Changes in Transportation Costs and Interregional Competition in the U.S. Apple Industry

HighlightsTotal transportation costs were reduced by 32% to 63% with distributed biobutanol depots.An 8 km distance to the depot manifested the most desirable transportation costs.Across regions, biomass transport costs from field to depot were similar at equivalent distances.Abstract. The transportation efficiencies of centralized biomass processing facilities were compared to a proposed distributed preprocessing network with centralized refining facilities. Centralized biomass processing was defined as transport of baled corn stover directly from the field to the refinery. Distributed preprocessing with centralized refining was defined as transport of baled corn stover from the field to a biobutanol preprocessing depot and transport of completely dewatered crude biobutanol solution from the depot to a centralized refinery. For both systems, the locations of the corn fields, as identified through the cropland data layer, and of the refinery were fixed. For the distributed system, the biobutanol depot locations were variable and depended on different maximum transport distances (8 to 80 km) from the field to the depot. In this case study, site-specific transportation costs and biobutanol production capacities were developed for different agricultural regions in Kentucky. The distributed system produced a 32% to 63% reduction in total transportation cost with decreased (50% to 90%) fuel use as compared to the centralized system. The GIS transportation model demonstrated that on-farm biofuel production could be an effective means of producing biofuel and reducing transportation costs. Keywords: Biomass transport, Depot, Distributed biomass collection, GIS location-allocation, Minimize facilities, Satellite facilities.

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The impact of lumper costs, empty miles, and shipment size on the profitability of motor carriers: A case study

Journal of Transportation Management ◽

10.22237/jotm/1017619320 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Hokey Min

Keyword(s):

Cost Savings ◽

Transportation Cost ◽

Transportation Costs ◽

Trucking Industry ◽

Actual Case ◽

Motor Carrier ◽

Motor Carriers ◽

The Impact ◽

The U.S

The passage of landmark deregulatory reforms in the Motor Carrier of Act of 1980 has constantly pressured the U.S. trucking industry to reduce transportation costs. Thanks to such pressure, total logistics costs have declined from 16.5% in 1980 to 10.1% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2000. In particular, transportation costs have fallen from 7.6% to 5.9% of GDP in 2000. Transportation cost savings definitely benefit shippers, while jeopardizing the viability of carriers. To help transportation carriers cope with enormous cost pressure, this paper examines the impact that “lumper” costs, empty miles, and shipment size have on the very competitive trucking industry. Through an actual case study of a firm based in the Southeast U.S., we illustrate how lumper costs, empty front-haul and backhaul, and shipping weight and pieces can adversely affect the trucking firm’s profitability.

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Post-Recession consumerism in the U.S.: the influence of cheap and chic consumer products on perceptions of income inequality

Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación ◽

10.18682/cdc.vi53.1635 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Aaron Fry ◽

Steven Faerm

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Consumer Products ◽

The U.S

La disparidad tanto en los ingresos como en la ganancia neta en los EE.UU., ha ido en aumento desde la década de 1970. Durante este período, el nivel de los salarios bajos y medios de los estadounidenses han crecido a un ritmo más lento que el crecimiento del PBI del país en su conjunto, y a un ritmo mucho más lento que los ingresos del 1% de los asalariados; habiéndose profundizado esta brecha dramáticamente en los años posteriores a la recesión del 2008. En este trabajo se discuten los factores subjetivos y relativosque determinan la percepción de bienestar financiero. A pesar de la creciente desigualdad en los ingresos, los consumidores estadounidenses, en todos los segmentos de ingresos, incrementan sus posesiones, mucho más que en épocas anteriores. En un entorno en el que la concentración del ingreso parecería seguir favoreciendo en el futuro al segmento de ingresos más altos, se discute el efecto psicológico del acceso al consumo de objetos de diseño y al mercado masivo de bienes de lujo. Examinamos cuatro dimensiones de la percepción de lujo y discutimos esto en el contexto de dos marcas de lujo diferentes. Proponemos que el aumento del poder de compra que el consumidor estadounidense posee en la actualidad es un factor que puede compensar o amortiguar los efectos sociales y políticos adversos del estancamiento de ingresos y elestrés económico.

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Optimasi OPTIMASI BIAYA TRANSPORTASI PADA UKM DI KOTA BATAM

INAQUE: Journal of Industrial & Quality Engineering ◽

10.34010/iqe.v9i1.4278 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Welly Sugianto ◽

Elva Susanti

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity Analysis ◽

Objective Function ◽

Approximation Method ◽

Minimum Cost ◽

Transportation Cost ◽

Product Distribution ◽

Mathematical Form ◽

Total Production ◽

Calculation Results ◽

Iteration Methods

This research was conducted at UKM Jovelyn in Batam city. Jovelyn's UKM produces various kinds of cakes and is marketed in markets in Batam City. The UKM opened 4 branches and marketed its products to 7 markets in the city of Batam. Product distribution is still random and not properly regulated. This resulted in a very large transportation cost, up to 1/3 of the total production cost. This shows that product transportation is still not carried out effectively and efficiently. The transportation problem is converted into a mathematical form so that the problem can be solved by the transportation method. The transportation method aims to minimize the objective function which is a function of transportation costs. The transportation method is basically the same as the linear program where at each iteration a selection is made to enter the basic variabel and leave the basic variabel. There are several iteration methods, namely the northwest corner method, minimum cost method, genetic algorithm, Vogel's approximation method, minimum row method, Russell's approximation method and column minimum method. Previous research has shown that the Vogel's approximation method, and Russell's approximation method are more efficient and accurate. This study uses both methods and a sensitivity analysis is performed to optimize the calculation results. The sensitivity analysis aims to determine the extent to which the objective function constants and the constraint function constants can change Keywords: Transportation, Sensitivity, SME

