Reaction time measures of adaptation to chromatic contrast

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.R.A. PARRY ◽  
I.J. MURRAY ◽  
D.J. McKEEFRY
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Full Recovery ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Chromatic Contrast ◽  
Simple Reaction

Simple reaction times (RTs) were measured to brief temporally blurred (total onset 570 ms) Gaussian isoluminant chromatic patches (s.d. 0.5°) whose chromaticities lay along the cardinal chromatic axes (0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° in MBDKL color space). Bipolar adapting stimuli were employed (0° versus 180° or 90° versus 270°). These were larger Gaussian blobs (s.d. 1°), modulating sinusoidally between the two hues at 1 Hz. Throughout, the background was illuminant “C” (x = 0.31, y = 0.316, L = 12.5). In a single run, a series of 64 or 32 stimuli were presented without adaptation, followed by 64 or 32 stimuli each of which was preceded by 3 s of adaptation, either along the same or the orthogonal chromatic axis. Finally, 192 or 128 RTs were recorded to measure the time course of recovery from adaptation. Both adapting and test stimuli were presented at fixed supra-threshold contrasts. The effect of adaptation was seen as a lengthening of the RT, which occurred in the first few seconds of the adaptation period. After cessation of adaptation, there was a similarly rapid shortening of RT, although full recovery took 60–90 s. Adaptation gain functions suggested that the S-(L + M) system was less prone to adaptation than L-M.

scholarly journals Manipulations of the Response-Stimulus Intervals as a Factor Inducing Controlled Amount of Reaction Time Intra-Individual Variability

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 669
Author(s):  
Paweł Krukow ◽  
Małgorzata Plechawska-Wójcik ◽  
Arkadiusz Podkowiński
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Response Stimulus

Aggrandized fluctuations in the series of reaction times (RTs) are a very sensitive marker of neurocognitive disorders present in neuropsychiatric populations, pathological ageing and in patients with acquired brain injury. Even though it was documented that processing inconsistency founds a background of higher-order cognitive functions disturbances, there is a vast heterogeneity regarding types of task used to compute RT-related variability, which impedes determining the relationship between elementary and more complex cognitive processes. Considering the above, our goal was to develop a relatively new assessment method based on a simple reaction time paradigm, conducive to eliciting a controlled range of intra-individual variability. It was hypothesized that performance variability might be induced by manipulation of response-stimulus interval’s length and regularity. In order to verify this hypothesis, a group of 107 healthy students was tested using a series of digitalized tasks and their results were analyzed using parametric and ex-Gaussian statistics of RTs distributional markers. In general, these analyses proved that intra-individual variability might be evoked by a given type of response-stimulus interval manipulation even when it is applied to the simple reaction time task. Collected outcomes were discussed with reference to neuroscientific concepts of attentional resources and functional neural networks.

scholarly journals Indicators of Targeted Physical Fitness in Judo and Jujutsu—Preliminary Results of Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4347
Author(s):  
Wojciech J. Cynarski ◽  
Jan Słopecki ◽  
Bartosz Dziadek ◽  
Peter Böschen ◽  
Paweł Piepiora
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Martial Art ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Pearson Correlations ◽  
Student’S T Test

(1) Study aim: This is a comparative study for judo and jujutsu practitioners. It has an intrinsic value. The aim of this study was to showcase a comparison of practitioners of judo and a similar martial art jujutsu with regard to manual abilities. The study applied the measurement of simple reaction time in response to a visual stimulus and handgrip measurement. (2) Materials and Methods: The group comprising N = 69 black belts from Poland and Germany (including 30 from judo and 39 from jujutsu) applied two trials: “grasping of Ditrich rod” and dynamometric handgrip measurement. The analysis of the results involved the calculations of arithmetic means, standard deviations, and Pearson correlations. Analysis of the differences (Mann–Whitney U test) and Student’s t-test were also applied to establish statistical differences. (3) Results: In the test involving handgrip measurement, the subjects from Poland (both those practicing judo and jujutsu) gained better results compared to their German counterparts. In the test involving grasping of Ditrich rod, a positive correlation was demonstrated in the group of German judokas between the age and reaction time of the subjects (rxy = 0.66, p < 0.05), as well as in the group of jujutsu subjects between body weight and the reaction time (rxy = 0.49, p < 0.05). A significant and strong correlation between handgrip and weight was also established for the group of German judokas (rxy = 0.75, p < 0.05). In Polish competitors, the correlations were only established between the age and handgrip measurements (rxy = 0.49, p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Simple reaction times in response to visual stimulation were shorter in the subjects practicing the martial art jujutsu. However, the statement regarding the advantage of the judokas in terms of handgrip force was not confirmed by the results.

Influences of Respiratory Cycle on Simple Reaction Time

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 961-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monte Buchsbaum ◽  
Enoch Callaway
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Spontaneous Breathing ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Respiratory Cycle ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Warning Light ◽  
Respiratory Phase ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time ◽  
Phase Data

The effect of respiration on simple auditory reaction time was studied. In the first study, reaction times and respiratory phase data were collected during spontaneous breathing; in Study 2, a warning light signaled S to hold his breath in either inspiration or expiration. Both experiments showed faster reaction times with expiration. This is contradictory to reaction time findings reported by other investigators who have studied effects of respiration.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Recovery Curve for Clinically Assessed Reaction Time After Concussion

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 766-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Del Rossi
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Clinical Measures

