scholarly journals Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis) infection in North American wildlife: current status and opportunities for mitigation of risks of further infection in wildlife populations

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (7) ◽  
pp. 1357-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. MILLER ◽  
S. J. SWEENEY
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
North America ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
North American ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Wildlife Populations

SUMMARYMycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, has been identified in nine geographically distinct wildlife populations in North America and Hawaii and is endemic in at least three populations, including members of the Bovidae, Cervidae, and Suidae families. The emergence of M. bovis in North American wildlife poses a serious and growing risk for livestock and human health and for the recreational hunting industry. Experience in many countries, including the USA and Canada, has shown that while M. bovis can be controlled when restricted to livestock species, it is almost impossible to eradicate once it has spread into ecosystems with free-ranging maintenance hosts. Therefore, preventing transmission of M. bovis to wildlife may be the most effective way to mitigate economic and health costs of this bacterial pathogen. Here we review the status of M. bovis infection in wildlife of North America and identify risks for its establishment in uninfected North American wildlife populations where eradication or control would be difficult and costly. We identified four common risk factors associated with establishment of M. bovis in uninfected wildlife populations in North America, (1) commingling of infected cattle with susceptible wildlife, (2) supplemental feeding of wildlife, (3) inadequate surveillance of at-risk wildlife, and (4) unrecognized emergence of alternate wildlife species as successful maintenance hosts. We then propose the use of integrated and adaptive disease management to mitigate these risk factors to prevent establishment of M. bovis in susceptible North American wildlife species.

scholarly journals Bovine Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) Outbreak Duration in Cattle Herds in Ireland: A Retrospective Observational Study

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 815
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Byrne ◽  
Damien Barrett ◽  
Philip Breslin ◽  
Jamie M. Madden ◽  
James O'Keeffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Retrospective Observational Study

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) outbreaks, caused by Mycobacterium bovis infection, are a costly animal health challenge. Understanding factors associated with the duration of outbreaks, known as breakdowns, could lead to better disease management policy development. We undertook a retrospective observational study (2012–2018) and employed Finite Mixture Models (FMM) to model the outcome parameter, and to investigate how factors were associated with duration for differing subpopulations identified. In addition to traditional risk factors (e.g., herd size, bTB history), we also explored farm geographic area, parcels/farm fragmentation, metrics of intensity via nitrogen loading, and whether herds were designated controlled beef finishing units (CBFU) as potential risk factors for increased duration. The final model fitted log-normal distributions, with two latent classes (k) which partitioned the population into a subpopulation around the central tendency of the distribution, and a second around the tails of the distribution. The latter subpopulation included longer breakdowns of policy interest. Increasing duration was positively associated with recent (<3 years) TB history and the number of reactors disclosed, (log) herd size, beef herd-type relative to other herd types, number of land parcels, area, being designated a CBFU (“feedlot”) and having high annual inward cattle movements within the “tails” subpopulation. Breakdown length was negatively associated with the year of commencement of breakdown (i.e., a decreasing trend) and non-significantly with the organic nitrogen produced on the farm (N kg/hectare), a measure of stocking density. The latter finding may be due to confounding effects with herd size and area. Most variables contributed only moderately to explaining variation in breakdown duration, that is, they had moderate size effects on duration. Herd-size and CBFU had greater effect sizes on the outcome. The findings contribute to evidence-based policy formation in Ireland.

scholarly journals Artelleet al. (2018) miss the science underlying North American wildlife management

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. eaat8281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. Mawdsley ◽  
John F. Organ ◽  
Daniel J. Decker ◽  
Ann B. Forstchen ◽  
Ronald J. Regan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Nature Of Science ◽  
Wildlife Management ◽  
North American ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Internet Searches ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
Desk Review ◽  
Selection Of

Artelleet al. (2018) conclude that “hallmarks of science” are largely missing from North American wildlife management based on a desk review of selected hunting management plans and related documents found through Internet searches and email requests to state and provincial wildlife agencies. We highlight three fundamental problems that compromise the validity of the conclusions posited: missing information to support selection of “hallmarks of science,” confusion about the roles and nature of science and management, and failure to engage effectively with the scientists and managers actively managing wildlife populations in North America.

scholarly journals Validation of Demographics, Etiology, and Risk Factors for Chronic Pancreatitis in the USA: A Report of the North American Pancreas Study (NAPS) Group

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 2133-2140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darwin L. Conwell ◽  
Peter A. Banks ◽  
Bimaljit S. Sandhu ◽  
Stuart Sherman ◽  
Samer Al-Kaade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Pancreatitis ◽  
North American ◽  
The North ◽  
The Usa

Broad geographic sampling and DNA barcoding do not support the presence of Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Clitellata: Glossiphoniidae) in North America

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4671 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAEL EIJI IWAMA ◽  
ALEJANDRO OCEGUERA-FIGUEROA ◽  
DANIELLE DE CARLE ◽  
CLAIRE MANGLICMOT ◽  
CHRISTER ERSÉUS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
The Body ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Intraspecific Divergence ◽  
Geographic Boundaries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Taxonomic Confusion

