Marc D. Hauser (1996). The evolution of communication. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Pp. xiii+760.

Phonology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
William H. Ham ◽  
Abigail C. Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Tuning Curves ◽  
Perceived Need ◽  
Contentious Issue ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sexual Selection Theory ◽  
Evolution Of Communication

This volume impressively synthesises vast literatures from the fields of linguistics, bioacoustics, psychology, neurobiology, evolutionary biology, ethology and anthropology, and in the process raises a number of provocative questions regarding the contentious issue of human language origins. Because the book is so far-reaching, both in terms of the breadth of communicative phenomena which it covers and the depth in which it discusses them, a short review such as the present one can only scratch the surface of the wealth of information and ideas which it contains.This book was written to fill a perceived need for a text covering a wide range of issues in comparative communication, for which it is certainly well suited. Those interested in the production and perception of auditory and visual signals, as well as in issues as diverse as evolutionary biology and cognitive psychology, will find it an easily readable – or browseable – piece of work. As Hauser notes, he has ‘attempted to write a book that is aimed primarily at the expert while being useful to those wishing to pick out pieces...for undergraduate and graduate instruction’ (p. 14). The book is successful along both lines. It is extremely well organised and well indexed, making it easy to select case studies relevant to specific communicative phenomena (e.g. audition, vocalisation, acquisition, signed languages, etc.) or particular species (humans, monkeys, anurans, birds, etc.). Particularly useful are the large number of graphics and illustrations, as well as conceptual ‘boxes’ which succinctly summarise key concepts or theoretical perspectives which may be unfamiliar to some readers (e.g. statistical information theory, neural tuning curves, source-filter theory and sexual selection theory, to name just a few).

Geographic Variation in Behavior

1999 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Behavioral Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Wide Range

Studies of animal behavior often assume that all members of a species exhibit the same behavior. Geographic Variation in Behavior shows that, on the contrary, there is substantional variation within species across a wide range of taxa. Including work from pioneers in the field, this volume provides a balanced overview of research on behavioral characteristics that vary geographically. The authors explore the mechanisms by which behavioral differences evolve and examine related methodological issues. Taken together, the work collected here demonstrates that genetically based geographic variation may be far more widespread than previously suspected. The book also shows how variation in behavior can illuminate both behavioral evolution and general evolutionary patterns. Unique among books on behavior in its emphasis on geographic variation, this volume is a valuable new resource for students and researchers in animal behavior and evolutionary biology.

scholarly journals Autoethnography: Writing Lives and Telling Stories

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Bal Chandra Luitel ◽  
Niroj Dahal
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Teacher Education ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Climate Change Education ◽  
Narrative Representations ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Social Theories

Autoethnography covers a wide range of narrative representations, thereby bridging the gap of the boundaries by expressing autoethnographers’ painful and gainful lived experiences. These representations arise from local stories, vignettes, dialogues, and role plays by unfolding action, reaction, and interaction in the form of self-narration. Likewise, the autoethnographic texts must exhibit the autoethnographers’ critical reflections on the overall process of the inquiry. These exhibitions shall alert the autoethnographers’ research ethics, reflexivity, alternative modes of representation, inquiry, and storytelling. The original articles in this issue that rises from the domain of critical social theories within the various ranges of theoretical perspectives include journeying through informing, reforming, and transforming teacher education; critical ethnographic research tradition; a critical and political reading of the excerpts of myths; climate change education and its interface with indigenous knowledge and general traits of the participants as transformed teachers.

scholarly journals Cell Death and Survival Pathways Involving ATM Protein Kinase

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1581
Author(s):  
Toshihiko Aki ◽  
Koichi Uemura
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Genotoxic Stress ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Cellular Protection ◽  
Cellular Survival ◽  
Cell Death Pathways ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Atm Protein

