scholarly journals X-ray diffraction characterization of polymer intercalated graphite oxide

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas N. Blanton ◽  
Debasis Majumdar
Keyword(s):  
Graphite Oxide ◽  
Hydrophilic Polymer ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Continuous Film ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intercalated Graphite ◽  
Reduced Graphite Oxide ◽  
Single Sheet ◽  
Composite Samples

Graphite oxide (GO) is generated by treating graphite with strong oxidizers. GO retains the structure of graphite, but does so with a larger and irregular basal plane spacing. The oxidation of graphite results in the formation of epoxide groups, as well as C–OH and COOH groups. It is the presence of some of these moieties that allows GO to be dispersed in water, allowing for its use in waterborne formulations. Although GO does not possess the electrical properties of single-sheet graphene, it can be swelled in water, which allows for intercalation of hydrophilic polymer between GO sheets, resulting in a composite that can be coated to produce a continuous film. After coating it may be possible to chemically convert GO to a reduced graphite oxide (r-GO) with improved electrical conductivity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is ideally suited to evaluate GO–polymer composite samples for evidence of intercalation or exfoliation of GO. Examples of GO–polymer analysis by XRD are presented, along with results that demonstrate the effect of relative humidity (RH) on neat GO. Knowing the ambient RH during XRD data collection was found to be important to correctly assess the extent of polymer intercalation within the GO lattice.

scholarly journals Thermochemical Properties of Hydrophilic Polymers from Cashew and Khaya Exudates and Their Implications on Drug Delivery

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel O. Olorunsola ◽  
Partap G. Bhatia ◽  
Babajide A. Tytler ◽  
Michael U. Adikwu
Keyword(s):  
Hydrophilic Polymer ◽  
Thermochemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cashew Gum ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Acidic Drugs ◽  
Acacia Gum ◽  
Khaya Senegalensis

Characterization of a polymer is essential for determining its suitability for a particular purpose. Thermochemical properties of cashew gum (CSG) extracted from exudates of Anacardium occidentale L. and khaya gum (KYG) extracted from exudates of Khaya senegalensis were determined and compared with those of acacia gum BP (ACG). The polymers were subjected to different thermal and chemical analyses. Exudates of CSG contained higher amount of hydrophilic polymer. The pH of 2% w/v gum dispersions was in the order KYG < CSG < ACG. Calcium was the predominant ion in CSG while potassium was predominant in KYG. The FTIR spectra of CSG and KYG were similar and slightly different from that of ACG. Acacia and khaya gums exhibited the same thermal behaviour which is different from that of CSG. X-ray diffraction revealed that the three gums are the same type of polymer, the major difference being the concentration of metal ions. This work suggests the application of cashew gum for formulation of basic and oxidizable drugs while using khaya gum for acidic drugs.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of Nano-Graphite Oxide for Enzyme Free Detection of Cholesterol

2015 ◽  
Vol 1786 ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Vasuda Bhatia ◽  
Bhawana Singh ◽  
Vinod K. Jain
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Graphite Oxide ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Embedding Technique ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ft Ir

ABSTRACTNano-graphite oxide has been synthesized from graphite flakes using modified Hummer’s method. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) data, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed functionalization of the synthesised nano-graphitic platelets with oxygenated bonds. Using thermal embedding technique for the fabrication of self-assembled films, electrodes of nano-graphite oxide have been fabricated for enzyme free detection of cholesterol electrochemically. The electrodes provided a linear response for the enzyme less detection in the range of 50mg/dl to 500mg/dl with a correlation coefficient, R, of 0.99784 and sensitivity of 1.0587 µA/mg.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF CLAYS IN THE ZINDER REGION BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND X-RAY FLUORESCENCE METHODS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1088-1095
Author(s):  
Abdoulkader Moussa Issaka ◽  
◽  
Bouba Hassane ◽  
Ibrahim Wagani ◽  
Amadou Abdourhamane Toure ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluorescence Methods ◽  
Composite Samples ◽  
Mineralogical Phases

In order to characterizeclays of the Zinder region, 20 samples were taken from the quarries of Magaria, Mirriah, Guidimouni and Kolleram and four composite samples were made and representative of the quarries. These samples were subjected to chemical and mineralogical analyzes. Chemical analysis shows that the materials from these four quarries are aluminosilicates, but in varying proportions. The samplesfrom the Magaria and Kolleramquarries, contain proportions of carbonwhichinducethem a blackishcolor and alkaline and alkaline-earthelements (CaO, K2O, MgO. The samplesfromMirriah and Guidimouni,are veryrich in ironoxide (Fe2O3) whichinduces a reddishcolor. The main mineralogical phases detected by X-ray diffraction in the rawsamples and fine fractions from the four quarrieswere kaolinite, a mica structure close to illite and quartz.Thesequarriesthenconstitutekaolinicdeposits, primary and secondary. Those of Magaria and Kolleram are secondary and less favorable to formulations of ceramicproducts and those of Mirriah and Guidimouni are primary and very favorable to formulations of ceramicproductssuch as potteryfromMirriah.

scholarly journals Characterization of CaTi0.9Fe0.1O3/La0.98Mg0.02NbO4 composite

Open Physics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Mielewczyk-Gryn ◽  
Tomasz Lendze ◽  
Katarzyna Gdula-Kasica ◽  
Piotr Jasinski ◽  
Andrzej Krupa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Perovskite Phase ◽  
Pyrochlore Phase ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Total Conductivity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Temperature Interaction ◽  
Composite Samples

