scholarly journals Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 globally: An attempt to correlate case fatality rate with the circulating dominant SARS-CoV-2 clades

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Sarkar ◽  
Mamta Chawla-Sarkar ◽  
Swagata Majumdar ◽  
Mahadeb Lo ◽  
Shiladitya Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Large Scale Dataset ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Uncontrolled high transmission is driving the continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2, leading to the nonstop emergence of the new variants with varying sensitivity to the neutralizing antibodies and vaccines. We have analysed of 8,82,740 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences, collected and sequenced during late December 2019 to 25 March 2021 from all across the world. The findings revealed differences in temporal and spatial distribution, and predominance of various clades/variants among six different continents.We found no clear association between the pathogenic potential of the various clades by comparing the case fatality rate (CFR) of 170 countries with the predominant SARS-CoV-2 clades in those countries, demonstrating the insignificance of the clade specific mutations on case fatality. Overall, relying on a large-scale dataset, this study illustrated the time-based evolution and prevalence of various clades /variants among different geographic regions. The study may help in designing continent specific vaccines in the future.

scholarly journals A large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak associated with Norovirus in nursing homes

2004 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. CALDERON-MARGALIT ◽  
R. SHEFFER ◽  
T. HALPERIN ◽  
N. ORR ◽  
D. COHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Gastroenteritis Outbreak ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Prompt Action

An increase in gastroenteritis outbreaks due to Norovirus has been reported worldwide. We investigated a large-scale outbreak affecting 246 residents and 33 staff members in six nursing homes in the Tel-Aviv district, Israel, during 3 weeks in 2002. Person-to-person spread was noticed in all nursing homes. The spread of disease could not be attributed to social interactions. Among the elderly residents, the hospitalization rate was 10·2% and the case-fatality rate was 2·0%. Bacteriological cultures were negative. Overall, 7 out of 15 stool specimens were positive for Norovirus by RT–PCR. All were sequenced and found to be 90% identical. The characteristics of this outbreak and the RT–PCR results suggest that illness was caused by Norovirus. Due to the high case-fatality rate of Norovirus gastroenteritis, there should be a high index of suspicion when encountering a gastroenteritis outbreak among the elderly. This will enable prompt action to stop the spread of illness.

scholarly journals A cohort study of 223 patients explores the clinical risk factors for the severity diagnosis of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongsheng Huang ◽  
Xiaoyu Lyu ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Yujun Wang ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Severe Group ◽  
D Dimer

AbstractBACKGROUNDCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has recently become a public emergency and a worldwide pandemic. The clinical symptoms of severe and non-severe patients vary, and the case-fatality rate (CFR) in severe COVID-19 patients is very high. However, the information on the risk factors associated with the severity of COVID-19 and of their prognostic potential is limited.METHODSIn this retrospective study, the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome data were collected and analyzed from 223 COVID-19 patients stratified into 125 non-severe patients and 98 severe patients. In addition, a pooled large-scale meta-analysis of 1646 cases was performed.RESULTSWe found that the age, gender and comorbidities are the common risk factors associated with the severity of COVID-19. For the diagnosis markers, we found that the levels of D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), procalcitonin (PCT) were significantly higher in severe group compared with the non-severe group on admission (D-Dimer: 87.3% vs. 35.3%, P<0.001; CRP, 65.1% vs. 13.5%, P<0.001; LDH: 83.9% vs. 22.2%, P<0.001; PCT: 35.1% vs. 2.2%, P<0.001), while the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ASP) and creatinine kinase (CK) were only mildly increased. We also made a large scale meta-analysis of 1646 cases combined with 4 related literatures, and further confirmed the relationship between the COVID-19 severity and these risk factors. Moreover, we tracked dynamic changes during the process of COVID-19, and found CRP, D-dimer, LDH, PCT kept in high levels in severe patient. Among all these markers, D-dimer increased remarkably in severe patients and mostly related with the case-fatality rate (CFR). We found adjuvant antithrombotic treatment in some severe patients achieved good therapeutic effect in the cohort.CONCLUSIONSThe diagnosis markers CRP, D-dimer, LDH and PCT are associated with severity of COVID-19. Among these markers, D-dimer is sensitive for both severity and CFR of COVID-19. Treatment with heparin or other anticoagulants may be beneficial for COVID-19 patients.FundingThis study was supported by funding from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1302203); Beijing Nova Program (grant number: xx2018040).Role of the funding sourceThe funding listed above supports this study, but had no role in the design and conduct of the study.

