scholarly journals A large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak associated with Norovirus in nursing homes

2004 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. CALDERON-MARGALIT ◽  
R. SHEFFER ◽  
T. HALPERIN ◽  
N. ORR ◽  
D. COHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Gastroenteritis Outbreak ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Prompt Action

An increase in gastroenteritis outbreaks due to Norovirus has been reported worldwide. We investigated a large-scale outbreak affecting 246 residents and 33 staff members in six nursing homes in the Tel-Aviv district, Israel, during 3 weeks in 2002. Person-to-person spread was noticed in all nursing homes. The spread of disease could not be attributed to social interactions. Among the elderly residents, the hospitalization rate was 10·2% and the case-fatality rate was 2·0%. Bacteriological cultures were negative. Overall, 7 out of 15 stool specimens were positive for Norovirus by RT–PCR. All were sequenced and found to be 90% identical. The characteristics of this outbreak and the RT–PCR results suggest that illness was caused by Norovirus. Due to the high case-fatality rate of Norovirus gastroenteritis, there should be a high index of suspicion when encountering a gastroenteritis outbreak among the elderly. This will enable prompt action to stop the spread of illness.

scholarly journals Characteristics of COVID-19 fatality cases in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swandari Paramita ◽  
Ronny Isnuwardana ◽  
Krispinus Duma ◽  
Rahmat Bakhtiar ◽  
Muhammad Khairul Nuryanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Information System ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Underlying Diseases

Introduction. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. On March 2, 2020, Indonesia announced the first confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection. East Kalimantan will play an important role as the new capital of Indonesia. There is attention to the preparedness of East Kalimantan to respond to COVID-19. We report the characteristics of COVID-19 fatality cases in here. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the fatality cases of COVID-19 patients from the East Kalimantan Health Office information system. All patients were confirmed COVID-19 by RT-PCR examination. Results. By July 31, 2020, 31 fatality cases of patients had been identified as having confirmed COVID-19 in East Kalimantan. The mean age of the patients was 55.1 + 9.2 years. Most of the patients were men (22 [71.0%]) with age more than 60 years old (14 [45.2%]). Balikpapan has the highest number of COVID-19 fatality cases from all regencies. Hypertension was the most comorbidities in the fatality cases of COVID-19 patients in East Kalimantan. Discussion. Older age and comorbidities still contributed to the fatality cases of COVID-19 patients in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease were underlying conditions for increasing the risk of COVID-19 getting into a serious condition. Conclusion. Active surveillance for people older than 60 years old and having underlying diseases is needed for reducing the case fatality rate of COVID-19 in East Kalimantan. Keywords. Comorbidity, fatality cases, COVID-19, Indonesia.

scholarly journals Mortality among the early cases of COVID-19 and its association with key comorbidities in a large state in South India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 3882
Author(s):  
Suhas Bhat ◽  
Rohan Kolla ◽  
Shashank D. Shindhe ◽  
Surekha B. Munoli
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Large State ◽  
Death Time ◽  
The Impact

Background: The mortality associated with the pandemic COVID-19 is a subject of intense scrutiny as COVID-19 can cause severe disease leading to hospitalization in ICU and potentially death, especially in the elderly with comorbidities. A statistical analysis is carried out to study the impact of age, gender and comorbidities on deaths among early one lakh infected population of Karnataka, a large state in south India.Methods: Daily case fatality rate and adjusted case fatality rate (CFR) (adjusted to median death time) are estimated. The impacts of age, gender and comorbidities on mortality outcomes of COVID patients are studied.Results: The daily CFR on 27th July for Karnataka is estimated from the dataset to be 1.93%. However, the adjusted CFR based on the median number of days from diagnosis to death was found to be 2.15% (95% confidence interval 2%-2.3%) on that day. The deaths among male patients outnumber those in females. As far as age of the patients is concerned, more than 50% of the deaths occurred in the age group 50-60 and 60-70 years. Majority of deaths reported in the state were associated with at least one of the comorbidity. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were the most significant comorbidities.Conclusions: The daily adjusted CFR for the study region is found to be lower than the CFR of the whole nation. Also the age, gender and comorbidities were found to be associated with the deaths as opposed to the infection alone. It was also deduced that, patients with a history of diabetes or hypertension or ischemic heart disease or a combination of any of these were most likely to experience severe outcomes of the infection. 