Cell death is the ultimate form of cellular dysfunction, and is induced by a wide range of stresses including genotoxic stresses. During genotoxic stress, two opposite cellular reactions, cellular protection through DNA repair and elimination of damaged cells by the induction of cell death, can occur in both separate and simultaneous manners. ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) kinase (hereafter referred to as ATM) is a protein kinase that plays central roles in the induction of cell death during genotoxic stresses. It has long been considered that ATM mediates DNA damage-induced cell death through inducing apoptosis. However, recent research progress in cell death modality is now revealing ATM-dependent cell death pathways that consist of not only apoptosis but also necroptosis, ferroptosis, and dysfunction of autophagy, a cellular survival mechanism. In this short review, we intend to provide a brief outline of cell death mechanisms in which ATM is involved, with emphasis on pathways other than apoptosis.

scholarly journals Effects of Curcumin on Vessel Formation Insight into the Pro- and Antiangiogenesis of Curcumin

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-ye Wang ◽  
Jia-xu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Dual Effect ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Insight Into

Curcumin is a compound extracted from the Curcuma longa L, which possesses a wide range of pharmacological effects. However, few studies have collected scientific evidence on its dual effect on angiogenesis. The present review gathered the fragmented information available in the literature to discuss the dual effect and possible mechanisms of curcumin on angiogenesis. Available information concerning the effect of curcumin on angiogenesis is compiled from scientific databases, including PubMed and Web of Science using the key term (curcumin and angiogenesis). The results were reviewed to identify relevant articles. Related literature demonstrated that curcumin has antiangiogenesis effect via regulating multiple factors, including proangiogenesis factor VEGF, MMPs, and FGF, both in vivo and in vitro, and could promote angiogenesis under certain circumstances via these factors. This paper provided a short review on bidirectional action of curcumin, which should be useful for further study and application of this compound that require further studies.

scholarly journals Testing repeatability, measurement error and species differentiation when using geometric morphometrics on complex shapes: a case study of Patagonian lizards of the genus Liolaemus (Squamata: Liolaemini)

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 800-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Vrdoljak ◽  
Kevin Imanol Sanchez ◽  
Roberto Arreola-Ramos ◽  
Emilce Guadalupe Diaz Huesa ◽  
Alejandro Villagra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Operator Error ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Sources Of Variation

Abstract The repeatability of findings is the key factor behind scientific reliability, and the failure to reproduce scientific findings has been termed the ‘replication crisis’. Geometric morphometrics is an established tool in evolutionary biology. However, different operators (and/or different methods) could act as large sources of variation in the data obtained. Here, we investigated inter-operator error in geometric morphometric protocols on complex shapes of Liolaemus lizards, as well as measurement error in three taxa varying in their difficulty of digitalization. We also examined the potential for these protocols to discriminate among complex shapes in closely related species. We found a wide range of inter-operator error, contributing between 19.5% and 60% to the total variation. Moreover, measurement error increased with the complexity of the quantified shape. All protocols were able to discriminate between species, but the use of more landmarks did not imply better performance. We present evidence that complex shapes reduce repeatability, highlighting the need to explore different sources of variation that could lead to such low repeatability. Lastly, we suggest some recommendations to improve the repeatability and reliability of geometric morphometrics results.

Ontologies for Education and Learning Design

2011 ◽  
pp. 1278-1282
Author(s):  
Manuel Lama ◽  
Eduardo Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Learning Objectives ◽  
Learning Design ◽  
Dublin Core ◽  
Teaching Resources ◽  
Metadata Standards ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Software Platforms ◽  
Learning Software