scholarly journals Modeling the effectiveness of the PSBB based on COVID-19 case in Greater Surabaya Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 778 (1) ◽  
pp. 012021
Author(s):  
E B Santoso ◽  
V K Siswanto ◽  
E Umilia ◽  
R A W D Syafitri ◽  
T A Desiana
Keyword(s):  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
High Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Official Report ◽  
The Core ◽  
Social Restriction

Abstract East Java province with high mobility has a high case fatality rate of COVID-19. The core spread of COVID-19 is from the Greater Surabaya area following Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Gresik districts. The East Java Government through Regulation No.18/2020 imposed a Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) that is intended to support the effectiveness of the physical distancing strategy in addressing the emergency status of the COVID-19. But no official report has been found on the effectiveness of PSBB. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of PSBB, especially in Greater Surabaya. This research aims to know the model of PSBB policy to minimize the spread of COVID-19 in the greater Surabaya. The study focused on health facility (ventilator, ICU, non-ICU), population, case over a certain period, and positive case in care. This study analyzes the distribution pattern and models the effectiveness of PSBB against the spread of COVID-19 in Greater Surabaya. The data analysis used the COVID-19 Surge-CDC Model. The result of the research shows that the condition of COVID-19 cases increased significantly in the model without intervention. The sharp increase in cases is related to the anticipation of other policies related to the ability of regions to provide health facilities.

scholarly journals Estimating the impact of virus testing strategies on the COVID-19 case fatality rate using fixed-effects models

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Terriau ◽  
Julien Albertini ◽  
Emmanuel Montassier ◽  
Arthur Poirier ◽  
Quentin Le Bastard
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Testing Strategies ◽  
Fixed Effects Models ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Testing Policies

AbstractThe SARS-CoV2 has now spread worldwide causing over four million deaths. Testing strategies are highly variable between countries and their impact on mortality is a major issue. Retrospective multicenter study with a prospective database on all inpatients throughout mainland France. Using fixed effects models, we exploit policy discontinuities at region borders in France to estimate the effect of testing on the case fatality rate. In France, testing policies are determined at a regional level, generating exogenous variation in testing rates between departments on each side of a region border. We compared all contiguous department pairs located on the opposite sides of a region border. The increase of one percentage point in the test rate is associated with a decrease of 0.0015 percentage point in the death rate, that is, for each additional 2000 tests, we could observe three fewer deaths. Our study suggests that COVID-19 population testing could have a significant impact on the mortality rate which should be considered in decision-making. As concern grows over the current second wave of COVID-19, our findings support the implementation of large-scale screening strategies in such epidemic contexts.

Impact of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol on COVID-19 case-fatality rate reduction in Algeria. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Youssef Kada
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Therapeutic Protocol ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

BACKGROUND Covid-19 is an emerging infectious disease like viral zoonosis caused by new coronavirus SARS CoV 2. On December 31, 2019, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission in Hubei province (China) reported cases of pneumonia, the origin of which is a new coronavirus. Rapidly extendable around the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) declares it pandemic on March 11, 2020. This pandemic reaches Algeria on February 25, 2020, date on which the Algerian minister of health, announced the first case of Covid-19, a foreign citizen. From March 1, a cluster is formed in Blida and becomes the epicentre of the coronavirus epidemic in Algeria, its total quarantine is established on March 24, 2020, it will be smoothly alleviated on April 24. A therapeutic protocol based on hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was put in place on March 23, for complicated cases, it was extended to all the cases confirmed on April 06. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol in Algeria, in particular after its extension to all patients diagnosed COVID-19 positive on RT-PCR test. We were able to illustrate this fact graphically, but not to prove it statistically because the design of our study, indeed in the 7 days which followed generalization of therapeutic protocol, case fatality rate decrease and doubling time increase, thus confirming the impact of wide and early prescription of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol. METHODS We have analyzed the data collected from press releases and follow-ups published daily by the Ministry of Health, we have studied the possible correlations of these data with certain events or decisions having a possible impact on their development, such as confinement at home and its reduction, the prescription of hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin combination for serious patients and its extension to all positive COVID subjects. Results are presented in graphics, the data collection was closed on 31/05/2020. RESULTS Covid-19 pandemic spreads from February 25, 2020, when a foreign citizen is tested positive, on March 1 a cluster is formed in the city of Blida where sixteen members of the same family are infected during a wedding party. Wilaya of Blida becomes the epicentre of coronavirus epidemic in Algeria and lockdown measures taken, while the number of national cases diagnosed begins to increases In any event, the association of early containment measures combined with a generalized initial treatment for all positive cases, whatever their degree of severity, will have contributed to a reduction in the fatality rate of COVID 19 and a slowing down of its doubling time. CONCLUSIONS In Algeria, the rapid combination of rigorous containment measure at home and early generalized treatment with hydroxychloroquin have demonstrated their effectiveness in terms of morbidity and mortality, the classic measures of social distancing and hygiene will make it possible to perpetuate these results by reducing viral transmission, the only unknown, the reopening procedure which can only be started after being surrounded by precautions aimed at ensuring the understanding of the population. CLINICALTRIAL Algeria, Covid-19, pandemic, hydroxychloroquin, azithromycin, case fatality rate