The description of Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) has emphasized the presence of a nuchal, chitinous scute located on the dorsal surface in the first third of the body as the diagnostic character for the species. Historically, identifications of species of Helobdella have relied heavily on this character and, as a result, Helobdella stagnalis has been reported from an inordinately broad geographic range, including Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. In addition to a few earlier investigations, a recent analysis showed that great genetic distances (orders of magnitude greater than previous estimations of intraspecific divergence in leeches) are present between scute-bearing specimens identified as H. stagnalis from Europe and North America, implying that H. stagnalis does not occur in North America. The present study expands the geographic boundaries of taxon sampling for both European and North American taxa, and re-examines the phylogenetic relationships and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) variation within scute-bearing species of the genus Helobdella. Our analyses include specimens putatively identified as “Helobdella stagnalis” from Sweden, Norway, Iceland, England, France, Italy, Slovenia, Turkey, Russia, and Iran, as well as numerous localities covering Canada and the USA. Our results corroborate previous studies in that European and west Asian specimens form a clade, including the neotype, which is separate from North American taxa. To alleviate future taxonomic confusion, we redescribe H. stagnalis and designate a neotype from the inferred type locality. The designation of a neotype stabilizes the taxonomy of scute-bearing leeches of the genus Helobdella and enables us to definitively correct erroneous identifications reported in previous studies. We also note that at least four lineages of scute-bearing, North American species of Helobdella lack formal descriptions. 

scholarly journals Postcranial diversity and recent ecomorphic impoverishment of North American gray wolves

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 20170613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susumu Tomiya ◽  
Julie A. Meachen
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Gray Wolf ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Gray Wolves ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Northwestern North America

Recent advances in genomics and palaeontology have begun to unravel the complex evolutionary history of the gray wolf, Canis lupus . Still, much of their phenotypic variation across time and space remains to be documented. We examined the limb morphology of the fossil and modern North American gray wolves from the late Quaternary (< ca 70 ka) to better understand their postcranial diversity through time. We found that the late-Pleistocene gray wolves were characterized by short-leggedness on both sides of the Cordilleran–Laurentide ice sheets, and that this trait survived well into the Holocene despite the collapse of Pleistocene megafauna and disappearance of the ‘Beringian wolf' from Alaska. By contrast, extant populations in the Midwestern USA and northwestern North America are distinguished by their elongate limbs with long distal segments, which appear to have evolved during the Holocene possibly in response to a new level or type of prey depletion. One of the consequences of recent extirpation of the Plains ( Canis lupus nubilus ) and Mexican wolves ( C. l. baileyi ) from much of the USA is an unprecedented loss of postcranial diversity through removal of short-legged forms. Conservation of these wolves is thus critical to restoration of the ecophenotypic diversity and evolutionary potential of gray wolves in North America.

Laboratory testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is inconsistent in North America: A survey of North American specialized coagulation laboratories

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1357-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Hayward ◽  
Karen Moffat ◽  
Jane Moore ◽  
Theodore Warkentin ◽  
James Zehnder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Platelet Activation ◽  
North American ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Reporting Practices ◽  
Activation Assay ◽  
Result Interpretation

SummaryHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious complication of heparin therapy. As HIT is considered a clinico-pathologic entity, laboratory practices have an important role in diagnosing or excluding HIT. It was the objective of this study to assess the current status of laboratory testing for HIT in North America. An online survey consisting of 67 questions related to laboratory testing for HIT was developed by the North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratory Association (NASCOLA), and distributed to its 59 members. The survey included queries about HIT test ordering practices, HIT immunoassay and activation assays performed, and reporting practices. Data was collected from the 44 NASCOLA laboratories who responded. Of these sites, 88% performed immunoassays for HIT, commonly using commercial assays. However, sites varied in practices related to use of controls, immunoglobulin class of antibody detected, and in result interpretation and reporting. Platelet activation assays for HIT were performed by 36% of sites, commonly using assays of serotonin release (50%) or heparin- induced platelet aggregation (43%). Sites varied in the use of washed platelets versus platelet-rich plasma, controls, and heparin concentrations. This survey is the first comprehensive assessment of patterns of practice in HIT testing among diagnostic coagulation laboratories in North America. We observed sitespecific variability of testing methods encompassing all stages of testing, including pre-analytical handling, testing methodologies, and result interpretation and reporting. The variability in HIT platelet activation assay methods among institutions indicates a need for proficiency testing to assess assay performance,and for consensus guidelines on HIT laboratory testing.

Trametes gibbosa (Basidiomycetes, Polyporales) in the USA and Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kout ◽  
J. Vlasák
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
North America ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
North American ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The North ◽  
The Usa ◽  
First Time

The polypore Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fries, common in Europe and Asia, is reported from eastern North America for the first time. Single basidiospore cultures from Pennsylvania, United States, and Quebec, Canada, were paired with each other and with cultures from the Czech Republic. The North American intercollection crosses were 60% compatible and 100% compatible with the Czech cultures. All the crosses among the Czech cultures were 100% compatible. The recent introduction of T. gibbosa to North America is suggested as a possible explanation for the limited number of mating-type alleles and subsequent incompatibility among the North American cultures.

Bacidia rosellizans, a new lichen species from the taiga belt

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan EKMAN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Pale Pink ◽  
The Usa

AbstractBacidia rosellizans S. Ekman is described as new to science. Morphologically, the new species is similar to the type species of the genus, B. rosella (Pers.) De Not., particularly in the pale pink and pigment-deficient apothecia and in having the proper exciple and upper part of the hymenium inspersed with minute crystals that consist at least partly of atranorin. Bacidia rosellizans, however, differs in having a thin whitish thallus, smaller apothecia and a thinner apothecial margin, a dense layer of crystals along the excipular rim, shorter and narrower ascospores with fewer septa, and septate conidia. Whereas B. rosella is a species occurring in the nemoral zone of Europe and possibly northernmost Africa and parts of Asia (but not North America), B. rosellizans is found mainly on Populus and Salix in taiga. This species is currently known from Sweden, Russia, Canada and the USA. It was erroneously treated as Bacidia rosella in a monograph of North American corticolous species of Bacidia and Bacidina by Ekman (in Opera Botanica 127, 1996).

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