scholarly journals Preventing epidemics in a community of households

1996 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hall ◽  
N. G. Becker
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Household Structure ◽  
Community Effects ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Random Mixing

SummaryThe occurrence of epidemics of vaccine-preventable diseases, and the immunization coverage required to prevent them, is affected by the presence of households and heterogeneity in the community. We consider a community where individuals live in households and are of different types, according to infectivity and/or susceptibility to infection. We describe a method for computing the critical immunization coverage to prevent epidemics in such communities and discuss the effectiveness of immunization strategies. In a heterogeneous community where individuals live in households several immunization strategies are possible and we examine strategies targeting households, randomly selected individuals, or groups with highly intense transmission, such as school children. We compare estimates of the critical immunization coverage if we assume that disease is spread solely by random mixing with estimates which result if we assume the effects of the household structure. Estimates made under these two sets of assumptions differ. The results provide insights into the community effects of vaccination, and the household structure of the community should be taken into account when designing immunization policies.

Les représentations des enfants de 5-6 ans sur la fusion et la solidification du sel, comme support pour le déploiement des activités didactiques

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Ravanis
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
School Children ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Scientific Model ◽  
Open Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Individual Conversations ◽  
Melting And Solidification

The representation of the properties and phenomena of the physical world exists from the beginning of life, as a first datum of reality. In several studies focused on children's representations we find that these representations these representations are critical to education and are often incompatible with the scientific model. This article presents the results of an empirical research on the representations of young children for melting and solidification of salt. The research sample consisted of 79 pre-school children (five to six years old) from one state kindergarten in Greece. Data were collected through expanded, open type, semi-structured individual conversations between a child of the sample and one researcher. The results of the interviews show that these children use different types of representations, the majority dominated by the nature of the substance under study.

scholarly journals Models Applied to Grapevine Pests: A Review

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Federico Lessio ◽  
Alberto Alma
Keyword(s):  
Lobesia Botrana ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Homalodisca Vitripennis ◽  
Flavescence Dorée ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Scaphoideus Titanus ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Definition Of

This paper reviews the existing predictive models concerning insects and mites harmful to grapevine. A brief conceptual description is given on the definition of a model and about different types of models: deterministic vs. stochastics, continuous vs. discrete, analytical vs. computer-based, and descriptive vs. data-driven. The main biological aspects of grapevine pests covered by different types of models are phenology, population growth and dynamics, species distribution, and invasion risk. A particular emphasis is put on forecasting epidemics of plant disease agents transmitted by insects with sucking-piercing mouthparts. The most investigated species or groups are the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) and other vectors of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa, a bacterium agent of Pierce’s disease; the European grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermuller); and the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball, the main vector of phytoplasmas agents of Flavescence dorée. Finally, the present and future of decision-support systems (DSS) in viticulture is discussed.

scholarly journals An epidemiological investigation of the 2019 suspected pertussis outbreak in northwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212110083
Author(s):  
Omoleke Semeeh ◽  
Biniam Getachew ◽  
Yusuf Taofik ◽  
Lukman Surajudeen ◽  
Assad Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases

Introduction: In 2019, we investigated the profile of the cases and controls and the determinants of pertussis transmission in Kebbi State, Northwestern Nigeria, to inform better immunization and surveillance strategies. Methods: Community-based unmatched case–control study and review of the 2019 pertussis routine surveillance data in the affected settlements in the state were conducted. A total of 52 suspected cases of pertussis and 107 control from two local government areas in Kebbi State were recruited. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The highest attack rate was observed among between 1- and 4-year age group followed by children less than 1-year old, and the least attack rate was among those above 15 years. The overall attack rate and the case fatality rate were 2.10% and 0.10%, respectively. A higher attack rate was observed among women, whereas the case fatality rate was more among males. From the community survey, we observed that the cases were less likely to have pertussis vaccination history (adjusted odds ratio = 0.28, 95% confidence interval = 0.11–0.74) compared with the controls. Knowing pertussis prevention methods were found protective for pertussis transmission (adjusted odds ratio = 0.14, 95% confidence interval = 0.04–0.45). Conclusion: This study showed the vulnerability of children under 5 years, especially under 1 year, to vaccine-preventable diseases in rural populations, where “real” immunization coverage is sub-optimal, and the dominant socio-demographic factors are supportive of disease transmission. We found immunization and knowledge of the preventive measures to be protective against pertussis outbreaks. Therefore, routine immunization services must be intensified to improve coverage and prevent future pertussis outbreak(s).