scholarly journals Study of the Immune Response in the Elderly: Is It Necessary to Develop a Vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis for the Aged?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Gabriela Trzewikoswki de Lima ◽  
Elizabeth De Gaspari
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
System Function ◽  
Immune System Function ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
New Vaccines

Literature reports the association between aging and decline in the immune system function. The elderly have a higher risk of developing infectious diseases and are often less responsive to vaccines that are effective in the young. The case fatality rate of invasive meningococcal disease is higher in the elderly; therefore, vaccination for this population should be evaluated. Although new vaccines have been developed against Neisseria meningitidis, there is still a need to evaluate a vaccine for those older than 60 years, as the currently licensed vaccines are not indicated for this population.

scholarly journals Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 globally: An attempt to correlate case fatality rate with the circulating dominant SARS-CoV-2 clades

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Sarkar ◽  
Mamta Chawla-Sarkar ◽  
Swagata Majumdar ◽  
Mahadeb Lo ◽  
Shiladitya Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Large Scale Dataset ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Uncontrolled high transmission is driving the continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2, leading to the nonstop emergence of the new variants with varying sensitivity to the neutralizing antibodies and vaccines. We have analysed of 8,82,740 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences, collected and sequenced during late December 2019 to 25 March 2021 from all across the world. The findings revealed differences in temporal and spatial distribution, and predominance of various clades/variants among six different continents.We found no clear association between the pathogenic potential of the various clades by comparing the case fatality rate (CFR) of 170 countries with the predominant SARS-CoV-2 clades in those countries, demonstrating the insignificance of the clade specific mutations on case fatality. Overall, relying on a large-scale dataset, this study illustrated the time-based evolution and prevalence of various clades /variants among different geographic regions. The study may help in designing continent specific vaccines in the future.

scholarly journals An epidemic of rotavirus diarrhoea in Jawhar Taluk, Thane district, Maharashtra, India, December 2000–January 2001

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. KELKAR ◽  
P. G. RAY ◽  
N. SHINDE
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Aetiological Agent ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Tribal Area ◽  
Children Under 5

An epidemic of diarrhoea in Jawhar, a tribal area of Thane district, Maharashtra, India was investigated. Within a period of approximately 2 months 490 cases of acute diarrhoea were reported among children under 5 years of age, with a case fatality rate of 0·40%. Twenty-seven out of 39 (69·23%) rectal swabs/faecal specimens obtained from hospitalized paediatric patients up to 2 years of age from Jawhar were positive by ELISA for rotavirus. Of these, seven were in the age group of [les ]6 months. Seven ELISA-positive faecal specimens were positive for serotype G3 by RT–PCR. Out of 15 serum samples collected from these patients, 12 showed the presence of rotavirus-specific IgM. Rotavirus appears to be the aetiological agent of this widespread outbreak in Jawhar, Thane district, Maharashtra state, India.

scholarly journals The theoretical mortality risk of an asymptomatic patient with a negative SARS-CoV-2 test developing COVID-19 following elective orthopaedic surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 102-B (9) ◽  
pp. 1256-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nardeen Kader ◽  
Nick D. Clement ◽  
Vipul R. Patel ◽  
Nick Caplan ◽  
Paul Banaszkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orthopaedic Surgery ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
The Uk

