Bibliotheksdienst) which is available to persons who undertake a formal course of study in librarianship (which is different in content from the course established for the senior library service) upon completion of high school education.(3)Intermediate library service (Mittlerer Bibliotheksdienst) which does not require high school education but in several states a formal training in librarianship.(4)Subordinate library service (Einfacher Bibliotheksdienst) which does not require an secondary educational or practical qualifications.By way of a general guide to readers, who are not familiar with the German system of library positions, it should be added that this classification system does not have precise equivalents in the Anglo-American countries. The senior and to some extent the advanced library services may, however, be compared to professional library positions, and the intermediate and subordinate service levels to supporting staff positions in the United States libraries.

Technique and Devices Conductive to better teaching of Geometry

1928 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-181
Author(s):  
Laura Blank
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Education ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Plane Geometry ◽  
College Entrance ◽  
Great Satisfaction ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Tenth Grade ◽  
The Subject

The difficulties facing the teacher of plane geometry grow constantly more baffling. Enforced attendance at school until the boy or girl is sixteen, with a group of pupils often unfitted mentally, by environment, or by ambition for a high school education, presents an immediate and ever-looming problem. An insufficient number of trade schools or excessive ambition on the part of generous parents, desirous of seeing their children in the professions rather than in the trades, fills the classes of such a subject as plane geometry. Moreover the subject is generally required for college entrance, and is regarded almost universally as cultural, broadening, and conducive to mental development characterized by clear expression and logical thinking. The position of the teacher of this subject fifteen or twenty years ago when a select few with real ability pursued the subject was not nearly so complex. Now every youth who has managed to pass to the tenth grade and takes up plane geometry all but assumes that a passing understanding of the subject is his birthright. Perhaps it would be conceded that plane geometry is the first great obstacle to the youth's securing a coveted diploma. Or possibly it might be stated thus: it is in his attack upon this subject in which the frailty of his mental make-up is most in evidence, most pitilessly laid bare, if there is such weakness; or, on the other hand, his power of intellect is here first appreciated by others, and, with great satisfaction, by himself. Hence the instructor of plane geometry to-day who would teach the subject in a forceful and effective manner, developing his pupils, convincing them of its influence, its use and keen intellectual enjoyment, must be forever on his toes inventing and contriving devices and stratagems to teach satisfactorily this large group, less clever, less ambitious, less able, than heretofore, taken in the cross-section. What a wonderful people the citizens of the United States would be intellectually several generations hence if all who attempt a high school education really had the ambition and ability to master it.

scholarly journals Creating opportunities for science PhDs to pursue careers in high school education

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (21) ◽  
pp. 3292-3296
Author(s):  
Kari M. H. Doyle ◽  
Ronald D. Vale
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
The United States ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
School Education ◽  
High School Education ◽  
School Level ◽  
High School Level ◽  
National Research Council Report ◽  
K 12

The United States is confronting important challenges at both the early and late stages of science education. At the level of K–12 education, a recent National Research Council report (Successful K–12 STEM Education) proposed a bold restructuring of how science is taught, moving away from memorizing facts and emphasizing hands-on, inquiry-based learning and a deeper understanding of the process of science. At higher levels of training, limited funding for science is leading PhDs to seek training and careers in areas other than research. Might science PhDs play a bigger role in the future of K–12 education, particularly at the high school level? We explore this question by discussing the roles that PhDs can play in high school education and the current and rather extensive barriers to PhDs entering the teaching profession and finally suggest ways to ease the entrance of qualified PhDs into high school education.

Effects of the Great Recession on Educational Disparities in Cardiometabolic Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanping Jiang ◽  
Jennifer Morozink Boylan ◽  
Samuele Zilioli
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
School Education ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Educational Disparities

Abstract Background Macroeconomic crises can exaggerate existing educational disparities in health. Few studies, however, have examined whether macroeconomic crises get under the skin to affect educational disparities in health-related biological processes. Purpose This study aimed to examine the effect of the economic recession of 2008 (i.e., Great Recession) on educational disparities in cardiometabolic risk and self-reported psychological distress. Methods Data were drawn from two subsamples of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study: the second wave of the MIDUS sample (pre-recession cohort, N = 985) and the refresher sample (post-recession cohort, N = 863). Educational attainment was categorized into high school education or less, some college, and bachelor’s degree or higher. Outcomes included metabolic syndrome, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6, as well as self-reported perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and financial distress. Results Results showed that having a bachelor’s degree or higher (compared to having a high school education or less) was more strongly associated with decreased metabolic syndrome symptoms in the post-recession cohort than the pre-recession cohort, above and beyond demographic, health, and behavioral covariates. These findings did not extend to systemic inflammation or psychological distress. Conclusions Our findings suggest that chronic macroeconomic stressors may widen the educational gap in physical health, particularly cardiometabolic health, by modifying biological and anthropometric risk factors implicated in metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Way to Manage Senior High School Library

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzu-Ying Cho
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
School Library ◽  
School Education ◽  
High School Education ◽  
The Other ◽  
Community Resources ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Library Service ◽  
Cooperative Relationship ◽  
High School Library

