Exposure of protein VP7 on the surface of bluetongue virus

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
A.D. Hyatt
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Outer Coat ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Antibody Recognition ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Family ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Physical Accessibility

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the type species os the genus orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. The virus has a fibrillar outer coat containing two major structural proteins VP2 and VP5 which surround an icosahedral core. The core contains two major proteins VP3 and VP7 and three minor proteins VP1, VP4 and VP6. Recent evidence has indicated that the core comprises a neucleoprotein center which is surrounded by two protein layers; VP7, a major constituent of capsomeres comprises the outer and VP3 the inner layer of the core . Antibodies to VP7 are currently used in enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays and immuno-electron microscopical (JEM) tests for the detection of BTV. The tests involve the antibody recognition of VP7 on virus particles. In an attempt to understand how complete viruses can interact with antibodies to VP7 various antibody types and methodologies were utilized to determine the physical accessibility of the core to the external environment.

Evidence of an helicoidal symmetry for rubella virus nucleocapsid

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 692-693
Author(s):  
R. Alain ◽  
L. Berthiaume ◽  
M. Trudel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Core Formation ◽  
Membrane Glycoproteins ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
The Core ◽  
Helix Pitch

Rubella virus is presently the only member of the genus Rubivirus of the Togaviridae family (Matthews, 1982). One of the main characteristics of this family is that the symmetry of the nucleocapside is cubical. Electron microscopy shows that rubella virus is a small spherical enveloped particle, 50 to 100 nm in diameter, with a dense core measuring 28 to 30 nm in diameter. Payment et al., in 1975, reported that the core structures are composed of circular subunit, 10 nm in diameter. Morphogenetic studies reveal that core formation coincides with the process of budding (Murphy, 1981).Rubella virus is composed of three structural proteins E1 (60K), E2 (47K.) and C (33K): E1 and E2 are membrane glycoproteins while C is the nucleoprotein (Trudel et al., 1982). The genome of the virus is a single standed positive RNA.Upon examination of purified rubella virus by electron microscope, beside whole virus particles we observed in all preparations helicoidal nucleocapsids of variable lenghts, ranging from a few nanometers to as long as 265 nm (Fig. 1). The width of these was evaluated to about 14.7 + 0.9 nm with a helix pitch of 10 nm. They were flexible and fragile, showing rapid denaturation when viral suspensions were kept at room temperature for a few hours.

Intramitochondrial Viruses of Reptilian Cell Origin

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
Philip D. Lunger ◽  
H. Fred Clark
Keyword(s):  
Particle Production ◽  
Outer Zone ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Core Region ◽  
Mitochondrial Membranes ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
The Core ◽  
Vipera Russelli ◽  
Maturation Stages ◽  
Type Particle

In the course of fine structure studies of spontaneous “C-type” particle production in a viper (Vipera russelli) spleen cell line, designated VSW, virus particles were frequently observed within mitochondria. The latter were usually enlarged or swollen, compared to virus-free mitochondria, and displayed a considerable degree of cristae disorganization.Intramitochondrial viruses measure 90 to 100 mμ in diameter, and consist of a nucleoid or core region of varying density and measuring approximately 45 mμ in diameter. Nucleoid density variation is presumed to reflect varying degrees of condensation, and hence maturation stages. The core region is surrounded by a less-dense outer zone presumably representing viral capsid.Particles are usually situated in peripheral regions of the mitochondrion. In most instances they appear to be lodged between loosely apposed inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

‘To wise for a woman’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Clark
Keyword(s):  
Marital Problems ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Family ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Way

While there were clear strategic aims in the way that marriages were made in the Howard dynasty during this period, the family was only unusual in that it operated at the very top of the aristocratic hierarchy and was therefore able to use marital alliances to successfully recover and bolster both status and finances. Where they were different, however, was in the experience of some of these women within marriage. By and large, the marriages made by and for members of the family, including women, seem to have been as successful as others of their class. However, three women close to the core of the dynasty experienced severe marital problems, even ‘failed’ marriages, almost simultaneously during the 1520s and 1530s. The records generated by these episodes tell us about the way in which the family operated as a whole, and the agency of women in this context, and this chapter therefore reconstructs these disputes for this purpose.

