Identification of Particulate Air Pollutants and Contaminants by Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Spectrometry

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 62-63
Author(s):  
J. L. Price ◽  
T. L. Shirley
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Particulate Pollutants ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Definite Problem ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Palladium Metal ◽  
Scanning Electron

Although our knowledge of the effects of gaseous air pollutants on plants is expanding rapidly, little is known about the identification and effects of particulate air pollutants on plant surfaces. Accordingly, a two-phase study was undertaken: (a) to identify and characterize the various particulate pollutants and contaminants found on leaf surfaces; and (b) to determine their physical and chemical effects. This report describes the progress made in the first phase of this study.Using a Jeolco JSM-U3 scanning electron microscope with double dispersive X-ray spectrometers, observations were made on intact leaf surfaces (upper and lower) and on various particulate samples. Studies were made on various crop plants as well as on native chaparral and desert plants. Most of the samples were coated with approximately 50-100 Å of gold-palladium metal, since “charging” is a definite problem with particulate specimens.

Herbicide Dispersal Patterns: HI. as a Function of Formulation

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Hess ◽  
D. E. Bayer ◽  
R. H. Falk
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Scanning Electron

The distribution patterns of several herbicide formulations sprayed on adaxial leaf surfaces were determined using scanning electron microscopy coupled with cathodoluminescence and x-ray microanalysis. The sodium and amine salts of MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy] acetic acid} sprayed on sugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) leaves appeared as discrete deposits above the anticlinal cell walls that represented the location of spray drops that adhered to the leaf. When the sodium salt was applied to bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.], the pattern of distribution was the same; however, each deposit was significantly smaller. The iso-octyl ester of MCPA coalesced into numerous, small, thick deposits on the cuticle of sugar beet leaves. The distribution of a wettable powder formulation of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino-s-triazine] appeared as uniform deposits over the anticlinal and periclinal cell walls that represented the location of aqueous spray drops after application. When a flowable formulation of atrazine was applied, there was a significant preferential accumulation of the herbicide at the edges of the separate deposits. One commercial formulation of propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) yielded deposits that were crystalline, one that was partially crystalline, and one that was noncrystalline.

Electrical Porcelain Containing Ornamental Rock Waste: Microstructural Development

2010 ◽  
Vol 660-661 ◽  
pp. 692-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Silva ◽  
J.N.F. Holanda
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electrical Porcelain ◽  
Microstructural Development ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Aluminous Porcelain ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Scanning Electron

Aluminous electrical porcelains are used in the production of materials of high voltage insulators. The microstructure plays an important role in the performance of electrical porcelain. On the other hand, the porcelain materials undergo a series of physical and chemical transformations during firing. This makes the understanding of their microstructures rather complex. In this work was studied the microstructural development of electrical porcelain containing up to 35 wt.% of ornamental rock waste. The pieces ceramics were pressed at 50 MPa and sintered at 1300 °C. The porcelain pieces were characterized via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the presence of the ornamental rock waste influenced the microstructural development of the pieces of electrical aluminous porcelain.

Bond Mechanics and Failure Mode of Conductive Silver Adhesive for Transducer

2013 ◽  
Vol 873 ◽  
pp. 837-844
Author(s):  
Chun Ying Wang ◽  
Rui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Fracture Morphology ◽  
Fracture Type ◽  
Cohesive Failure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Piezoelectric Patch ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this paper, a novel conductive silver adhesive (ECA) for transducer is prepared to bond piezoelectric patch and the aluminum substrate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to study the fracture elements in order to analyze bond mechanics, fracture morphology is observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result of test and analysis shows ECA with sliane coupling agent have both physical and chemical bonding and the fracture type is cohesive failure. However the ECA without sliane coupling agent only has physical bonding and fracture type is mixed failure.

scholarly journals Прозрачные фотокаталитические ZnO-SnO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- нанопокрытия, полученные полимерно-солевым методом

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 515
Author(s):  
С.К. Евстропьев ◽  
Л.Л. Лесных ◽  
Н.В. Никоноров ◽  
А.В. Караваева ◽  
Е.В. Колобкова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thin Oxide Films ◽  
Glass Surfaces ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractThe structure and properties of transparent ZnO–SnO_2 photocatalytic coatings formed on glass surfaces by the polymer–salt method are studied. The physical and chemical processes occurring during formation of the coatings are studied by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction analysis. The structure and optical properties of the obtained thin oxide films are studied by optical spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that the polymer–salt method allows formation of homogeneous and transparent ZnO–SnO_2 coatings consisting of oxide nanoparticles completely covering the glass substrate surface. It is found that the formed transparent ZnO–SnO_2 coatings have high photocatalytic properties and can generate singlet oxygen under action of UV radiation.

Phase Relationships in the Y–Fe–V Ternary System at 773 K

2011 ◽  
Vol 704-705 ◽  
pp. 475-479
Author(s):  
Shun Kang Pan ◽  
Rui Yan ◽  
Huai Ying Zhou ◽  
Li Chun Cheng ◽  
Qing Rong Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ternary System ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Maximum Solid Solubility ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Phase Relationships

The isothermal section of the phase diagram of the ternary system Y–Fe–V at 773 K was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. It consists of 9 single-phase regions, 16 two-phase regions and 8 three-phase regions. The ternary compound YFe12-xVx (1.5≤x≤2.7, space group I4/mmm) with Mn12Th-type structure was confirmed in this system. At 773 K, the maximum solid solubility of V in Fe, and YFe2, is about 23 at.%, and 3 at.%, respectively, Fe in V is about 22 at.%. And that of Y in Fe, FeV and V don′t exceed 1 at.%.

scholarly journals Characterization of Powder Obtained from Surface of Waste-Plastic Bricks

