Short-Term Split Application Effects of Grass-Specific Herbicides on Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) Under Field Conditions

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Neil Harker
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
First Year ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
Time Period

Field experiments were conducted at the Lacombe Research Station from 1989 to 1991 to determine if short-term, split applications of grass-specific herbicides would improve quackgrass control relative to single applications. Quackgrass infested plots were planted to canola the first year and barley the following year. Glyphosate applied at 880 g/ha controlled quackgrass to a greater extent and for a longer time period than any of the grass-specific herbicides. In contrast to glyphosate, none of the grass-specific herbicides controlled quackgrass 1 yr after treatment. Quackgrass control with sethoxydim or fluazifop-P was usually similar when applied as single or short-term, split applications. In contrast, quizalofop often provided better quackgrass control and higher crop yields when short-term, split applications were compared to a single application with the same total amount of quizalofop. However, the extent of increased quackgrass control is difficult to justify due to increased application costs and inconvenience.

Glyphosate or sethoxydim for quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) control in two tillage regimes

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 812-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
William H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
Rhizome Biomass ◽  
Rhizome Buds ◽  
Better Than

Field experiments were conducted at Lacombe and Ellerslie, Alberta, Canada, to study the interaction of tillage with glyphosate and sethoxydim on quackgrass shoot and rhizome biomass, rhizome bud viability, and crop yield. Glyphosate was most effective in the conventional tillage regime, whereas sethoxydim was effective only in conventional tillage. Tillage reduced viable rhizome buds more than shoot or rhizome biomass. The large tillage effect on quackgrass control with either herbicide would likely be diminished in zero tillage systems that employ preseeding burn-off or preharvest application of glyphosate. Under zero and conventional tillage, glyphosate at 220 g ha−1often was as effective as glyphosate at 880 g ha−1.A split application of glyphosate at 220 g ha−1in the fall and spring was as effective as a single 880 g ha−1treatment in conventional tillage, and sometimes more effective than 880 g ha−1in zero tillage. Glyphosate followed by sethoxydim was usually no better than glyphosate alone. Short-term split applications of sethoxydim offered no consistent advantage over single applications.

Grain yield and N benefits to sequential wheat and barley crops from single-year alfalfa, berseem and red clover, chickling vetch and lentil

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bullied ◽  
M. H. Entz ◽  
S. R. Smith, Jr. ◽  
K. C. Bamford
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
N Content

Single-year hay alfalfas (Medicago sativa L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and red clovers (Trifolium pratense L.), chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) were evaluated for rotational yield and N benefits to the following first-year wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and second-year barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops. Field experiments were initiated in 1997 and 1998 on a Riverdale silty clay soil at Winnipeg, Manitoba. Yield and N content of the following wheat crop were increased following legumes compared to wheat following a canola control. Wheat yield and N content averaged 2955 kg ha–1 and 76.1 kg ha–1, respectively, following the chickling vetch and lentil, 2456 kg ha–1 and 56.4 kg ha–1 following single-year hay legumes, compared with 1706 kg ha–1 and 37.9 kg ha–1 following canola. Non-dormant alfalfas (dormancy rating of eight or greater) contributed to larger grain yields than the dormant alfalfas only in the first year of each experiment. The chickling vetch and lentil provided similar or higher subsequent crop yields and N content for 2 yr compared to a canola control or fallow treatment. This study shows that some increase in yield can be achieved by using a single-year alfalfa hay crop instead of fallow; however, exclusive green manuring of chickling vetch and lentil crops can produce the most increase in yield and N uptake in subsequent crops. Key words: Alfalfa (single-year), legumes (annual), green manure, nitrogen, cropping system

scholarly journals Root and Rhizome Growth of Kentucky Bluegrass Following Application of Pendimethalin

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Cooper ◽  
P.C. Bhowmik ◽  
L.A. Spokas
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
First Year ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rhizome Growth

