Skepticism and the Apologetics of Law

1990 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-90
Author(s):  
David M. Adams

Contemporary legal theory is increasingly marked by the clash between two opposing, basic approaches to law and legal doctrine. The first approach is skeptical: it seeks both to expose the conceptual and normative commitments of tort or contract or constitutional law, and to impeach them on the grounds that they comprise what are in fact incoherent and morally insupportable ideologies. By contrast, the second approach is explicitly apologetic: it aims to celebrate law by offering a reconstruction and justification of the basic features of constitutional or statutory or common law practice. The first approach is of course represented by the “deconstructionism” imported into law from literary and social theory by those scholars associated with the Critical Legal Studies (“CLS”) movement. At its most controversial, the work of these recent legal skeptics seeks to link traditional legal doctrine, and the modes of analysis and pedagogic methods peculiar to it, with a radical critique of political liberalism by showing that the doctrine and its methods serve to legitimate existing social inequalities, hierarchies, and forms of domination, while at the same time obscuring their own legitimating role. One important corollary of this general thesis is the emphasis upon what Roberto Unger has called “the contradictory and manipulable character of legal doctrine”, i.e., the effort, inspired by the familiar deconstructionist premise that texts lack any fixed or stable and coherently formulable meaning, to “deconstruct” the basic categories of (liberal) legal discourse with the aim of exposing tensions and inconsistencies inherent within them, and of depicting the responsiveness of this “patchwork quilt” to background social, political, and economic forces.

Author(s):  
Douglas E. Edlin

“JUDICIAL REVIEW”[1] SEM UMA CONSTITUIÇÃO ESCRITA* JUDICIAL REVIEW WITHOUT A CONSTITUTION Douglas E. Edlin**RESUMO: Nos Estados Unidos, o “judicial review” é entendido, desde Marbury v. Madison (1803), como a avaliação judicial de atos governamentais para assegurar a compatibilidade com a Constituição. Mas antes e depois do caso Marbury, cortes estaduais e federais desenvolveram e praticaram uma espécie de “judicial review” no qual os princípios do “Common Law”, conjuntamente ou ao invés de um cânon documental, onde se utiliza o corpo fundamental da doutrina jurídica para avaliar as ações públicas. Este artigo corrige alguns erros de concepção pelos quais a forma de “judicial review” utilizada no caso Marbury [controle de constitucionalidade] seria a única forma de “judicial review” que existiu ou possa existir neste país. Mais particularmente, o artigo esclarece uma falha de certos escritores em distinguir corretamente o “Common Law” e o direito natural como áreas da teoria e da doutrina do direito. Ao corrigir alguns destes erros históricos e teóricos, o artigo delineia uma compreensão do “judicial review” que descreve mais ampla e corretamente o seu desenvolvimento durante o período formativo do pensamento constitucional norte-americano. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Judicial Review. Common Law. Direito Natural. Marbury. Constituição. ABSTRACT: In the United States, judicial review is understood, since Marbury v. Madison (1803), as judicial evaluation of government action to ensure compliance with the Constitution. But before and after Marbury, state and federal courts developed and practiced a form of judicial review in which common law principles, along with or instead of a canonical document, were the foundational body of legal doctrine against which public actions were assessed. This article carefully examines the cases in which this alternative form of judicial review emerged, and corrects certain misconceptions that Marbury must be the only form of judicial review that has existed or can exist in this country. More particularly, the article clarifies a failure by certain writers to distinguish properly between common law and natural law as matters of legal theory and legal doctrine. In correcting some of these theoretical and historical errors, the article outlines an understanding of judicial review that more fully captures its development during the formative period of American constitutional thought. KEYWORDS: Judicial Review. Common Law. Natural Law. Marbury. Constitution. SUMÁRIO: Introdução. 1. Os Precedentes das Cortes Estaduais. 2. Os Casos da Suprema Corte. 2.1 O Caso Calder v. Bull. 2.2. O Caso Chisholm v. Geórgia. 2.3. O Caso Fletcher v. Peck. Conclusão. Referências.[1] N. do T. A expressão “judicial review” é normalmente traduzida por controle de constitucionalidade, mas neste artigo o autor analisa o controle de atos legislativos com base em parâmetros que não coincidem, necessariamente, com a Constituição escrita, de modo que preferimos manter o termo no original.* O tradutor para a língua portuguesa, Romulo Ponticelli Giorgi Júnior, é mestre e doutorando em Direito Constitucional pela UFRGS, Procurador da Fazenda Nacional e Professor de Direito Constitucional na Faculdade São Judas Tadeu. Foi Procurador do Município de Porto Alegre, Procurador do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e Advogado da União.** Professor Assistente do Departamento de Ciência Política da Faculdade Dickinson. O autor agradece a Ken Kersch, a Dick Morgan, a Jim Murphy e a Sylvia Snowiss, assim como aos revisores anônimos que providenciaram várias sugestões muito úteis, por ter lido as versões prévias deste artigo e por terem corrigido erros nas idéias e na expressão destas. O autor assume a responsabilidade pelos erros que permaneceram.


2021 ◽  
pp. 90-122
Author(s):  
Neil Walker

The chapter’s overview of the constitutional theory and general legal theory of the EU reflects two different manifestations of the still limited cultivation of theory within EU law. The discussion of the relatively crowded field of EU constitutional theory, both explanatory and normative, reveals the abiding importance of the relationship of different positions (affirmative and critical) to the received state tradition of constitutional practice and theory as a distinguishing mark and point of opposition. The discussion of the wider contribution of legal theory to the study of EU legal doctrine more generally is more developmental. While acknowledging work that is explicit and systematic in its theorization, it is mainly concerned with how this more sparsely populated intellectual landscape might be filled by teasing out the fuller theoretical significance of the quite different background suppositions—positivist, idealist, culturalist, and pragmatic—of how law works that ground EU legal studies.


