scholarly journals Ritual orders and ritologiques: a terminological quest for some neglected fields of study

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 221-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Stausberg
Keyword(s):  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Ritual Studies ◽  
Healing Rituals ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Ritual Theory ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Semi Empirical

The topic presented in this paper lies at the crossroads between ritual studies and ritual theory. In order to get an idea of the field of study, it may be useful to distinguish between the following general approaches to the study of ritual. To begin with, ritual theory in the strict sense, i.e. with explanatory ambitions etc., tends to focus on RITUAL as such: what IT is, what IT does, how IT works ("functions"), and why IT is as it is.Softer varieties of ritual theory, e.g. approaches that wish to foster a better "understanding" of what goes on when rituals are being performed, may focus on RITUALS in a semi-empirical and semi-theoretical fashion. As a matter of fact, to a large extent ritual "theory" seems to be the result of theoretical reflections on matters of empirical research. Apart from that, we find studies of this and that phenomenon (e.g. time, space, violence, aesthetics, media, etc.) in relation to rituals ("ritual  and time", "ritual and space", etc.). Then, of course, we have a good dose of studies on different "types", "classes", or "groups" of rituals. Most popular, (in the absence of any statistical evidence), are studies of "sacrifice", "rites of passage", and "initiations", with "healing rituals" and "pilgrimages" as ever more successful runner-ups. Correspondingly, there is a number of studies about any variety of any class of rituals among the so-and-so people ("initiation among the NN"). Moreover, there are plenty of books about the rituals of this and that religion or people — in colonial times often published under such titles as "The customs and ceremonies of the NN". Last but not least, there is an overwhelming amount of studies devoted to the presentation or analysis of single rituals.

scholarly journals Placebo studies and ritual theory: a comparative analysis of Navajo, acupuncture and biomedical healing

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1572) ◽  
pp. 1849-1858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted J. Kaptchuk
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Placebo Effects ◽  
Ritual Studies ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Healing Rituals ◽  
Ritual Theory ◽  
Biomedical Treatment ◽  
Ritual Process

Using a comparative analysis of Navajo healing ceremonials, acupuncture and biomedical treatment, this essay examines placebo studies and ritual theory as mutually interpenetrating disciplines. Healing rituals create a receptive person susceptible to the influences of authoritative culturally sanctioned ‘powers’. The healer provides the sufferer with imaginative, emotional, sensory, moral and aesthetic input derived from the palpable symbols and procedures of the ritual process—in the process fusing the sufferer's idiosyncratic narrative unto a universal cultural mythos. Healing rituals involve a drama of evocation, enactment, embodiment and evaluation in a charged atmosphere of hope and uncertainty. Experimental research into placebo effects demonstrates that routine biomedical pharmacological and procedural interventions contain significant ritual dimensions. This research also suggests that ritual healing not only represents changes in affect, self-awareness and self-appraisal of behavioural capacities, but involves modulations of symptoms through neurobiological mechanisms. Recent scientific investigations into placebo acupuncture suggest several ways that observations from ritual studies can be verified experimentally. Placebo effects are often described as ‘non-specific’; the analysis presented here suggests that placebo effects are the ‘specific’ effects of healing rituals.

scholarly journals Models Applied to Grapevine Pests: A Review

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Federico Lessio ◽  
Alberto Alma
Keyword(s):  
Lobesia Botrana ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Homalodisca Vitripennis ◽  
Flavescence Dorée ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Scaphoideus Titanus ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Definition Of

This paper reviews the existing predictive models concerning insects and mites harmful to grapevine. A brief conceptual description is given on the definition of a model and about different types of models: deterministic vs. stochastics, continuous vs. discrete, analytical vs. computer-based, and descriptive vs. data-driven. The main biological aspects of grapevine pests covered by different types of models are phenology, population growth and dynamics, species distribution, and invasion risk. A particular emphasis is put on forecasting epidemics of plant disease agents transmitted by insects with sucking-piercing mouthparts. The most investigated species or groups are the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) and other vectors of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa, a bacterium agent of Pierce’s disease; the European grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermuller); and the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball, the main vector of phytoplasmas agents of Flavescence dorée. Finally, the present and future of decision-support systems (DSS) in viticulture is discussed.