scholarly journals Protease Inhibitors as Antiviral Agents

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Patick ◽  
K. E. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Viral Protease ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Viral Proteases ◽  
Viral Polyprotein

SUMMARY Currently, there are a number of approved antiviral agents for use in the treatment of viral infections. However, many instances exist in which the use of a second antiviral agent would be beneficial because it would allow the option of either an alternative or a combination therapeutic approach. Accordingly, virus-encoded proteases have emerged as new targets for antiviral intervention. Molecular studies have indicated that viral proteases play a critical role in the life cycle of many viruses by effecting the cleavage of high-molecular-weight viral polyprotein precursors to yield functional products or by catalyzing the processing of the structural proteins necessary for assembly and morphogenesis of virus particles. This review summarizes some of the important general features of virus-encoded proteases and highlights new advances and/or specific challenges that are associated with the research and development of viral protease inhibitors. Specifically, the viral proteases encoded by the herpesvirus, retrovirus, hepatitis C virus, and human rhinovirus families are discussed.

scholarly journals Bluetongue Virus Particles as Nanoreactors for Enzyme Delivery and Cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva C. Thuenemann ◽  
Duc H. T. Le ◽  
George P. Lomonossoff ◽  
Nicole F. Steinmetz
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Enzyme Delivery

scholarly journals Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Analysis of the Core Particle of Bluetongue Virus

Virology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 210 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.N. Burroughs ◽  
J.M. Grimes ◽  
P.P.C. Mertens ◽  
D.I. Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Core Particle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Core

Cymatosirella Dąbek, Witkowski & Sabbe gen. nov., a new marine benthic diatom genus (Bacillariophyta) belonging to the family Cymatosiraceae

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 183 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
PRZEMYSŁAW DĄBEK ◽  
KOEN SABBE ◽  
ANDRZEJ WITKOWSKI ◽  
COLIN ARCHIBALD ◽  
KRZYSZOF J. KURZYDŁOWSKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Benthic Diatom ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Western Cape Province ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
The Family ◽  
Diatom Genus ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
First Time

We present a new marine benthic diatom genus Cymatosirella gen. nov. The genus belongs to the family Cymatosiraceae and has been assigned to the subfamily Extubocelluloideae on the basis of ultrastructural cell wall features. It has isovalvate cells with undulate valves and is characterized by the absence of tubular processes and the occurrence of hollow spines which are observed for the first time in the Cymatosiraceae. The new genus contains four species, two of which are transferred from the genus Cymatosira, viz. Cymatosirella capensis comb. nov. and Cymatosirella minutissima comb. nov., and two which are new to science, viz. Cymatosirella benguelensis sp. nov. and Cymatosirella taylorii sp. nov. Cymatosirella capensis is chosen as the generitype. The new genus includes a group of very small taxa inhabiting the intertidal zone of the Atlantic Ocean with three species in South Africa and one in Europe. C. capensis was originally described by Giffen from Langebaan Lagoon (a shallow marine inlet in the southern part of Saldanha Bay, Western Cape Province), on the basis of light microscopy only, and has to date only been illustrated by line drawings. C. minutissima, so far only known from the Westerschelde estuary (The Netherlands), has previously been documented in more detail using both light and electron microscopy. Here, we present the results of detailed light and electron microscopical investigations of C. capensis, both from its original type material and from recently collected samples from the type locality and neighboring littoral areas in the Western Cape Province, and of the new species C. benguelensis and C. taylorii, also from Western Cape localities. All species are compared with similar small taxa belonging to the Cymatosiraceae, subfamily Extubocelluloideae.

