Epidemiological and clinical aspects of human Brucella suis infection in Polynesia

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (10) ◽  
pp. 1621-1625 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. GUERRIER ◽  
J. M. DARONAT ◽  
L. MORISSE ◽  
J. F. YVON ◽  
G. PAPPAS
Keyword(s):  
Human Infection ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Systematic Screening ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Brucella Suis ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Swine Herds ◽  
Domestic Swine ◽  
Index Cases

SUMMARYHigh brucellosis seroprevalence rates in domestic swine herds have been reported in Wallis and Futuna Islands and are associated with a significant burden of human infection by Brucella suis, a species that is rarely incriminated in human disease. Between 2003 and 2010, seven patients had a positive blood culture for B. suis biovar 1, 11 symptomatic patients had a positive Rose Bengal test (RBT) and a positive serum agglutination test (SAT) and three asymptomatic cases were found to be positive for RBT, SAT or ELISA IgM (after systematic screening of 52 family members of 15 index cases). Overall, Brucella infection was diagnosed in 21 people, corresponding to a mean annual incidence of 19 cases/100 000 inhabitants. Compared to series of patients infected with other more commonly encountered Brucella spp. such as B. melitensis and B. abortus, clinical presentation and percentage and distribution of complications were similar, apart from a marked observation of significantly increased median alanine aminotransferase levels, 20 times greater than upper normal rates, but not accompanied by any particular hepatic pathology. Wallis and Futuna, where people live in close proximity to animals and where the cultural significance of pig-raising precludes the implementation of adequate veterinary preventive measures, thus represents one of the few known B. suis foci worldwide and allows for evaluation of the peculiarities of this infection.

scholarly journals Lack of evidence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in domestic swine in Brazil

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Reis Ciacci-Zanella ◽  
Cristiano Trombetta ◽  
Ildara Vargas ◽  
Denise Euclydes Mariano da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Viral Isolation ◽  
Culture Cells ◽  
Commercial Kits ◽  
Swine Herds ◽  
Domestic Swine

This report describes the first prevalence of antibodies and experimental inoculation of suspected samples of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from ELISA positive pigs from swine herds in Brazil. Based on the hypothesis that this agent is present in swine herds worldwide, the objective of this work was to establish a diagnostic methodology and to investigate the occurrence of PRRSV in Brazilian swine herds. Fifty-four swine herds, the total number which imported genetic material (live pigs or swine semen) from countries where PRRS was endemic from 1990 to December 2000, from eight Brazilian States all included in this study. The sampling used was such as to detect a prevalence of infection of 5%, with a confidence level of 95%. A total of 3785 serum samples were tested for PRRSV antibodies by ELISA. Following the ELISA test, which was performed with two different commercial kits, all serum positive pigs were retested, examined and additional materials were collected. Viral isolation in permissive tissue culture cells and swine bioassays were performed. Additionally, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested RT-PCR were also performed. We could not demonstrate the presence of PRRSV or RNA of PRRSV by viral isolation or RT-PCR (or nested RT-PCR), respectively in all of the analyzed samples. Furthermore, the pigs inoculated with PRRSV suspicion samples did not seroconvert nor produce characteristic PRRS lesions in the swine bioassay. Thus, our results indicate no evidence of PRRSV in the samples analyzed from swine herds in this study.

scholarly journals Phylogeography and epidemiology of Brucella suis biovar 2 in wildlife and domestic swine

2019 ◽  
Vol 233 ◽  
pp. 68-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar María Muñoz ◽  
Virginie Mick ◽  
Lorena Sacchini ◽  
Anna Janowicz ◽  
María Jesús de Miguel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brucella Suis ◽  
Domestic Swine

Active surveillance of African swine fever in domestic swine herds in Georgia, 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 879-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.G. VEPKHVADZE ◽  
I. MENTESHASHVILI ◽  
M. KOKHREIDZE ◽  
K. GOGINASHVILI ◽  
T. TIGILAURI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Surveillance ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Swine Herds ◽  
Domestic Swine

The epidemiological status of African swine fever in domestic swine herds in the Tavush Province region, Armenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-760
Author(s):  
T. MARKOSYAN ◽  
K. SARGSYAN ◽  
S. KHARATYAN ◽  
H. ELBAKYAN ◽  
V. HAKOBYAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Swine Herds ◽  
Domestic Swine

scholarly journals Baylisascariasis

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Gavin ◽  
Kevin R. Kazacos ◽  
Stanford T. Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
The Central Nervous System

SUMMARY The raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis, is the most common and widespread cause of clinical larva migrans in animals. In addition, it is increasingly recognized as a cause of devastating or fatal neural larva migrans in infants and young children and ocular larva migrans in adults. Humans become infected by accidentally ingesting infective B. procyonis eggs from raccoon latrines or articles contaminated with their feces. Two features distinguish B. procyonis from other helminthes that cause larva migrans: (i) its aggressive somatic migration and invasion of the central nervous system and (ii) the continued growth of larvae to a large size within the central nervous system. Typically, B. procyonis neural larva migrans presents as acute fulminant eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Once invasion of the central nervous system has occurred, the prognosis is grave with or without treatment. To date, despite anthelmintic treatment of cases of B. procyonis neural larva migrans, there are no documented neurologically intact survivors. Epidemiologic study of human cases of neural larva migrans demonstrate that contact with raccoon feces or an environment contaminated by infective eggs and geophagia or pica are the most important risk factors for infection. In many regions of the United States, increasingly large populations of raccoons, with high rates of B. procyonis infection, live in close proximity to humans. Although documented cases of human baylisascariasis remain relatively uncommon, widespread contamination of the domestic environment by infected raccoons suggests that the risk of exposure and human infection is probably substantial. In the absence of early diagnosis or effective treatment, prevention of infection is the most important public health measure.