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Evolution of the Euro and Currency Competition in the Global ICT Age

Global Information Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-59904-939-7.ch251 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 3532-3547

Author(s):

Sadayoshi Takaya

Keyword(s):

Transaction Cost ◽

Foreign Exchange ◽

Competition Model ◽

Network Externality ◽

International Currency ◽

International Currencies ◽

Currency Competition ◽

The Impact ◽

The U.S

This chapter focuses on the function of international currencies as foreign exchange vehicles, which has a character of the network externality. On January 1999, the euro was introduced in Europe where the functions of the euro are limed as a currency. After January 2002, the euro had perfect functions, while the competition between the euro and the U.S. dollar was keen as the dominant international currency. We present the currency competition model with a decreasing transaction cost that reflects the character of the network externality, to investigate the competition between the euro and the dollar. We suggest the impact of introduction of the euro is the determinant for competition winner between the euro and the dollar.

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Evolution of the Euro and Currency Competition in the Global ICT Age

Global Information Technology and Competitive Financial Alliances ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-881-9.ch006 ◽

2006 ◽

pp. 102-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sadayoshi Takaya

Keyword(s):

Transaction Cost ◽

Foreign Exchange ◽

Competition Model ◽

Network Externality ◽

International Currency ◽

International Currencies ◽

Currency Competition ◽

The Impact ◽

The U.S

This chapter focuses on the function of international currencies as foreign exchange vehicles, which has a character of the network externality. On January 1999, the euro was introduced in Europe where the functions of the euro are limed as a currency. After January 2002, the euro had perfect functions, while the competition between the euro and the U.S. dollar was keen as the dominant international currency. We present the currency competition model with a decreasing transaction cost that reflects the character of the network externality, to investigate the competition between the euro and the dollar. We suggest the impact of introduction of the euro is the determinant for competition winner between the euro and the dollar.

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Cultural Differences in the Perception of Responsibility for Child Safety

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/107118139704100223 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 836-839 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marc L. Resnick ◽

Adriano Zanotti ◽

Julie A. Jacko

Keyword(s):

Product Liability ◽

The United States ◽

Consumer Products ◽

Child Safety ◽

Minority Populations ◽

Purchase Decisions ◽

Cultural Interaction ◽

Immigrant Populations ◽

Perceptions Of Safety ◽

The U.S

Perceptions of safety are an important component of users' evaluations and purchase decisions for many consumer products, especially when it comes to products that may be used by children. In this highly litigious society, a juror's perception of who is responsible for product safety may also become critical in a product liability case. Recent studies have focused on determining which parties the general population perceives as being responsible for accidents involving children. However, given the increase in demographics of minority and immigrant populations in the United States, there may be a cultural interaction which affects these perceptions. This study compares the perceptions of safety responsibility of two of the fastest growing minority populations in the U.S., Hispanics and Asians, to a previous study which quantified that of the general U.S. population. The results show substantial differences in the perceptions of these groups.

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Risk assessment of low-level chemical exposures from consumer products under the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission chronic hazard guidelines.

Environmental Health Perspectives ◽

10.1289/ehp.98106s1387 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 106 (suppl 1) ◽

pp. 387-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M A Babich

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Consumer Products ◽

Product Safety ◽

Consumer Product ◽

Consumer Product Safety Commission ◽

Chemical Exposures ◽

Low Level ◽

Consumer Product Safety ◽

The U.S

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The Effect of Energy Cost Changes on the U.S. Potato Industry

Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council ◽

10.1017/s0163548400003447 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 119-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Richard P. Beilock ◽

James W. Dunn

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Potato Production ◽

Potato Industry ◽

Energy Prices ◽

Long Run ◽

Production And Consumption ◽

Production Areas ◽

Processed Potatoes ◽

Cultivation Techniques ◽

The U.S

Since World War II U.S. Agriculture has seen regional shifts and greater concentration in the production of certain commodities. Technological and infrastructural developments in irrigation, plant varieties, cultivation techniques, transportation, storage, and processing have lowered the barriers of time and space, thus allowing remote regions to compete with and even dominate the traditional production areas. The U.S. potato industry offers an excellent example of this. Processed potatoes have become the dominant food use form and production has shifted westward and become more concentrated both with respect to time and location. In 1947, 44 percent of U.S. potato production was in the seven largest potato states for the fall crop, 35 percent was produced in the nonfall crops, and eight percent was processed. By 1978, 75 percent was produced by the seven leading states for the fall crop, 14 percent in the early nonfall crops, and 59 percent was processed. Because many of these changes involved the adoption of relatively energy intensive techniques, the existence of low and fairly stable energy prices until 1973 aided this change. The increases in energy costs since 1973 raise questions about the long-run stability of recent patterns of production and consumption.

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