scholarly journals LOGIC OF RELATIVITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
Ihor Ohirko ◽  
Zinovii Partyko
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Symbolic Logic ◽  
Logical Theory ◽  
Relative Truth ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Modal Values

The problem of the truth of statements is considered. This study had the goal to develop a logical theory that would allow considering the context (the paradigm) from which would depend on the truth of the statement. For the development of such a theory, called the logic of relativity, the following methods of research are used as abstraction, analysis (traditional), synthesis, deduction, formalisation, axiomatisation, logical method. In order to develop the logic of relativity, it is expedient to use the achievements in the area of situational logic. Under the situation, it is proposed to understand two circumstances (time and space) and a condition that creates a context (paradigm) statement. Specifies the modal values that these three parameters can acquire and examines different types of situations. In order to write statements in the logic of relativity, a form of the statement of statements is proposed in the language of extended symbolic logic. For the theory of the logic of relativity, a set of four axioms is proposed and a series of laws. In particular, it is indicated that the values of the assertions in the logic of relativity are the following five estimates: truth, relative truth, relative is absurd, unclear, uncertain. Some theorems of the logic of relativity are proposed. A number of examples of texts in the natural language are given to interpret the statements of the logic of relativity. It is indicated that the proposed apparatus of the logic of relativity should be regarded as a kind of modal logic. The difference in the logic of relativity from situational logic is that it considers the factor of movement (motion) of statements in time, space and environment conditions, which was not considered by situational logic. The logic of relativity should be used wherever it is necessary to take into account the possibility of moving allegations regarding time, space and environment of conditions. One of the most important conclusions of the study is that in the logic to the standard values of truth (true, probably true, false, uncertain), it is expedient to add another value: relatively true (and accordingly: relatively false).

Chemo-Micro-Dilatation Modeling of Carbonation Shrinkage Phenomenon of the Porous Mortars

2011 ◽  
Vol 261-263 ◽  
pp. 680-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. X. Dinh ◽  
J. Jeong ◽  
H. Ramézani ◽  
Z. Q. Feng
Keyword(s):  
Cement Paste ◽  
Cement Mortar ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Micro Structure ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Scientific Goal ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Carbonation Shrinkage

In this paper, we investigate the CO2 carbonation on porous materials such as the cement paste mortar. Our scientific goal is to model the CO2 carbonation effect on the porous cement mortar by the micro-dilatation theory and to determine the chemo-mechanical stress development due to the chemical reactions. In fact, this phenomenon will modify not only the pH value of the cement paste but also the micro-structure due to collapsing pore-network. Based upon the micro-dilatation theory originally proposed by Cowin and Nunziato, four unknown parameters related to the micro-structure will be determined for the cement mortar using the semi-empirical method and numerical modeling. The experimental carbonation tests on two different types of cement paste (CEMI and CEMIII) have been realized to capture carbonated affected zones and to measure their shrinkage deformations.

scholarly journals The Thermodynamic Relationship between the RN-AdS Black Holes and the RN Black Hole in Canonical Ensemble

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Bo Ma ◽  
Li-Chun Zhang ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
Ren Zhao ◽  
Shuo Cao
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Flat Space ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Asymptotically Flat ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Ads Black Holes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Thermodynamic Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, by analyzing the thermodynamic properties of charged AdS black hole and asymptotically flat space-time charged black hole in the vicinity of the critical point, we establish the correspondence between the thermodynamic parameters of asymptotically flat space-time and nonasymptotically flat space-time, based on the equality of black hole horizon area in the two different types of space-time. The relationship between the cavity radius (which is introduced in the study of asymptotically flat space-time charged black holes) and the cosmological constant (which is introduced in the study of nonasymptotically flat space-time) is determined. The establishment of the correspondence between the thermodynamics parameters in two different types of space-time is beneficial to the mutual promotion of different time-space black hole research, which is helpful to understand the thermodynamics and quantum properties of black hole in space-time.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 2-17
Author(s):  
Risto Uro
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Early Christianity ◽  
Ritual Studies ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Ritual Theory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pluralistic Approach ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter offers a guide to the reader for understanding the nature of ritual studies as an emerging interdisciplinary field, with particular emphasis on its relevance to the study of the history of early Christianity. Three characteristics are singled out. Ritual studies is distinguished by: (1) a pluralistic approach to the definition of ‘ritual’; (2) an increased interest in theory; and (3) the application of interdisciplinary perspectives on ritual. The chapter also responds to the criticism that has been raised against using the concept of ritual and ritual theory in the study of past rituals and argues that ritual theory enriches historical and textual analysis of early Christian materials in a number of ways. Ritual theory contributes to drawing a more complete picture of early Christian history and offers a corrective to a biased understanding of early Christianity as a system of beliefs and practices. Finally, examples from the present Handbook are taken to demonstrate how the ritual perspective creates a platform for interdisciplinary collaboration and integrative approaches which both stimulate new questions and enrich old ones.

