Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention: Comments on the Contributions of Marie Isabelle Chevier and Lynn Marvin Hansen

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erhard Geissler
Keyword(s):  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Biological Weapon ◽  
Terrorist Group ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Biological Warfare ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Biological Weapons Convention ◽  
The U.S

In agreement with the overwhelming number of experts, I certainly share the view of Chevier and Hansen that the Biological Weapons Convention needs to be strengthened. Of course it is still a matter of discussion whether the military utility of biological and toxin weapons (hereafter, respectively, BW and TW) changed after the introduction of biotechnology. It is impossible, however, to ignore the 1986 statement of the U.S. Department of Defense (1988), that:… perhaps the most significant event in the history of biological weapons development has been the advent of biotechnology. It enables the development of new microorganisms and products with new, unorthodox characteristics… Conceptually, then, a nation or terrorist group can design a biological weapon to meet a variety of contingencies or needs… The break through and the subsequent achievements make biological warfare much more feasible and effective for countries which either are not bound by the convention or which choose to violate it.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Is A Biological Warfare Weapon

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Robert Skopec
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Biological Warfare ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
College Of Law ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The University ◽  
Biological Weapons Convention ◽  
The U.S

Dr. Francis Boyle, who drafted the Biological Weapons Act has given a detailed statement admitting that the 2019 Wuhan Coronavirus is an offensive Biological Warfare Weapon and that the World Health Organization (WHO) already knows about it. Francis Boyle is a professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law. He drafted the U.S. domestic implementing legislation for the Biological Weapons Convention, known as the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989, that was approved unanimously by both Houses of the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President George H.W. Bush.

History of Three Mobilizations: A Reexamination of the Chinese Biological Warfare Allegations against the United States in the Korean War

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiwei Chen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Korean War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Biological Warfare ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

AbstractChinese allegations that the United States used biological weapons against Chinese troops and Korean civilians is one of the most shocking episodes of the Korean War. While the Chinese government repeatedly reprimanded the U.S. government for its uncivilized combat behavior, the U.S. government vigorously issued denials, treating the charges as an extreme propaganda maneuver applied by China in that moment of military crisis, ideological fervor, and political passion. Since then, a huge amount of scholarship has been produced on the allegation.1 None, however, provided a persuasive conclusion on the incident, mainly due to the lack of reliable sources.

Maintaining Male Exclusivity: Porcelain Privilege in the Military

2021 ◽  
pp. 0095327X2199236
Author(s):  
Shannon Portillo ◽  
Alesha Doan ◽  
Ashley Mog
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Special Forces ◽  
Special Operations ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Military ◽  
Masculine Culture ◽  
The U.S

Current debates about bathrooms and bathroom policy contribute to a long history of how space shapes norms and expectations about privacy and gender equity in the workplace. The military serves as a significant site of discussion, particularly as the Department of Defense moves forward with efforts to integrate women into combat positions. Relying on an analysis of 27 focus groups with a total of 198 participants we collected from Special Operations in the U.S. Army, we examine bathrooms as a site where male soldiers contest and resist female integration. Using Sasson-Levy and Katz’s concept of institutional de-gendering and re-gendering, we argue that men’s resistance to gender-neutral toilets is an effort to re-gender Special Forces and maintain the hegemonic masculine culture that acutely defines it.

Biotechnology, International Law, and the National Interest

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-112
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Crump Hanson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Biological Warfare ◽  
Richard Nixon ◽  
Effective Form ◽  
The Military ◽  
The U.S

On November 25, 1969 Richard Nixon announced that because of the “massive, unpredictable, and potentially uncontrollable consequences” of biological weapons, the United States would never use these weapons, would destroy all existing stocks, and would confine its research to strictly defined measures of defense (Harris, 1987:193). This unilateral renunciation followed an extensive review by the National Security Council of U.S. chemical and biological warfare policy, which lasted six months and involved every relevant agency in the U.S. government and which concluded that U.S. biological warfare capabilities provided no compelling military advantages (Tucker, 1984-85:61). Three years later the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) was signed; it was the first postwar arms control agreement to elminate an entire class of weapons from the arsenals of states (U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1982:122). The treaty was ratified unanimously by the U.S. Senate in 1974, and over 100 nations have acceded to it. This arms control achievement has been attributed in part to the serious doubts which many countries, including the United States, shared about the military value of biological weapons (Harris, 1987:205-6). Within a decade of the signing of this treaty, however, the development of recombinant-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) technology had raised the possibility of a new and more effective form of biological warfare.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Is A Biological Warfare Weapon