2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Keir

<div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Veronika is a recent graduate from the Honours Legal Studies program at the University of Waterloo. Her passions are socio-legal research, policy development, feminist legal theory, and crime control development. Veronika is currently working a full-time job at Oracle Canada, planning on pursuing further education in a Masters program. </span></p></div></div></div>


Author(s):  
Paul B. Miller

This chapter charts new frontiers of scholarly inquiry in fiduciary law. The chapter first orients the reader by taking stock of the current state of play in fiduciary scholarship. It then identifies a range of important questions that should inspire future work in the field. More specifically, it identifies pressing questions of legal theory (conceptual and normative analysis), economic and empirical legal studies (including classical and behavioral economic analysis), and historical and sociological inquiry. The chapter also raises questions of interest to private law theorists and scholars interested in exploring the significance of fiduciary principles within various subfields, from trust and corporate law to health law and legal ethics.


1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Stephen Hicks ◽  
William Twining
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
Anthony Carty

Abstract Customary international law as a source of general law is given a primary place in Article 38 of the ICJ Statute. However, it is historically a concept created by legal doctrine. The very idea of custom supposes legal persons are natural persons living in a dynamic, evolving community. This was the assumption of the historical school of law in the 19th century when the concept of custom was developed. Now the dominant notion of legal personality is the State as an impersonal corporation and international legal theory (Brierly and D’Amato) can see well that the death of the historical school of law has to mean the death of the concept of custom. What should replace it? Two steps need to be taken in sequence. Firstly, following the Swedish realist philosopher Haegerstrom, we have to ascertain the precise constellations of the conflictual attitudes the populations of States have to the patterns of normativity which they project onto international society. Secondly, we should follow the virtue ethics jurisprudence of Paul Ricoeur and others, who develop a theory of critical legal doctrinal judgement, along the classical lines of Aristotle and Confucius, to challenge and sort out the prejudices of peoples into some reasonable shape, whereby these can be encouraged to understand and respect one another. Then one will not have to endure so many silly interpretations of international law such as the one declaring that there are only rocks in the South China Sea and not islands. Such interpretations have nothing to do with the supposedly ordinary legal language analysis of a convention and the State practice surrounding it. They have to do entirely with a continued lack of respect by Western jurists for non-Western societies and nations.


2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romina Carla Lerussi ◽  
Malena Costa

Resumen: Nuestra propuesta se inscribe en el campo de los feminismos jurídicos, área que surge en la década del setenta en la academia estadounidense bajo la denominación Feminist Jurisprudence, Feminist Legal Studies o Feminist Legal Theory. En América Latina y El Caribe este área es aún incipiente; encontramos en dicha región una gran cantidad de investigaciones no necesariamente situadas en términos del pensamiento jurídico/legal feminista, pero sí conectadas íntimamente con dicho campo y como parte de las denominadas perspectivas de género en el derecho. En el presente artículo desarrollamos algunas notas para abonar a la reflexión acerca de los feminismos jurídicos en la Argentina con proyección latinoamericana, fundamentalmente a partir de la década de 1990.


Author(s):  
Anne C. Dailey

This chapter describes the contribution contemporary psychoanalysis has to make in three specific areas: legal theory, legal doctrine, and adjudication in the courtroom. Psychoanalysis improves the law’s theoretical foundations by modifying its foundational presumption of rationality. Psychoanalysis also helps to reform legal doctrine by identifying those particular subject matter areas, primarily family law and criminal law, where the law’s presumption of rationality leads to unjust legal rules. With domestic violence as its example, this chapter shows how psychoanalysis offers a body of practical knowledge that humanizes the law by bringing legal rules into line with actual, everyday lived experience. And finally, psychoanalysis reveals the deep tension between the law’s focus on individual moral responsibility for behavior and the law’s objective methods of proof in the courtroom. Psychoanalytic insights into the art of proving what really happened in a case can move law in the direction of a more empathic and forgiving model of judging. Overall, the psychoanalytic study of the law unveils the damaging consequences of the law’s rationalist assumptions about who we are as human beings, and offers an alternative, humanistic perspective in line with law’s foundational ideals of individual freedom and systemic justice.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1316-1341
Author(s):  
Marc Tizoc Gonzalez ◽  
Saru Matambanadzo ◽  
Sheila I. Vélez Martínez

Abstract LatCrit theory is a relatively recent genre of critical “outsider jurisprudence” – a category of contemporary scholarship including critical legal studies, feminist legal theory, critical race theory, critical race feminism, Asian American legal scholarship and queer theory. This paper overviews LatCrit’s foundational propositions, key contributions, and ongoing efforts to cultivate new generations of ethical advocates who can systemically analyze the sociolegal conditions that engender injustice and intervene strategically to help create enduring sociolegal, and cultural, change. The paper organizes this conversation highlighting Latcrit’s theory, community and praxis.


2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael L. Johnstone

West-Nordic Constitutional Judicial Review is based on Kári á Rógvi’s doctoral dissertation, defended in 2009 at the University of Iceland with the esteemed Eivind Smith and Guðmundur Alfreðsson as thesis opponents. It provides an excellent account of judicial review in the West-Nordic tradition (Norway, Denmark, Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Greenland) based on a selection of ‘leading cases, reminiscent of the common law approach to legal studies. As such, it is something of a novelty in the Nordic legal literature and a long overdue supplement to what Kári laments as the staid legal treatises that form the basis of Nordic legal educations (323-335).


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