AbstractA composite of CaTi0.9Fe0.1O3 and electrolyte material, i.e. magnesium doped La0.98Mg0.02NbO4 was prepared and studied. The phase content and the sample microstructure was examined by an X-ray diffraction method and scanning electron microscopy. EDS measurements were done both for composite samples and the diffusion couple. The electrical properties were studied by four terminal DC method. The high-temperature interaction between the two components of the composite has been observed. It has been suggested that lanthanum diffused into the perovskite phase and substituted for calcium whereas calcium and niobium formed the Ca2Nb2O7 pyrochlore phase. At 1500°C very large crystallites of the pyrochlore were observed. Regardless of strong interaction between the composite components, its total conductivity was weakly dependent on the sintering temperature.

Preparation and Characterization of Graphene by Oxidation-Reduction Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 2805-2808
Author(s):  
Zhao Xia Hou ◽  
Yin Zhou ◽  
Shao Hong Wang ◽  
Mei Han Wang ◽  
Xiao Dan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphite Oxide ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Graphene Nanosheets ◽  
Colloidal Suspension ◽  
Exfoliated Graphite ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Ft Ir

Graphene was prepared by using hydrazine hydrate to reduce the exfoliated graphite oxide nanosheets in the aqueous colloidal suspension. The prepared graphene were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The results showed that part of oxygen containing groups of the exfoliated graphite oxide nanosheets disappeared and the conjugated p bond recovered after reduction. The thickness and size of the graphene nanosheets decreased.

Application of Electroless-Plated Magnetic Coating to Reduce Core Loss of Electrical Steel

2010 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pornthep Chivavibul ◽  
Manabu Enoki ◽  
Shigeru Konda ◽  
Yasushi Inada ◽  
Tamotsu Tomizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Core Loss ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Material System ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Single Sheet ◽  
Magnetic Coating

A possibility to reduce core loss in non-oriented (NO) electrical steel by applying magnetic coating has been investigated. This technique involves electroless plating of magnetic coating onto the surface of electrical steel. The material system was NiCoP coatings with different thicknesses (1, 5, and 10 􀁐m) deposited onto the surface of commercially available Fe-3%Si NO electrical steel. Characterization of deposited NiCoP coating was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer. The deposited Ni-Co-P coatings were amorphous/nanocrystalline and composed of 56-59% Ni, 32-35% Co and 8-10% P by mass. Effect of coatings on core loss of the electrical steel was determined using a single sheet test. A core loss reduction was achieved with the NiCoP coating with a thickness of 1 􀁐m magnetized at a magnetic flux density of 0.3T.

Characterization of mechanically alloyed Fe based and MoNiAl+Al2O3 reinforced composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-372
Author(s):  
S. Osman Yilmaz ◽  
Tanju Teker ◽  
Hüseyincan Eker
Keyword(s):  
High Volume ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mechanically Alloyed ◽  
Surface Mapping ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Composite Samples

Abstract Fe-MoNiAl-Al2O3 powders were mechanically alloyed by a SPEX type attritor. The Fe based composite samples were reinforced with complex mechanically alloyed Fe-MoNiAl-Al2O3 particles in different ratios and Fe matrix composites were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental surface mapping and microhardness tests were used to analyze the microstructures of the composites. The sintered composites showed that thin Al2O3 particles were dispersed. High volume fractions of the reinforcement having nanometer dimensions were produced in metallic matrices. Additionally, as the content of Al2O3 increased, the micro-hardness increased, which indicates that fine Al2O3 particles had a reinforcing effect.

Preparation and Characterization of Graphite Oxide

2013 ◽  
Vol 771 ◽  
pp. 3-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Xia Hou ◽  
Yin Zhou ◽  
Shao Hong Wang ◽  
Mei Han Wang ◽  
Xiao Dan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphite Oxide ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hummers Method ◽  
Absorbance Spectroscopy ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Diffraction Peaks ◽  
Scanning Electron

The preparation of graphite oxide is one of essential steps for graphene by oxidation reduction method. Graphite oxide was acquired from the oxidation of graphite by improved Hummers method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared absorbance spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. It was showed that the graphite interlayer distance of graphite oxide increased for a large amount of oxygen containing functional groups. Shift and broaden of diffraction peaks were observed after oxidation and the original graphite peaks disappeared.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

High Resolution Replication of Organoclay Surfaces

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
W. W. Barker ◽  
W. E. Rigsby ◽  
V. J. Hurst ◽  
W. J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Organic Molecule ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Silicate Layers ◽  
Mineral Identification

Experimental clay mineral-organic molecule complexes long have been known and some of them have been extensively studied by X-ray diffraction methods. The organic molecules are adsorbed onto the surfaces of the clay minerals, or intercalated between the silicate layers. Natural organo-clays also are widely recognized but generally have not been well characterized. Widely used techniques for clay mineral identification involve treatment of the sample with H2 O2 or other oxidant to destroy any associated organics. This generally simplifies and intensifies the XRD pattern of the clay residue, but helps little with the characterization of the original organoclay. Adequate techniques for the direct observation of synthetic and naturally occurring organoclays are yet to be developed.

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