scholarly journals Preventing epidemics in a community of households

1996 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hall ◽  
N. G. Becker
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Household Structure ◽  
Community Effects ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Random Mixing

SummaryThe occurrence of epidemics of vaccine-preventable diseases, and the immunization coverage required to prevent them, is affected by the presence of households and heterogeneity in the community. We consider a community where individuals live in households and are of different types, according to infectivity and/or susceptibility to infection. We describe a method for computing the critical immunization coverage to prevent epidemics in such communities and discuss the effectiveness of immunization strategies. In a heterogeneous community where individuals live in households several immunization strategies are possible and we examine strategies targeting households, randomly selected individuals, or groups with highly intense transmission, such as school children. We compare estimates of the critical immunization coverage if we assume that disease is spread solely by random mixing with estimates which result if we assume the effects of the household structure. Estimates made under these two sets of assumptions differ. The results provide insights into the community effects of vaccination, and the household structure of the community should be taken into account when designing immunization policies.

MEDIATED INTERACTION RITUALS: A GEOGRAPHY OF EVERYDAY LIFE AND CONTENTION IN BLACK LIVES MATTER*

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-313
Author(s):  
Sander van Haperen ◽  
Justus Uitermark ◽  
Alex van der Zeeuw
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Image Recognition ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Interaction Ritual ◽  
Black Lives Matter ◽  
Geographically Dispersed ◽  
Interaction Rituals ◽  
Ritual Theory ◽  
Different Types

The Movement for Black Lives has connected millions of people online. How are their outrage and hope mediated through social media? To address this question, this article extends Randall Collins’s Interaction Ritual Theory to social media. Employing semisupervised image recognition methods on a million Instagram posts with the hashtag #blacklivesmatter, we identify four different interaction ritual types, each with distinct geographies. Instagram posts featuring interactions with physical copresence are concentrated in urban areas. We identify two different types of such areas: arenas where contention plays out and milieus where movement identities are affirmed. Instagram posts that do not feature physical copresence are more geographically dispersed. These posts, including memes and selfies, allow people to engage with the movement even when they are not embedded in activist environments. Our analysis helps to understand how different forms of engagement are embedded in particular places and connected through the circulation of social media posts.

Seoul's Deathscapes: Incorporating Tradition into Modern Time – Space

10.1068/a3455 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1489-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth K Teather ◽  
Hae Un Rii ◽  
Eun Hye Kim
Keyword(s):  
Confucian Tradition ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Small Space ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Family ◽  
Space Saving ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Dramatic Shift ◽  
Dome Shape

Honouring the dead at their graveside at appropriate dates is required by Confucian tradition, and has always had significant time – space implications in Korea. Today, with the majority of Koreans now living in cities—a dramatic shift in the last two generations—many still travel to patrilineal ancestral villages to carry out the necessary annual rites in family graveyards established long ago. However, an official campaign to encourage cremation in Seoul was initiated in 1998. A small, space-saving family tomb has been designed to hold the ashes of up to twenty-four family members, and is being promoted at public cemeteries. Fieldwork was carried out into deathscapes in the vicinity of Seoul in late 1999. The paper describes small family graveyards, including one established generations ago and two that have been newly established. It also describes different types of columbaria, two of which employ the traditional dome shape of Korean graves. Discussion focuses on the persistent cultural significance of maintaining ties with patrilineal places of origin. We suggest that this is a valued Confucian dimension of Korean heritage; many are seeking manageable ways to incorporate this dimension in their predominantly urban time – space commitments. From family graveyard to columbarium, there is a progressive divorce from ancestral territory (the family graveyard in the patrilineal village) and from social context (lineage).

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