scholarly journals Author Correction: Calcium channel blocker amlodipine besylate therapy is associated with reduced case fatality rate of COVID-19 patients with hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei-Ke Zhang ◽  
Yuan Sun ◽  
Haolong Zeng ◽  
Qingxing Wang ◽  
Xiaming Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Channel ◽  
Calcium Channel Blocker ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Channel Blocker ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Amlodipine Besylate

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-021-00267-0

scholarly journals Early determination of case fatality rate of COVID-19 pandemic during the ongoing Yemeni armed conflict

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Abdulla Salem Bin Ghouth ◽  
Ali Ahmed Al-Waleedi ◽  
Marhami Fahriani ◽  
Firzan Nainu ◽  
Harapan Harapan
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Poor Outcomes

Abstract Objectives: To determine the case-fatality rate (CFR) of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its associated determinants in order to understand the true magnitude of the problem during ongoing conflict in Yemen. Methods: The CFR among confirmed COVID-19 cases in Yemen was calculated. The data was retrieved from national COVID-19 surveillance between April 10, when the first COVID-19 case reported, and May 31, 2020. Results: A total of 419 confirmed COVID-19 cases were reported. There were 14.1% and 5.7% of cases who required intensive care and mechanical ventilators, respectively. Out of total cases, 95 deaths were reported, giving CFR of 22.6% which is much higher compared to other countries. CFR was significantly higher among elderly compared to young adults and varied between governorates. Mortality was associated with preexisting hypertension (OR: 2.30; 95%CI: 1.58, 3.54) and diabetes (OR: 1.68; 95%CI: 1.08, 2.61). Conclusions: Elderly and those with comorbidities, in particular hypertension and diabetes, have higher risk for poor outcomes and therefore should receive more attention in the clinical setting. Preventive measures should also be prioritized to protect those groups in order to reduce the severe cases and deaths-associated COVID-19 in armed-conflict.

scholarly journals Regional Variability in COVID-19 Case Fatality Rate in Canada, February–December 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1839
Author(s):  
Eunha Shim
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
Mortality Burden

A total of 475,214 COVID-19 cases, including 13,659 deaths, had been recorded in Canada as of 15 December 2020. The daily reports of confirmed cases and deaths in Canada prior to 15 December 2020 were obtained from publicly available sources and used to examine regional variations in case fatality rate (CFR). Based on a factor of underestimation and the duration of time from symptom onset to death, the time-delay adjusted CFR for COVID-19 was estimated in the four most affected provinces (Quebec, Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia) and nationwide. The model-based adjusted CFR was higher than the crude CFR throughout the pandemic, primarily owing to the incorporation in our estimation of the delay between case reports and deaths. The adjusted CFR in Canada was estimated to be 3.36% nationwide. At the provincial level, the adjusted CFR was the highest in Quebec (5.13%)—where the proportion of deaths among older individuals was also the highest among the four provinces—followed by Ontario (3.17%), British Columbia (1.97%), and Alberta (1.13%). Provincial-level variations in CFR were considerable, suggesting that public health interventions focused on densely populated areas and elderly individuals can ameliorate the mortality burden of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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