Field experiments were conducted to determine the response of five widely used Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars (Adelphi, Baron, Bensun, Merion, and Touchdown) to preemergence applications of the herbicide pendimethalin. Pendimethalin applied during 2 years at 1.7 or 3.4 kg·ha-1 (a.i.) controlled smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweig.) Schreb. ex Muhl.] effectively without injury to turf. Pendimethalin at 3.4 kg·ha-1 resulted in a short-term suppression of root growth immediately following application in the first year of the study. The reduction was transitory and subsequent rooting and rhizome growth were unaffected by pendimethalin. Cultivar × pendimethalin level interactions were not significant during the study. Thus, the herbicide appears to be a safe, effective preemergence material for crabgrass control in Kentucky bluegrass turf. Chemical name used: N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin).

scholarly journals Effects of different fertilization practices on the N03-N, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, ash and dietary fibre contents of carrot

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-111
Author(s):  
Aino-Maija Evers
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
N Content ◽  
P Content ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Dietary Fibre Content

The effects of different fertilization practices on the NO3-N, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, ash and dietary fibre contents of carrots were studied in field experiments in southern Finland. Unirrigated and irrigated placement and broadcast fertilization, NPK fertirrigations without basic fertilization, NPK fertirrigations with NPK basic fertilization and PK placement with N fertirrigations were compared. Further, single application was compared with split applications. The results of 1986 were analysed by contrast analysis. Fertilization practices affected the NO3-N content in carrot, and irrigation increased the NO3-N content. Highest NO3-N contents were observed with NPK fertirrigations treatments. Fertilization increased the N content of roots, and nitrogen content was higher with PK placement with N fertirrigations as compared to NPK fertirrigations without basic fertilization, or to NPK fertirrigations. Placement fertilization increased P content as compared to broadcast fertilization, NPK fertirrigations without basic fertilization, NPK fertirrigations or split application. Irrigation decreased P content. Fertilization increased the K contents of carrot roots as compared to unfertilized treatments, but there were no significant differences between fertilization practices. Fertilization had no effect on the Ca or Mg contents of carrot roots. Fertilization increased the ash content. Placement fertilization, single application and unirrigated single application yielded higher ash contents than did split application, NPK fertirrigations or PK placement with N fertirrigations. Fertilization and irrigation increased the dietary fibre content as compared to unfertilized and unirrigated treatments, respectively. Irrigated single application increased dietary fibre content as compared to split application and PK placement with N fertirrigations. Besides the fertilization experiment, samples from two organically cultivated fields were collected in order to obtain data concerning organically cultivated carrots.

scholarly journals Grafting Technique to Eliminate Rootstock Suckering of Grafted Tomatoes

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Bausher
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Grafting Technique ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fresh Tomato ◽  
Sprout Growth

Vegetative grafting has been proposed as a technique for managing diseases in tomatoes under open-field conditions. Over 2 successive years, we investigated the use of grafting under open-field fresh tomato production and found a serious limitation with current grafting techniques, which resulted in recurring rootstock shoot regrowth (“suckering”) from the rootstock cotyledons when left intact. Left unchecked, the regrowth of tomato rootstocks can envelop the experimental scions, which can impact the growth of field-grown tomatoes. In the Fall of 2007, the cultivars Multifort, Aloha, and TX-301 with ‘FL-47’ scions were grafted by a commercial propagator. These grafted plants were planted in a field experiment and after a time period, the number of rootstock suckers was counted and removed. This process was repeated over five time periods. In 2008, we grafted all of the plants below the rootstock cotyledons. During five different time periods spanning 57 d, bud regrowth from the rootstock occurred in all studied rootstocks in 2007. The difference in the 2 years was dramatic. In the first year, the number of plants with rootstock regrowth was as high as 84.6% in some of the plots for ‘Multifort’, 30.7% for ‘Aloha’, and 15.4% for ‘TX-301’. In the second year, with a different grafting technique, no regrowth from the rootstocks was observed. Even when the rootstock regrowth was removed in 2007, the rootstock sprout growth would reappear from the rootstock. The statistical interaction of the percentage of plants with rootstock regrowth for all recorded dates in 2007 was significant for ‘Multifort’ (Tukey-Fischer P ≤ 0.05) but not ‘Aloha’ or ‘TX-301’. Although the study also contained fumigation treatments, no interaction of soil treatments on root sprouting was observed. Since adopting this method, rootstock regrowth has not been observed in subsequent field experiments for the past 3 years.