Context:  A change in reaction time is one of various clinical measures of neurocognitive function that can be monitored after concussion and has been reported to be among the most sensitive indicators of cognitive impairment. Objective:  To determine the timeline for clinically assessed simple reaction time to return to baseline after a concussion in high school athletes. Design:  Observational study. Setting:  Athletic training room. Patients or Other Participants:  Twenty-one high school-aged volunteers. Intervention(s):  Participants completed 8 trials of the ruler-drop test during each session. Along with baseline measures, a total of 6 additional test sessions were completed over the course of 4 weeks after a concussion (days 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28). Main Outcome Measure(s):  The mean reaction times calculated for all participants from each of the 7 test sessions were analyzed to assess the change in reaction time over the 7 time intervals. Results:  After a concussion and compared with baseline, simple reaction time was, on average, 26 milliseconds slower at 48 to 72 hours postinjury (P &lt; .001), almost 18 milliseconds slower on day 7 (P &lt; .001), and about 9 milliseconds slower on day 10 (P &lt; .001). Simple reaction time did not return to baseline levels until day 14 postinjury. Conclusions:  Clinically assessed simple reaction time appeared to return to baseline levels within a timeframe that mirrors other measures of cognitive performance (approximately 14 days).

Effects of a Timing Signal on Simple Reaction Time with a Rectangular Distribution of Foreperiods

1973 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Requin ◽  
Marilyn Granjon ◽  
Henri Durup ◽  
Guy Reynard
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Rectangular Distribution ◽  
Simple Rt

It was hypothesized that the time course of preparation during a variable interstimulus interval (ISI) of a simple reaction time (RT) experiment was partly determined by the subjective distribution of conditional probabilities of the executive signal (ES). Sixty subjects performed a simple auditory RT task with various ranges of six ISI durations organized in rectangular frequency distributions. In order to give the subjects information about elapsed time during ISI, a recurring time-marking click, the periodicity of which was varied, was introduced during the ISI in one of the three series of trials each subject performed. A strong decreasing RT–-ISI relationship was observed supporting the main hypothesis. However, a clear increase of mean RT over all ISIs combined, was also found. Because these two mixed effects were greatest when the click intervened at the possible times of ES occurrence only, three functions of time-information given by the click are discussed: (a) a reduction of the usual increase of time estimation error with increased ISI; (b) an increase of the subjects knowledge of the ISI range resulting from the discontinuity of the time-marking click which makes easier a discrete time-intervals numbering process; (c) a change of the simple-RT task into a discrimination task.

Study of Neuromotor Reaction Times under the Influence of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 627-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Repperger ◽  
Tom Jennings ◽  
James Jacobson ◽  
Norman Michel ◽  
Chuck Goodyear ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Decision Choice

Neuromotor reaction times (simple, choice, and decision) were measured when Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was administered intravenously to nine healthy men in a double-blind study. Measurements were made of simple reaction time, choice reaction time, and decision time for each subject at various intervals over a 54-hr. period. Given the observed inherent interaction of the drug with the long time used (54 hr.), most analyses were conducted across separate time epochs. Injected subjects showed inhibition in the normal improvement of simple reaction time (which occurs with practice), and they reduced the time required to make a decision. Choice reaction time, however, remained unchanged across the drug-nondrug experimental conditions.

Simple Reaction Times and Timing of Serial Reactions of Adolescents with Mental Retardation, Autism, and down Syndrome

1995 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Inui ◽  
Masah Yamanishi ◽  
Shinji Tada
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Adolescents With Autism

The purpose of this study was to examine the serial information processing in adolescents with mental retardation, autism, and Down syndrome by using a serially patterned tracking task. Analyses indicated that 7 adolescents with mental retardation, 8 with autism, and 3 with Down syndrome had significantly slower and more variable simple reaction times than did 10 college students. Also, the autistic adolescents had significantly faster mean simple reaction time than those with Down syndrome. On a task of tracking serial light stimulation, mentally retarded adolescents had significantly faster reaction time than college students. The autistic subjects excessively had faster anticipatory reaction times than did the subjects in the other three groups. On the other hand, adolescents with Down syndrome had markedly slower and more variable reaction times than did adolescents with non-Down-syndrome mental retardation. As for motor organization of keystrokes on the tracking task, mentally retarded adolescents responded with six movements, in which these individuals pressed a series of keys 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, as a chunk, as exhibited by college students. Adolescents with autism and Down syndrome, however, did not produce this movement-output chunking.

Gamma oscillations are involved in the sensorimotor transformation of pain

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 1025-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Schulz ◽  
Laura Tiemann ◽  
Viktor Witkovsky ◽  
Paul Schmidt ◽  
Markus Ploner
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Sensorimotor Transformation ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
The Relationship

Pain signals threat and initiates motor responses to avoid harm. The transformation of pain into a motor response is thus an essential part of pain. Here, we investigated the neural mechanisms subserving the sensorimotor transformation of pain at the cortical level by using electroencephalography. In a simple reaction time experiment, brief painful stimuli were delivered to the left hand of healthy human subjects who responded with button presses of the right hand. The results show that the simple reaction time task was associated with neuronal responses at delta/theta, alpha/beta, and gamma frequencies. The analysis of the relationship between neuronal activity and response speed revealed that gamma oscillations, which were temporally coupled to the painful stimuli, but not temporally coupled to the motor response, predicted reaction times. Lateralization of gamma oscillations indicates that they originate from motor areas rather than from sensory areas. We conclude that gamma oscillations are involved in the sensorimotor transformation of pain whose efficiency they reflect. We hypothesize that the relationship between stimulus-locked gamma oscillations and reaction times reflects a direct thalamo-motor route of nociceptive information that is central to the biological function of pain.

The Interaction of Oxypertine and Ethyl Alcohol on Balance and Reaction Time

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
G T Adamson ◽  
G B Hill
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Male Volunteers ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Subject Comparison

Six male volunteers were involved in a within-subject comparison of the effects of small doses of alcohol with either 20 mg of oxypertine or an identical dummy capsule on two simple reaction times, eye-hand and eye-foot, and a balance test of neuromuscular co-ordination.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document