scholarly journals Corrigendum

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 774-774
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Federal Research ◽  
The University ◽  
Swine Herds ◽  
Domestic Swine

Sayler KA, Bigelow T, Koster LG, Swenson S, Bounds C, Hernández F, Wisely SM. Development of a rapid, simple, and specific real-time PCR assay for detection of pseudorabies viral DNA in domestic swine herds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017;29:522–528. (Original doi:10.1177/1040638717706593). In the article titled “Development of a rapid, simple, and specific real-time PCR assay for detection of pseudorabies viral DNA in domestic swine herds” by Katherine A. Sayler et al., the Acknowledgements section, should read as follows: We thank all of the researchers who provided isolates or DNA samples of PRV, including C Romero at the University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine (U.S.); A Moreno at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (Italy); S Verpoest at the CODA-CERVA Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center (Belgium); A Steinrigl at the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH, Institute for Veterinary Disease Control (Austria); Z Dirbakova at the State Veterinary and Food Institute, Veterinary Institute in Zvolen (Slovakia); T Müller at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (Germany); and F Ruiz-Fons and D González-Barrio at the Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) (Spain).

scholarly journals Classical swine fever in Sardinia: epidemiology of recent outbreaks

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. LOWINGS ◽  
G. IBATA ◽  
G. M. DE MIA ◽  
D. RUTILI ◽  
D. PATON
Keyword(s):  
Variable Region ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Common ◽  
Domestic Swine

A variable region of the gene encoding the major glycoprotein (E2) of Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) was sequenced from 12 Sardinian isolates which had been obtained from three geographically distinct regions of the Island. Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses and others characterized in previous studies [1, 2] indicated that (a) the Sardinian viruses were all members of the common European subgroup 2·3 and were clearly distinct from live vaccines recently used in this area; (b) they could be resolved into four distinct groups in accordance with the region or date of isolation; (c) in at least two regions wild boar/domestic swine contact was implicated in virus spread; (d) the oldest isolate (1983) and some of the recent isolates were possibly introduced from mainland Italy. In addition, this study has wider implications for the interpretation of CSFV variation. We have been able to demonstrate that small variations within this region of the virus genome (possibly less than 2·7% or five nucleotide substitutions) can be used to separate isolates into groups that precisely fit their geographical distribution. This finding is especially important for deducing the epidemiological relationships between multiple outbreaks caused by similar viruses that occur in close proximity.

Other yeasts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Linton ◽  
Susan Howell
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Identification Methods ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Data Culture

The yeasts described in this chapter are, in general, rare causes of serious human infection. Many are commonly found in the environment or as human commensals. The chapter provides a very brief summary of the following six yeast genera: Malassezia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Saprochaete, Sporobolomyces, and Trichosporon. Current taxonomy and significant species are also discussed although many fungal taxonomic groups are being re-evaluated in the light of DNA sequencing data, resulting in the renaming of some species and the regrouping of others. Pathogenicity, epidemiology, and clinical aspects are included, and treatment options are discussed. However, as infections caused by these yeasts are uncommon, there is sometimes a lack of supporting data. Culture and identification methods are also summarized, details of which will be presented in other chapters

Risk factors associated with the presence of hepatitis E virus in livers and seroprevalence in slaughter-age pigs: a retrospective study of 90 swine farms in France

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934-1944 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. WALACHOWSKI ◽  
V. DORENLOR ◽  
J. LEFEVRE ◽  
A. LUNAZZI ◽  
F. EONO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
Slaughter Age ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Swine Herds

SUMMARYThe frequency of sporadic cases of hepatitis E in humans in developed countries has increased in recent years. The consumption of raw or undercooked pig liver-based products has been identified as an important source of human infection. The question of possible massive human exposure to this zoonotic agent has been raised by the high prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in swine herds. However, little is known about the epidemiology of HEV on pig farms. A retrospective study, based on a previous prevalence study of 185 farms, was conducted on 90 farms located in Western France, randomly selected from this database, to identify factors associated with the presence of HEV in pig livers and HEV seroprevalence in slaughter-age pigs. At least one HEV RNA-positive liver was found in 30% of the sampled farms while seroprevalence in slaughter-age pigs at the farm level reached almost 75%. Different factors were associated with the two conditions. The risk of having HEV-positive livers was increased by early slaughter, genetic background, lack of hygiene measures and surface origin of drinking water. High HEV seroprevalence was associated with mingling practices at the nursery stage and hygiene conditions. These results can be used to determine on-farm measures to reduce within-farm HEV spread and infection of slaughter-age pigs.

Ureases as a target for the treatment of gastric and urinary infections

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 424-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Follmer
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Gastric Epithelium ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Urease Inhibitors ◽  
Peptic Ulcers ◽  
Urinary Infections ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Tract Infections

Urease is known to be a major contributor to pathologies induced by Helicobacter pylori and Proteus species. In Hpylori, urease allows the bacteria to survive in an acidic gastric environment during colonisation, playing an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric and peptic ulcers. Ureolytic activity also results in the production of ammonia in close proximity to the gastric epithelium, causing cell damage and inflammation. In the case of Proteus species (notably Proteus mirabilis) infection, stones are formed due to the presence of ammonia and carbon dioxide released by urease action. In addition, the ammonia released is able to damage the glycosaminoglycan layer, which protects the urothelial surface against bacterial infection. In this context, the administration of urease inhibitors may be an effective therapy for urease-dependent pathogenic bacteria. This is a review of the role of ureases in H pylori and Proteus species infections, focussing on the biochemical and clinical aspects of the most promising and/or potent urease inhibitors for the treatment of gastric and urinary tract infections.

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