Lawrence of Amalfi's Mathematical Teaching

Traditio ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 445-449
Author(s):  
Francis Newton
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Mathematical Teaching ◽  
Medieval Education ◽  
Almost All

A Venice manuscript of the eleventh century (Marcianus Z. L. 497), containing a handbook of the liberal arts, deserves the attention of students of medieval education, for it is connected with a man who was considered one of the most learned scholars of his day. The man is Lawrence of Amalfi. Information on the life of this scholar is meager, but we have glimpses of his literary activity as a monk of Monte Cassino, through writings of his which were preserved in the abbey; much later, after his elevation to the archbishopric of Amalfi and his subsequent exile, we find him taking refuge in Florence, where he wrote a life of a local saint; still later, we hear of him in Rome, teaching the boy Hildebrand, who was to become pope as Gregory VII; and we see him at the close of his life in affectionate friendship with Odilo of Cluny. Yet the renown of the archbishop suffered an eclipse within a century of his death. At Monte Cassino, almost all knowledge of Lawrence's subsequent history (after his leaving the monastery) was lost, and those elsewhere who recorded the few facts known about the archbishop of Amalfi did not connect him with the ancient monastery from which he came. In modern scholarship, Lawrence the monk and Lawrence the archbishop appeared as two distinct figures. Therefore, until Professor Walther Holtzmann brought together the scattered references and, through stylistic analysis, identified the monk of Monte Cassino with the archbishop of Amalfi, even the main outline of the scholarly churchman's career was obscure.

scholarly journals HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE GROWTH OF MENIAL JOBS

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-20
Author(s):  
Łukasz Albański
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Young People ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Iron Cage ◽  
Graduate Unemployment ◽  
Almost All ◽  
University Degree

Young people are confronting a world in which they may not achieve economic strides their parents did. Almost all will have been awarded university degree, worth far less (in the terms and conditions of their employment) than that of their parents, if they themselves graduated from university. In the article the author discusses the relationship between higher education and stratification. The concepts of meritocracy and credentialism are considered and a particular attention is paid to an equal/unequal access to education dilemma. Discussed is why a liberal arts education is losing ground and why it is being made a scapegoat for graduate unemployment. Does the nightmare of Weber’s “iron cage of rationalization” come true and is the contemporary university in the service of an economic order with all the related technical requirements of machine production? In the second part of the article the role of meritocratic discourse and educational credential inflation is considered as well as the growth of menial jobs for young people as a case in Poland. Key words: education at post-secondary level, liberal arts, youth unemployment, inequality, Poland.

The Merovingian monastery of St Evroul in the light of conflicting traditions

1972 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Marjorie Chibnall
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historical Truth ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Old Men

Historians of early monasticism in Frankish Gaul either have little to say about the monastery founded by St Evroul or, like Dom Laporte, devote their attention to a discussion of the probable date of his life. The disappearance of almost all early documentary sources is one reason for this: there was certainly a break in the occupation of the site for perhaps half the century between the destruction of the monastery in the tenth century and its refoundation in 1050, and only one charter, dated 900, was rescued and copied in the eleventh century. The fact that there has been no systematic excavation of the site, so that archaeological evidence of buildings before the thirteenth-century church is lacking, is another. Early annals and reliable lives of other saints have nothing at all to say on the subject. The first historian to tackle it, Orderic Vitalis, writing in the early twelfth century, had to admit that he could discover nothing about the abbots for the four hundred years after St Evroul; and he had to draw on the memories and tales of the old men he knew, both in the monastery and in the villages round about. Needless to say he harvested a luxuriant crop of legends and traditions of all kinds. The problem of the modern historian is to winnow a few grains of historical truth out of the stories that he garnered, and the hagiographical traditions, some of which he did not know.

Mary and Mariology

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorian Llywelyn
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
The West ◽  
Christian Doctrine ◽  
Marian Devotion ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
The World ◽  
Global North ◽  
Almost All

The mother of Jesus is the most important female figure of Christianity. Mary appears in a small number of biblical passages, but the vast Marian phenomenon includes Christian doctrine and a range of cultural expressions. Interest in Mary emerged early in the Eastern Mediterranean, and spread into the West. With slightly different emphases, Catholics and Orthodox Christians share a number of beliefs concerning Mary and pray to her, but most forms of Protestantism reject Marian devotion. While Catholic attention to Mary diminished in the global North following the changes wrought by the Second Vatican Council, it has remained strong in other parts of the world, especially in Latin America. Shrines such as sites where Mary is believed to have appeared draw millions of devotees annually. Contemporary Mariology, the academic study of the figure of Mary, includes considerations from almost all the liberal arts.