Traditionally, the main clients of high school library are the faculty and students in the school; and the main purpose of high school library is providing educational resources. Because examinations strongly affect high school education, the restricted functions of the high school library are book delivery and holding exhibitions. If the high school library could enhance marketing and open to the community around the school, in one hand we can expand library service, in the other hand we can unite the functions of school education and social education via abundant community resources, create concrete school and social culture, make cooperative relationship between high school and community.

scholarly journals Do social inequalities in smoking differ by immigration status in young adults?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kalubi ◽  
Z Tchouaga ◽  
A Ghenadenik ◽  
J O'Loughlin ◽  
K L Frohlich
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Preventive Intervention ◽  
School Education ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Social Gradient ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background Tobacco use accounts for half the difference in life expectancy across groups of low and high socioeconomic status. The objective was to assess whether social inequalities in smoking in Canada-born young adults are also apparent among same-age immigrants, a group often viewed as disadvantaged and vulnerable to multiple health issues. Methods Data were drawn from the Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking, a longitudinal investigation of social inequalities in smoking in Montreal, Canada. The sample included 2,077 young adults age 18-25 (56.6% female; 18.9% immigrants). Immigrants had been in Canada 11.6 (SD 6.4) years on average. The association between level of education and current smoking was examined separately in immigrants and non-immigrants in multivariate logistic regression analyses controlling for covariates. Results Twenty percent of immigrants were current smokers compared to 24% of non-immigrants. In immigrants, relative to those who were university-educated, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) for current smoking was 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) among those with pre-university or vocational training, and 1.5 (0.7, 2.9) among those with high school education only. In non-immigrants, the adjusted ORs were 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) among those with pre-university or vocational training and 4.0 (2.9, 5.5) among those with high school education. Conclusions Despite a mean of over 10 years in Canada, young adults who immigrated to Canada did not manifest the strong social gradient in smoking apparent in non-immigrants. Identification of factors that protect immigrants from manifesting marked social inequalities in smoking could inform the development of smoking preventive intervention sensitive to social inequalities in smoking. Key messages A social gradient in smoking apparent in Canada-born young adults was not observed in same-age immigrants. Factors that protect immigrants against social inequalities in smoking should be identified.

scholarly journals Impact of Race and Socioeconomics Disparities on Survival in Young-Onset Colorectal Adenocarcinoma—A SEER Registry Analysis

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3262
Author(s):  
Mark M. Aloysius ◽  
Hemant Goyal ◽  
Niraj J. Shah ◽  
Kumar Pallav ◽  
Nimy John ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Colorectal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
School Education ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Cancer Specific Survival ◽  
Young Onset ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: We aimed to assess the impact of socio-economic determinants of health (SEDH) on survival disparities within and between the ethnic groups of young-onset (<50 years age) colorectal adenocarcinoma patients. Patients and Methods: Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) registry was used to identify colorectal adenocarcinoma patients aged between 25–49 years from 2012 and 2016. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meir method. Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the hazard effect of SEDH. American community survey (ACS) data 2012–2016 were used to analyze the impact of high school education, immigration status, poverty, household income, employment, marital status, and insurance type. Results: A total of 17,145 young-onset colorectal adenocarcinoma patients were studied. Hispanic (H) = 2874, Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaskan Native (NHAIAN) = 164, Non-Hispanic Asian Pacific Islander (NHAPI) = 1676, Non-Hispanic black (NHB) = 2305, Non-Hispanic white (NHW) = 10,126. Overall cancer-specific survival was, at 5 years, 69 m. NHB (65.58 m) and NHAIAN (65.67 m) experienced worse survival compared with NHW (70.11 m), NHAPI (68.7), and H (68.31). High school education conferred improved cancer-specific survival significantly with NHAPI, NHB, and NHW but not with H and NHAIAN. Poverty lowered and high school education improved cancer-specific survival (CSS) in NHB, NHW, and NHAPI. Unemployment was associated with lowered CSS in H and NAPI. Lower income below the median negatively impacted survival among H, NHAPI NHB, and NHW. Recent immigration within the last 12 months lowered CSS survival in NHW. Commercial health insurance compared with government insurance conferred improved CSS in all groups. Conclusions: Survival disparities were found among all races with young-onset colorectal adenocarcinoma. The pattern of SEDH influencing survival was unique to each race. Overall higher income levels, high school education, private insurance, and marital status appeared to be independent factors conferring favorable survival found on multivariate analysis.

General Assembly

1957 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-496
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
United Nations ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
October 17

Seventh United Nations Technical Assistance Conference: At the Seventh UN Technical Assistance Conference, which met at Headquarters on October 17, 1956, under the presidency of Sir Leslie Munro (New Zealand), 63 governments pledged $14,940,000; this sum excluded the amount to be pledged by the United States. Several participating countries, including the Federal Republic of Germany, Indonesia and El Salvador, were unable to announce their contributions at the Conference as negotiations had not been completed

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