Short-term nitrogen balance in urine-treated areas of pasture on a yellow earth in the subhumid tropics of Queensland

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (127) ◽  
pp. 522 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Vallis ◽  
CJ Gardener
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plant System ◽  
Apparent Loss ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Subhumid Tropics ◽  
Daily Application ◽  
Plant Components

The recovery of nitrogen from cattle urine applied to a legume-grass pasture on a yellow earth at Lansdown Pasture Research Station in north-eastern Queensland was measured over periods of 8-28 d in March, July/August and October/November. Urea labelled with 15N was used as a tracer for urine nitrogen. The weather in all three experiments was dry; cumulative evaporation from an open pan was 6-25 times rainfall. The total apparent loss of 15N from the soil-plant system was 18% after 8 d in March, 32% after 28 d in July/August, and 16% after 28 d in October/November. Losses of 15N were most rapid during the first 1-2 d after application. Most of the recovered 15N was in the soil. Plant components contained only 13.5% of the applied 15N in March, 2.3% in August and 3.8% in November. Further, most of the 15N in the soil was present as mineral nitrogen, mostly exchangeable ammonium. The proportions of soil 15N in this form were 0.65 in March, 0.85 in August, and 0.83 in November. Wetting the soil resulted in poorer recovery. Thus, a single application of 50 mm of water before urine application in July increased the apparent loss of 15N after 28 d from 32 to 44%. A daily application of 5 mm water after urine application increased the loss to 50%. Apparent loss in unwatered plots where all herbage and litter had been removed was 47%.

Chlormequat Chloride (CCC) Pretreatments May Enhance Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) Control with Sethoxydim

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
John S. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Chlormequat Chloride ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
Bud Sprouting ◽  
Rhizome Bud ◽  
Rhizome Buds ◽  
Shoot Emergence

Laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments were conducted at the Lacombe Research Station to determine if CCC, ethephon, or CCC/ethephon had direct activity on quackgrass rhizome buds, and to determine if foliar applications of CCC/ethephon could predispose quackgrass to more effective control with sethoxydim. CCC, ethephon, and CCC/ethephon had growth regulating effects on the axillary buds and the apex of detached quackgrass rhizomes. CCC increased rhizome bud sprouting on rhizomes with the apex excised, but not on rhizomes with an intact apex. Ethephon or CCC/ethephon inhibited bud sprouting on rhizomes with an intact or excised apex. CCC/ethephon, but not CCC or ethephon alone, increased rhizome elongation on rhizomes with intact apices. In the greenhouse, pretreatments of CCC/ethephon increased sethoxydim activity on quackgrass rhizome buds and caused lower shoot emergence from one-bud rhizome segments. Results of field experiments were less consistent than those in the greenhouse. However, sometimes CCC or CCC/ethephon pretreatments resulted in increased quackgrass control in the field with sethoxydim.

scholarly journals Effects of different fertilization practices on the quality of stored carrot

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Aino-Maija Evers
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
High K

The effects of different fertilization practices on quality constituents of stored carrots were studied. The field experiments were carried out in southern Finland, and the carrots were stored in refrigerated storage for six months in 1985 and four months in 1986. After storage period the marketable yield and weight loss were measured, carotene content was analyzed and a sensory evaluation for taste and texture was performed in both years. In 1986, also NO3-N, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, ash, glucose, fructose and sucrose were analysed. In 1985, after storage, NPK fertirrigations without basic fertilization showed a tendency to produce a lower marketable yield than single application and placement fertilization. In 1986, after storage, split application and NPK fertirrigations showed a tendency to produce a lower marketable yield than unirrigated single application. The supraoptimal N amount showed a tendency to have a higher carotene content than optimal N amount, and NPK fertirrigations lower NO3-N content than irrigated single application. The irrigated placement and broadcast treatments yielded high K contents. The unfertilized treatments yielded higher marketable yield, lower NO3-N, N and K contents than fertilized treatments as an average.