The Ghaznavid Empire of India

2021 ◽  
pp. 001946462110411
Author(s):  
Ali Anooshahr
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Arabic Text ◽  
Single Source ◽  
Indian History ◽  
Open Trade ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Persian Translation

Almost all of our information on the Ghaznavids comes from two contemporary chronicles (one in Persian and one in Arabic) and a divan (poetic anthology) from the early eleventh century. The Arabic text is the Tarikh-i Yamini written by Abu Nasr al-ʻUtbi, and the Persian chronicle is the Zayn al-Akhbar by Gardizi. Virtually, all subsequent Persian chroniclers drew on the later Persian translation of the Yamini. After the Mughal period, a few used Gardizi as well. In the nineteenth century, H. M. Elliot translated parts of the Persian translation of ʻUtbi into English, which popularised that particular version of events in modern scholarship. This uncritical overreliance on a single source has led to perhaps the greatest misunderstanding of medieval Indian history. I will argue that the version of the Ghaznavid campaigns in ʻUtbi was meant strictly for the court of the ‘Abbasid caliph in Baghdad where a sufficiently learned audience could actually be expected to understand the very difficult Arabic of the text. The Yamini did not simply embellish reality but was actually trying to create a narrative that was in contradiction to and even independent of reality. It was part of a campaign of misinformation to hide the fact that the Ghaznavids were creating an Indian empire both as a network of tributary kings and as an open trade zone ruled by a king of kings symbolised by the elephant.

The Problem of Grammar in Medieval Education – Art or Science

Diogenes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stoyan Buchvarov ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Clement Of Alexandria ◽  
Symbolic Method ◽  
Medieval Education ◽  
Teaching Grammar

This article the idea of teaching grammar in the Middle Age and development of grammar from liberal art to science. Aristotle introduced grammar as a free art and gave purpose of teaching in the liberal arts. Clement of Alexandria goes on to justify and argue that grammar is part of liberal arts. Propose symbolic method as the most suitable for teaching grammar. Boethius of Dacia objects to the medieval tradition of teaching the liberal arts and believes that they should all be seen as sciences. He argues that grammar exist and needs to be taught as an objective independent verbal unified science.

Futures for Literary Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Jay
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
The Future ◽  
Institutional Sustainability ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

The future of literary studies will be shaped by new and emerging trends in scholarly, critical, and theoretical work, by changes in the material conditions that enable that work, and, perhaps most importantly, by how the institutions within which it functions respond to recent changes in higher education that increasingly threaten the viability of almost all humanities disciplines. The material conditions that shape work in literary studies have changed dramatically in recent decades. The impact of digital technology has been nothing short of transformative, and the changes it has introduced are bound to continue to reshape the field. At the same time, the expansion of the canon, the transnationalizing of literary studies, the revitalization of narratological, formalist, and aesthetic criticism, the emergence of new interdisciplinary fields including the study of sexuality and gender, ecocriticism, affect theory, and disability studies, promise to continue to exert influence in the coming decades. The future from these perspectives looks promising. At the same time, however, the institutional sustainability of literary studies has come under threat as the liberal arts model of higher education has increasingly given way to a stress in higher education on vocational training in the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) disciplines, which has worked to undercut the value and the attraction of literary studies. How the field responds to these changes in the coming decade will be crucial to determining its future viability.

scholarly journals Periodic Nature of Cometary Motions as Known to Indian Astronomers Before Eleventh Century A.D

1987 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 109-112
Author(s):  
S.D. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Almost All

AbstractApparitions of comets were thought to be a bad omen in earlier times in almost all the old civilizations. This led to correlating these apparitions with some particular events which took place simultaneously. Although the information was collected and recorded merely for astrological purposes, yet these records are in no way less important from astronomical points of view. Ancient Indian astronomers like Garga, Marīci, Asita, Devala and others made cometary studies and recorded their trajectories(Bṛhat-saṃhitā, Chapter on Ketucārādhyāya).In earlier times there was a notion that the comets were heavenly bodies and their apparitions, paths, rising and setting in the sky, could not be found out by mathematical calculations as is clear from the following śloka(Bṛhat-saṃhitā, Chapter on Ketucārā dhyāya).