Aims The risk to patients and healthcare workers of resuming elective orthopaedic surgery following the peak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been difficult to quantify. This has prompted governing bodies to adopt a cautious approach that may be impractical and financially unsustainable. The lack of evidence has made it impossible for surgeons to give patients an informed perspective of the consequences of elective surgery in the presence of SARS-CoV-2. This study aims to determine, for the UK population, the probability of a patient being admitted with an undetected SARS-CoV-2 infection and their resulting risk of death; taking into consideration the current disease prevalence, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing, and preassessment pathway. Methods The probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection with a false negative test was calculated using a lower-end RT-PCR sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 95%, and the UK disease prevalence of 0.24% reported in May 2020. Subsequently, a case fatality rate of 20.5% was applied as a worst-case scenario. Results The probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection with a false negative preoperative test was 0.07% (around 1 in 1,400). The risk of a patient with an undetected infection being admitted for surgery and subsequently dying from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is estimated at approximately 1 in 7,000. However, if an estimate of the current global infection fatality rate (1.04%) is applied, the risk of death would be around 1 in 140,000, at most. This calculation does not take into account the risk of nosocomial infection. Conversely, it does not factor in that patients will also be clinically assessed and asked to self-isolate prior to surgery. Conclusion Our estimation suggests that the risk of patients being inadvertently admitted with an undetected SARS-CoV-2 infection for elective orthopaedic surgery is relatively low. Accordingly, the risk of death following elective orthopaedic surgery is low, even when applying the worst-case fatality rate. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(9):1256–1260.

scholarly journals A cohort study of 223 patients explores the clinical risk factors for the severity diagnosis of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongsheng Huang ◽  
Xiaoyu Lyu ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Yujun Wang ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Severe Group ◽  
D Dimer

AbstractBACKGROUNDCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has recently become a public emergency and a worldwide pandemic. The clinical symptoms of severe and non-severe patients vary, and the case-fatality rate (CFR) in severe COVID-19 patients is very high. However, the information on the risk factors associated with the severity of COVID-19 and of their prognostic potential is limited.METHODSIn this retrospective study, the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome data were collected and analyzed from 223 COVID-19 patients stratified into 125 non-severe patients and 98 severe patients. In addition, a pooled large-scale meta-analysis of 1646 cases was performed.RESULTSWe found that the age, gender and comorbidities are the common risk factors associated with the severity of COVID-19. For the diagnosis markers, we found that the levels of D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), procalcitonin (PCT) were significantly higher in severe group compared with the non-severe group on admission (D-Dimer: 87.3% vs. 35.3%, P<0.001; CRP, 65.1% vs. 13.5%, P<0.001; LDH: 83.9% vs. 22.2%, P<0.001; PCT: 35.1% vs. 2.2%, P<0.001), while the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ASP) and creatinine kinase (CK) were only mildly increased. We also made a large scale meta-analysis of 1646 cases combined with 4 related literatures, and further confirmed the relationship between the COVID-19 severity and these risk factors. Moreover, we tracked dynamic changes during the process of COVID-19, and found CRP, D-dimer, LDH, PCT kept in high levels in severe patient. Among all these markers, D-dimer increased remarkably in severe patients and mostly related with the case-fatality rate (CFR). We found adjuvant antithrombotic treatment in some severe patients achieved good therapeutic effect in the cohort.CONCLUSIONSThe diagnosis markers CRP, D-dimer, LDH and PCT are associated with severity of COVID-19. Among these markers, D-dimer is sensitive for both severity and CFR of COVID-19. Treatment with heparin or other anticoagulants may be beneficial for COVID-19 patients.FundingThis study was supported by funding from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1302203); Beijing Nova Program (grant number: xx2018040).Role of the funding sourceThe funding listed above supports this study, but had no role in the design and conduct of the study.

scholarly journals Correction: Beran et al. Inosine Pranobex Significantly Decreased the Case-Fatality Rate among PCR Positive Elderly with SARS-CoV-2 at Three Nursing Homes in the Czech Republic. Pathogens 2020, 9, 1055

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1121
Author(s):  
Jirí Beran ◽  
Marian Špajdel ◽  
Věra Katzerová ◽  
Alena Holoušová ◽  
Jan Malyš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Inosine Pranobex ◽  
The Czech Republic

There was an error in the original article [...]

scholarly journals Estimation of case-fatality rate in COVID-19 patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus in the New York State

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Ge ◽  
Shengzhi Sun ◽  
Ye Shen
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
New York ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
New York State ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
York State

We estimated the case-fatality rate (CFR) and ratios (RR) in adult COVID-19 cases with hypertension and diabetes mellitus in the New York State. We found that the elderly population had a higher CFR, but the elevated CFR ratios associated with comorbidities are more pronounced for the younger population.

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