scholarly journals Ritual orders and ritologiques: a terminological quest for some neglected fields of study

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 221-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Stausberg
Keyword(s):  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Ritual Studies ◽  
Healing Rituals ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Ritual Theory ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Semi Empirical

The topic presented in this paper lies at the crossroads between ritual studies and ritual theory. In order to get an idea of the field of study, it may be useful to distinguish between the following general approaches to the study of ritual. To begin with, ritual theory in the strict sense, i.e. with explanatory ambitions etc., tends to focus on RITUAL as such: what IT is, what IT does, how IT works ("functions"), and why IT is as it is.Softer varieties of ritual theory, e.g. approaches that wish to foster a better "understanding" of what goes on when rituals are being performed, may focus on RITUALS in a semi-empirical and semi-theoretical fashion. As a matter of fact, to a large extent ritual "theory" seems to be the result of theoretical reflections on matters of empirical research. Apart from that, we find studies of this and that phenomenon (e.g. time, space, violence, aesthetics, media, etc.) in relation to rituals ("ritual  and time", "ritual and space", etc.). Then, of course, we have a good dose of studies on different "types", "classes", or "groups" of rituals. Most popular, (in the absence of any statistical evidence), are studies of "sacrifice", "rites of passage", and "initiations", with "healing rituals" and "pilgrimages" as ever more successful runner-ups. Correspondingly, there is a number of studies about any variety of any class of rituals among the so-and-so people ("initiation among the NN"). Moreover, there are plenty of books about the rituals of this and that religion or people — in colonial times often published under such titles as "The customs and ceremonies of the NN". Last but not least, there is an overwhelming amount of studies devoted to the presentation or analysis of single rituals.

scholarly journals Do the dynamics of vaccine programs improve the full immunization of children under the age of five in Cameroon?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigue NDA'CHI DEFFO ◽  
Benjamin FOMBA KAMGA
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Mother’S Age ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Among the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), three were devoted to health. Two amongst which MDG4 in relation to the reduction of infant mortality has not been achieved in Least Developed Countries (LDC). In Africa, a significant part of infant mortality is due to vaccine-preventable diseases administered free of charge by the Extended Program on Immunization (EPI). As such, in the "social equity" pillar of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the MDGs related to health have yet been taken into account. The achievement of these objectives requires an understanding of the immunization behavior of children under five years of age through an analysis of immunization dynamics between 1991 and 2011.Methods: We use data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 1991, 1998, 2004 and 2011 carried out by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). The module concerning EPI vaccines was administered to 3350, 2317, 8125 and 25524 under 5 in 1991, 1998, 2004 and 2011 respectively. The Immunization analysis was made from the logistic model for complete immunization and the Oaxaca's decomposition to assess the contribution of the unexplained part, which is that of the strategies/programs implemented between 1991 and 2011 by the EPI to improve immunization.Results: In general, children with vaccination card are more than 7 times likely to be fully immunized than their counterparts who do not have any. This result was higher in 1991 (approximately 57) and lowest in 2011 (5). In addition, the child's birth order reduces his/her probability of being fully immunized and the impact increases with the latter's birth order. On the other hand, the mother's age as well as her level of education increase the child's likelihood of receiving all basic vaccines. Moreover, the contributions of EPI partners in terms of immunization support as well as strategies to promote immunization through communication for development are of a particular importance in increasing immunization coverage. They significantly explain 67.62% of the 0.105 gain recorded within the 2011-2004 period and 72.46% of the 0.069 gain recorded within the 2004-1998 period.Conclusion: The contribution of EPI partner organizations is fundamental for the achievement of EPI objectives. Since they contribute to increase the likelihood of fully immunized children. The link with child immunization is done through the specific characteristics to the mother.