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-468
Author(s):  
Rutticka Kedare
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Waste Plastic ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Scanning Electron

The basic aim of this work is to perform characterization of the powder obtained from surface of waste plastic brick which in turn provides a base to study the physical and chemical composition of bricks made from waste plastic bags and sand (Plastic bricks). The powder used for characterization was obtained from the surface of waste plastic bricks by scratching the surface of bricks with knife-like stainless-steel instruments. Before characterization, this powder was strained through a double layer strainer (mesh number 325, pore size 44 microns) to obtain fine powder particles. This fine powder was further characterised for determining the particle size, crystallinity percentage, elemental composition and to find functional groups present. The techniques used in characterization of powder includes X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy / Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (FESEM/EDS). The results obtained from XRD data analysis showed the particle size to be 9.595 nanometres with a crystallinity percentage of 2.113275 percent. EDS and FTIR results when studied simultaneously showed presence of clay minerals like MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, etc.

scholarly journals Comparison of Synchrotron X-Ray Microanalysis with Electron and Proton Microscopy for Individual Particle Analysis

1991 ◽  
Vol 35 (B) ◽  
pp. 1265-1273
Author(s):  
K.H. Janssens ◽  
F. van Langevelde ◽  
F.C. Adams ◽  
R.D. Vis ◽  
S.R. Sutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characterization ◽  
Individual Particle Analysis ◽  
Physical And Chemical

A considerable number of the elements and a profusion of organic compounds are emitted into the atmosphere in association with solid and liquid particles. More than 50 percent of all air pollutants are preferentially present in particulate matter rather than in the gas phase. The assessment of the potential environmental and toxic effects of particulate matter in the atmosphere requires a detailed physical and chemical characterization. Methods for analyzing aerosols have recently been extensively reviewed by Maenhaut.

scholarly journals Corrosion Behavior of VM12-SHC Steel in Contact with Solar Salt and Ternary Molten Salt in Accelerated Fluid Conditions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5903
Author(s):  
Gustavo García-Martín ◽  
María I. Lasanta ◽  
María T. de Miguel ◽  
Andre Illana Sánchez ◽  
Francisco J. Pérez-Trujillo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Storage Medium ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Solar Salt ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Direct System ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Ternary low melting point mixtures with the addition of LiNO3 and Ca(NO3)2 have been presented as direct system candidates for CSP technologies due to having better physical and chemical properties than those of Solar Salt. In this study, thermal, physical and chemical properties are measured as is the corrosive behavior of stainless alloy VM12 (Cr 12%) when in contact with Solar Salt, 60% NaNO3-40% KNO3 (wt.%) and ternary 46% NaNO3-19% Ca(NO3)2-35% LiNO3 (wt.%). Gravimetric weight change measurements were performed on the test specimens, which were tested under accelerated fluid conditions (0.2 m s−1) at 500 °C for 2000 h. This research confirms the potential of this novel formulation as a thermal storage medium and validates the suitability of ferritic VM12-SHC stainless steel as a structural material for CSP technology with Solar Salt. Meanwhile, the results obtained by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction indicate a reduction in the protective character of the oxide layer formed on this alloy when the medium contains calcium and lithium components.

Characterization of Sludge after Thermal Treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 530-531 ◽  
pp. 715-719
Author(s):  
L.C. Morais ◽  
Jo Dweck ◽  
E.M. Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro M. Büchler
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The aim of this paper was to study the characterization of sludge affected by different thermal treatment, on selected physical and chemical properties. Sludge incinerated ash has been fired at different temperatures. This material was fired at 1050 °C for 3 h and until a peak of 1010°C. After thermal treatment the ash were screened at 200 mesh. The ash was characterized by X-ray fluorescence and trace elements like Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, and some oxides like quartz(SiO2), Al2O3, P2O5, Fe2O3 were found. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has shown one change of particle between 2μm at 90μm and apparent porosity.

Complex conductivity signatures of microbial induced calcite precipitation, field and laboratory scales

2020 ◽  
Vol 224 (3) ◽  
pp. 1811-1824
Author(s):  
Sina Saneiyan ◽  
Dimitrios Ntarlagiannis ◽  
Frederick Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Calcite Precipitation ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Physical And Chemical

SUMMARY Soil stabilization processes aim at enhancing soil's engineering properties. Although the concept is straightforward, it involves physical and chemical changes to the subsurface that could result in local environmental changes. Compared to conventional soil stabilization methods (such as cement grouting), bio-mediated soil stabilization, such as microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP), offers the opportunity to minimize environmental impact, but the underlying processes need to be well understood for proper applications. Accurate characterization and long-term monitoring are paramount for the success of soil improvement, especially MICP treatments. Spectral induced polarization (SIP), an established geophysical method, has shown to be sensitive to MICP processes and products (e.g. calcite). In this work, we performed a two-phase study to explore SIP's suitability as a monitoring tool. Phase 1 involved a laboratory scale MICP study under controlled conditions and phase 2 a pilot field scale study. In the laboratory, MICP was induced through the introduction of ureolytic microorganisms, while in the field, indigenous soil microbes were stimulated to promote ureolysis. In both cases, traditional geochemical monitoring, along with spatiotemporally dense SIP monitoring, were performed. Over the course of the laboratory study, SIP successfully tracked the MICP progress as well as the calcite precipitation behaviour. Similarly, the SIP results of the field scale study showed to be sensitive to the subsurface changes in response to MICP. SIP offered spatiotemporally rich information on the MICP progress and process status. The similarity between observed signal trends in the laboratory and field in this study clearly proved that SIP signals from MICP in controlled laboratory environments can be successfully used to study field MICP applications despite scale and complexity differences.

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