Determination of all Dimensions of CdSe Seeded CdS Nanorods Solely via their UV/Vis Spectra

2017 ◽  
Vol 231 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Adel ◽  
Julian Bloh ◽  
Dominik Hinrichs ◽  
Torben Kodanek ◽  
Dirk Dorfs
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Core Diameter ◽  
The Core ◽  
Extinction Spectra ◽  
Cds Nanorods ◽  
Fast Route ◽  
Characteristic Points ◽  
Electron Microscopical

AbstractIn the present manuscript we develop a method to determine all characteristic dimensions of CdSe seeded CdS nanorods solely via their extinction spectra without the need for electron microscopical investigations. In detail, the core diameter as well as the overall diameter and length and the molar extinction coefficient can all be derived from characteristic points in the absorption spectra. We carefully investigate in which size regime our assumptions are valid and give an estimation of the expected error, making it possible for the reader to decide whether this method is sufficiently accurate for their respective system. Our method displays a comfortable and fast route to analyze these nowadays often used nanorods.

scholarly journals POTRET BUDAYA LOKAL MASYARAKAT TANJUNG RAYA, KABUPATEN AGAM - SUMATERA BARAT DI ERA DIGITAL

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-265
Author(s):  
Dwi Rini Sovia Firdaus ◽  
Djuara Lubis ◽  
Endriatmo Soetarto ◽  
Djoko Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Graphical Form ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Peripheral Part ◽  
The Core ◽  
Simple Addition ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Family Typologies

The people of West Sumatra, who have been adhering to the Minangkabau matrilineal cultural tradition, are currently experiencing cultural decay. Many studies speculate that the unique Minangkabau culture will not be too much disturbed by the influx of globalization because in essence the only part that will be eroded is the peripheral part, while the core will remain preserved for all time. This study photographed the people of Tanjung Raya District based on existing family typologies, then saw a shift in norms passed on to teenagers using the six Hofstede cultural dimensions. This study surveyed five types of families with calculations using a simple addition operation. The results of the questionnaire were made high and low criteria, then presented in cobweb graphical form. The assessment indicators are based on the six dimensions of Hofstede's culture. Shifting the teachings of exemplary teachings from Minangkabau culture is determined using the ANOVA test. The results of this study are to map the portrait of Minangkabau culture according to Hofstede and a portrait of each of Hofstede's dimensions in each type of family in Tanjung Raya District. From there, it can be seen how far away the approach of the values taught by the family towards Minangkabau culture is approaching.

scholarly journals Andrographis Paniculata – A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5395-5400
Author(s):  
Sadhana H M ◽  
Suresh Joghee ◽  
Hamsalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Regular Treatment ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
The Family ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Essential Chemical

Andrographis paniculata (AP) is commonly known as creat or green chiretta belongs to the family Acanthaceae. It is also known as Kalmegh and popularly called as King of bitters. It was widely used in the traditional system of medicines such as Siddha system, Ayurvedic system and Chinese medicine for the regular treatment of a common cold. Some of the reported health benefits are Antidiabetic, Antipyretic, Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, Antimalarial, Anti-cancer, Antityphoid, Anti-diarrhoea, antioedema, etc. Whole plant possesses medicinal property and leaves are explicitly used for therapeutic care. The plant contains four major diterpenoids such as andrographolide, neoandrographolide,14-deoxyandrographolide, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide and also includes other phytoconstituents such as flavonoidssesquiterpene lactones, etc. Andrographolide is found as major constituent in the leaves and reported for a wide variety of pharmacological activities. The purpose of this review is to brief the plant's literature survey via internet sources such as google scholar and PubMed providing a medium to explain the plant's ethnobotany information on conventional usage, essential chemical constituents and selected plant pharmacology activities are obtained from existing research articles to frame the review. The present analysis also illustrates the pharmacological and phytochemical characteristics of Andrographis paniculata from which researchers may get benefited for further qualitative research.

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