Summary

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
André M. de Roos ◽  
Lennart Persson
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life History ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Community Effects ◽  
Present Volume ◽  
Ontogenetic Niche Shifts ◽  
Niche Shifts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Emergent Community ◽  
Ontogenetic Niche

This chapter provides a summary of the topics covered by the present volume. The summary serves the purpose of clearly showing how different chapters fit together in a general framework with respect to model approaches as well as results obtained. Reading this summary chapter will show readers the different types of community modules that will be analyzed as well as provide a clear impression of the results and insights that presented in this book. Topics discussed include biomass overcompensation, ontogenetic (a)symmetry in energetics, emergent community effects of biomass overcompensation, ontogenetic niche shifts in consumer life history, ontogenetic niche shifts in predator life history, competition between consumers with and without ontogenetic niche shifts, and ontogenetic (a)symmetry in energetics and population dynamics.

WEALTH-BASED INEQUALITY IN CHILD IMMUNIZATION IN INDIA: A DECOMPOSITION APPROACH

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avijit Debnath ◽  
Nairita Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Child Immunization ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Socioeconomic Strata ◽  
Unequal Access ◽  
Facility Survey ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Main Factor

SummaryDespite years of health and medical advancement, children still suffer from infectious diseases that are vaccine preventable. India reacted in 1978 by launching the Expanded Programme on Immunization in an attempt to reduce the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Although the nation has made remarkable progress over the years, there is significant variation in immunization coverage across different socioeconomic strata. This study attempted to identify the determinants of wealth-based inequality in child immunization using a new, modified method. The present study was based on 11,001 eligible ever-married women aged 15–49 and their children aged 12–23 months. Data were from the third District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3) of India, 2007–08. Using an approximation of Erreyger’s decomposition technique, the study identified unequal access to antenatal care as the main factor associated with inequality in immunization coverage in India.

Fully vaccinated children are rare: Immunization coverage and seroprevalence in Austrian school children

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Ringler ◽  
Georg Göbel ◽  
Johannes Möst ◽  
Kurt Weithaler
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Austrian School

Optimizing Immunization Strategies in Patients with IBD

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freddy Caldera ◽  
Dana Ley ◽  
Mary S Hayney ◽  
Francis A Farraye
Keyword(s):  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Mucosal Healing ◽  
Common Adverse Event ◽  
Janus Kinase ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Adult Immunization

Abstract Recent advances in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) include the use of immune modifiers and monoclonal antibodies, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha inhibitors, anti-integrin agents, janus kinase inhibitors, and interleukin-12/23 inhibitors. These agents achieve higher rates of clinical remission and mucosal healing than conventional therapy. However, these therapies increase the risk of infections, including some vaccine-preventable diseases. Infections are one of the most common adverse event of immunosuppressive therapy. Thus, providers should optimize immunization strategies to reduce the risk of vaccine-preventable infections in patients with IBD. There are several newly licensed vaccines recommended for adults by the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. This review will focus on how gastroenterology providers can implement the adult immunization schedule approved by ACIP for patients with IBD.

A multiple criterion screen for identifying secondary school children with psychiatric disorder: Characteristics and efficiency of screen

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Macmillan ◽  
I. Kolvin ◽  
R. F. Garside ◽  
A. R. Nicol ◽  
I. M. Leitch
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
School Children ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Teacher Rating ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Multiple Criterion ◽  
Peer Ratings ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
Different Types

SYNOPSISA multiple criterion screen was developed as part of a study which was designed to assess different types of intervention for school children with psychiatric disorder. The foremost requirement was that false positives be kept to a minimum, with selected children being unequivocally disturbed. Children were identified for treatment by the following measures: (a) teacher rating on the Rutter B2 Scale, giving a total score and subscores for neurotic and antisocial behaviour; (b) peer ratings on a sociometric measure, yielding isolation and rejection scores; and (c) self ratings on the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory, specifically the neuroticism dimension. A weighting system was developed so that children could be selected on the basis of extreme scores on either teacher or self-rating measures alone, or by a combination of less extreme scores on more than one measure. The results are presented and discussed.

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