scholarly journals Effects of different fertilization practices on the growth, yield and dry matter content of carrot

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-152
Author(s):  
Aino-Maija Evers
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Carrot Root ◽  
Npk Fertilizer

The effects of different fertilization practices on the carrot root and shoot dry weights, yield, dry matter contents and root/shoot ratio were studied in field experiments. Unirrigated and irrigated placement and broadcast fertilization, fertirrigations without basic fertilization, fertirrigations with basic fertilization, and PK placement with N fertirrigations were compared. In addition, split application was compared to single application of nutrients. The soil nutrient levels were studied by soil analysis. The carrot root and shoot samples were collected three times during the growing period. Cv. Nantes Duke Notabene 370 was grown. The carrot shoots reached their maximum weight already by three months, whereas roots grew slowly during the first two months but grew considerably during both the third and fourth month. The root and shoot dry weights were positively correlated at all sampling dates in both years ( r ≥0.77***), The big photosynthetizing apparatus caused the production of high root yield. The placement fertilization of granular NPK fertilizer increased the yield as compared to broadcast of granular NPK fertilizer (p = 0.009**). The yield was also increased by the placement of P and K as compared to treatments without placement fertilization of P and K (p = 0.03*). There was no difference in yields between single application and split application. Irrigation decreased the yield in 1985 (p = 0.03*). In 1986the yield was significantly higher than in 1985 (p = 0.000***). At harvest the fertilization did not affect the dry matter content of carrot roots when compared with unfertilized treatments. The difference in dry matter content was greater between years (p = 0.000***) than between fertilization practices (p = 0.05*). The treatment PK placement with N fertirrigations yielded carrots with a higher dry matter content than did the NPK fertirrigations treatments. Besides the fertilization experiment samples from two organically cultivated fields were collected to obtain data concerning organically cultivated carrots and soils.

scholarly journals Economy of Fertilizer Nitrogen through Organic Sources in Rain-Fed Rice-Legume Cropping Systems in West Bengal, India

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 722-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Puste ◽  
S. Bandyopadhyay ◽  
D.K. Das
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Available N

Field experiments were conducted at a farmers’ plot adjacent to the Regional Research Station, red and laterite zone, Sub-center Sekhampur (Birbhum district) of West Bengal, India, situated 23° 24' N latitude, 87° 24' E longitude, to study the effect of different bio- and organic sources of nutrients instead of total fertilizer N in terms of crop productivity in the sequence and building up of soil fertility. During the wet seasons of 1997 and 1998, 12 combinations of bio- and organic sources (crop residues, well decomposed cow dung, dhanicha as green manure) were substituted for 25–50% of N fertilizer applied on transplanted rice (Cv. IR 36). Subsequently, during the winters of 1997–1998 and 1998–1999, leguminous pulse crops like lentil (Lens culinaris [L.] Medic.), gram (Cicer arietinum L.) and lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus L.) were grown with and without inoculation of Rhizobium. Results revealed that the application of inorganic N in combination with organic sources exhibited a significant increase in rice yield (3.60–3.84 t ha-1) compared to the yield from sole application of N (3.19–3.26 t ha-1). The study showed that about 25% of total applied N was saved without significant yield reduction with simultaneous improvement of soil physical properties (pH, organic matter, available N, P, K, and CEC). Seed yield of pulses (lentil, gram, and lathyrus) were more pronounced in the treatment inoculated with Rhizobium, with a saving of 42.6–48.4 kg N ha-1. Therefore, the results suggest that the combined application of inorganic and organic N sources in a 75:25 ratio is a superior N-management practice with regards to crop yields as well as improvement of soil fertility.

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