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Robert Skopec ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Biological Warfare ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
College Of Law ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The University ◽  
Biological Weapons Convention ◽  
The U.S

Dr. Francis Boyle, who drafted the Biological Weapons Act has given a detailed statement admitting that the 2019 Wuhan Coronavirus is an offensive Biological Warfare Weapon and that the World Health Organization (WHO) already knows about it. Francis Boyle is a professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law. He drafted the U.S. domestic implementing legislation for the Biological Weapons Convention, known as the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989, that was approved unanimously by both Houses of the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President George H.W. Bush.

The Military Advanced Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia Initiative

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Regional Anesthesia ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Center Of Excellence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Military

This chapter is a brief history of the military developments leading to the creation of the Military Advanced Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia Initiative (MARAA) and eventually the Department of Defense Center of Excellence for Pain the Defense and Veterans Center for Integrative Pain Management.

ASM and Biological Arms Control

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-262
Author(s):  
Kenneth I. Berns
Keyword(s):  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Defense Research ◽  
American Society ◽  
American Society For Microbiology ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The U.S

Members of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) have a considerable history of bringing scientific and technical knowledge to the issue of biological weapons control and being available to serve in advisory roles to the government. ASM's involvement with the biological weapons issue began in the 1940s, when microbiologists served as advisors to the government's Biological Defense Research Program and participated in the Biological Warfare Committee of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. In 1970, a controversy resulting from the ASM's involvement with this issue abated when the ASM Council approved a statement concerning non-secrecy and free movement in research. Simultaneously, the society affirmed support for President Richard M. Nixon's action to end the U.S.'s offensive biological weapons program. The society's code of ethics, published in 1985, contains two relevant sections that seek to discourage ASM members from participating in biological weapons development.

Inventory Control of Dual-Use Equipment

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Franz
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Biological Weapons Convention ◽  
The U.S

Proliferation of biological—as well as chemical and nuclear—weapons is a threat to the security of the U.S. in the post-Cold War era. The number of states with biological weapons (BW) programs or with a strong interest in having a BW program has increased significantly since the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) was signed in 1972 (Office of Technology Assessment, 1993). BW programs present difficult intelligence targets. Thus, the Soviet Union was a signatory to the BWC at the time of the Sverdlovsk incident in 1979, yet we knew little of the scope of its BW program until 1991 (Meselson et al., 1994). The spread of biotechnology throughout the world in recent years has made even more governments potentially BW capable.

scholarly journals Tularemia of the Head and Neck: A Possible Sign of Bioterrorism

2003 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard D. Stupak ◽  
Michael C. Scheuller ◽  
David N. Schindler ◽  
David E. Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Francisella Tularensis ◽  
Neck Mass ◽  
Biological Weapon ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Biological Warfare ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Other World

Recent bioterror attacks and other world events have focused the medical community's attention on agents that might be used in biological warfare. One of these potential biological weapons is Francisella tularensis, a gram-negative coccobacillus that is one of the most infectious bacteria known. F tularensis can cause severe, even fatal, systemic tularemia. Under normal circumstances, F tularensis is transmitted by infected ticks, insects, and other animals. As a weapon of terrorism, the bacterium would likely be disseminated as an aerosol and contracted by inhalation. Because many cases of tularemia are characterized by head and neck symptoms, otolaryngologists should be familiar with the diagnosis and management of this disease. In this article, we describe a case of zoonotic tularemia that manifested as a neck mass, and we review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of tularemia. We also summarize what is known about its potential as a biological weapon.

The Combat Exclusion and the Role of Women in the Military

Hypatia ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Wagner Decew
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Women In The Military ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
The Military ◽  
The U.S

I first discuss reasons for feminists to attend to the role of women in the military, despite past emphasis on antimilitarism. I then focus on the exclusion of women from combat duty, reviewing its sanction by the U.S. Supreme Court and the history of its adoption. I present arguments favoring the exclusion, defending strong replies to each, and demonstrate that reasoning from related cases and feminist analyses of equality explain why exclusion remains entrenched.

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