scholarly journals The Turkish Conquest of Anatolia in the Eleventh Century

Hawliyat ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 41-93
Author(s):  
S P O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
General Outline ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Important Stage ◽  
Almost All

The article describes the Turkish conquest of Anatolia in the second half of the eleventh century. An evaluation of the sources (almost all Greek) and a sum- mary of the successful Byzantine defence against the Arabs is followed by a detailed account of the principal stages of the Turkish conquest. The inadequacy of the sources, which become less and less informative as the conquest pro- ceeded, means that the final and most important stage of the Turkish advance, from 1081—85, must be conjectured. Nevertheless, the general outline of the con- quest is suffciently clear. The article concludes by identifying one of the main causes Of the debacle: the failure of imperial governments from Basil II (976—1025) to grasp the importance of defending Anatolia, as evidenced by the shift of byzantine interests to the Balkans.

scholarly journals Prilog Trogirskoj klesarskoj radionici

Ars Adriatica ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Ivan Josipović
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
Similar Concept ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Short Time ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

The author attributes the chancel screen gable from the Trogir Town Museum, discovered in the pavement of the vestibule of the destroyed pre-Romanesque hexaconchal church of St Mary at Trogir to the Trogir stonecarvers’ workshop. The arguments for such an attribution are found in the visual and stylistic analysis of the gable and  in the analogies with other similar fragments of pre-Romanesque reliefs which have already been attributed to the same workshop. This demonstrates a similar concept in the layout on the gables from Trogir and Bijaći, while more obvious stylistic parallels for the Trogir gable are found on the chancel screen arches and architraves from  Pađene, Brnaze, Malo polje of Trogir and Otres, but also those from Krković and Ostrovica. In addition, two fragmented reliefs which have been inserted as spolia in east wall of the parish church of St George at Pađene near Knin are also attributed to the same workshop. These fragments have been measured and photographed in more detail for the first time for this paper. The analysis of their decoration has resulted in the conclusion that these fragments belonged to a widely distributed type of chancel screen pilasters, with a somewhat more complex decoration consisting of a dense interlaced mesh of three-strand bands.  Finally, the gable from the Trogir Town Museum, and other stylistically similar relief from Trogir, have been brought into a stronger connection with the church of St Mary, and its original liturgical furnishings in particular. Following from such a conclusion, as well as the fact that the same workshop produced liturgical installations in another hexaconchal church at Brnaze near Sinj, the author dates both structures to the period when the workshop was active (the first quarter of the ninth century), and places the construction of almost all Dalmatian hexaconchs in a relatively short time frame from the end of the eighth century to mid-ninth century.

scholarly journals Communicative and Stylistic Potential of New Yoruba Idioms and Idiomatic Expressions on The Label of Alcoholic Drinks

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Dayo Akanmu
Keyword(s):  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Idiomatic Expressions ◽  
Lagos State ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Alcoholic Drinks ◽  
Linguistic Strategy ◽  
Almost All

This paper investigated issues expressed with these idioms as well as the strategy for using them for various modern alcoholic drinks in Yoruba land. The paper adopted Mukarovsky's theory of Standard Language based on its ability to explain the deviant nature of the new Yoruba idioms as well as explaining 'differencia specifica' between the language of everyday conversation and Literary Language. Data were collected from different beer joints in Lagos State and Ògùn State respectively as States where most of these drinks are produced. Eventually, data were subjected to stylistic analysis. In all, sex is the only issue that was expressed. Sex, which was peculiar to all the alcoholic drinks, occurred in the context of 'eroticism', 'vulgarity', 'sexual style', and 'sexual positioning'. Only the metaphorisation linguistic strategy was employed for the coining of the idioms and was differentially derived from nominalizations, phonaesthetic coinages, and compositions. Nominalisations, compositions, and phonaesthetic coinages occurred in almost all the labels, and they were contextualized in eroticism ('Ọ̀ṣọmọ', 'Alọmọ', 'Ògidigà' and 'Ọ́ríjìn (ọ rí i jìn?); sexual style (Kòbókò, Kerewa, Pakurumo) while Dadubule revealed sexual positioning. New Yorùbá idioms, used to express-socio economic and emotive issues in routine communication, occurred in mediated and non-mediated contexts and were conveyed through metaphorisations. These idioms rethe flect dynamism and modernity-constrained stylistic choices in Yorùbá discourses.

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