In the last years, the growing of the Internet have opened the door to new ways of learning and education methodologies. Furthermore, the appearance of different tools and applications has increased the need for interoperable as well as reusable learning contents, teaching resources and educational tools (Wiley, 2000). Driven by this new environment, several metadata specifications describing learning resources, such as IEEE LOM (LTCS, 2002) or Dublin Core (DCMI, 2004), and learning design processes (Rawlings et al., 2002) have appeared. In this context, the term learning design is used to describe the method that enables learners to achieve learning objectives after a set of activities are carried out using the resources of an environment. From the proposed specifications, the IMS (IMS, 2003) has emerged as the de facto standard that facilitates the representation of any learning design that can be based on a wide range of pedagogical techniques. The metadata specifications are useful solutions to describe educational resources in order to favour the interoperability and reuse between learning software platforms. However, the majority of the metadata standards are just focused on determining the vocabulary to represent the different aspects of the learning process, while the meaning of the metadata elements is usually described in natural language. Although this description is easy to understand for the learning participants, it is not appropriate for software programs designed to process the metadata. To solve this issue, ontologies (Gómez-Pérez, Fernández-López, and Corcho, 2004) could be used to describe formally and explicitly the structure and meaning of the metadata elements; that is, an ontology would semantically describe the metadata concepts. Furthermore, both metadata and ontologies emphasize that its description must be shared (or standardized) for a given community. In this paper, we present a short review of the main ontologies developed in last years in the Education field, focusing on the use that authors have given to the ontologies. As we will show, ontologies solve issues related with the inconsistencies of using natural language descriptions and with the consensous for managing the semantics of a given specification.

scholarly journals ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF PIPERIDINE CONTAINING COMPOUNDS-A SHORT REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Manjusha R K ◽  
Shaheen Begum ◽  
Arifa Begum ◽  
Bharathi K
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Heterocyclic Ring ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Antioxidant Profile ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Privileged Scaffold ◽  
Candidate Molecule

Piperidine is a saturated heterocyclic ring, considered as a privileged scaffold in view of its role in wide range of biological activities. Piperidine is good candidate molecule for obtaining potent antioxidant agents. The planar nature of this heterocyclic nucleus allows the introduction of substituent groups at different positions on the ring. In the present review, the antioxidant profile of piperidine containing compounds has been focused. The compounds were classified into naturally occurring piperidines, unsaturated piperidines, N-substituted piperidines, piperamides, piperanols, piperidine oximes, and hydrazides.

scholarly journals Polymorphism at a mimicry supergene maintained by opposing frequency-dependent selection pressures

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (31) ◽  
pp. 8325-8329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Chouteau ◽  
Violaine Llaurens ◽  
Florence Piron-Prunier ◽  
Mathieu Joron
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Wing Pattern ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Conservation Medicine ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Adaptive Diversity

Explaining the maintenance of adaptive diversity within populations is a long-standing goal in evolutionary biology, with important implications for conservation, medicine, and agriculture. Adaptation often leads to the fixation of beneficial alleles, and therefore it erodes local diversity so that understanding the coexistence of multiple adaptive phenotypes requires deciphering the ecological mechanisms that determine their respective benefits. Here, we show how antagonistic frequency-dependent selection (FDS), generated by natural and sexual selection acting on the same trait, maintains mimicry polymorphism in the toxic butterfly Heliconius numata. Positive FDS imposed by predators on mimetic signals favors the fixation of the most abundant and best-protected wing-pattern morph, thereby limiting polymorphism. However, by using mate-choice experiments, we reveal disassortative mate preferences of the different wing-pattern morphs. The resulting negative FDS on wing-pattern alleles is consistent with the excess of heterozygote genotypes at the supergene locus controlling wing-pattern variation in natural populations of H. numata. The combined effect of positive and negative FDS on visual signals is sufficient to maintain a diversity of morphs displaying accurate mimicry with other local prey, although some of the forms only provide moderate protection against predators. Our findings help understand how alternative adaptive phenotypes can be maintained within populations and emphasize the need to investigate interactions between selective pressures in other cases of puzzling adaptive polymorphism.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Carter ◽  
Maryanne L. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Operational Sex Ratio ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Female Competition ◽  
Mate Poaching ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mate Copying

This handbook has presented a wide range of theoretical perspectives on the motivations, attitudes, and behaviors involved in female competition. Using a metatheoretical framework, the contributors have examined how, when, and why women compete. This conclusion articulates the book’s main themes, beginning with evidence regarding women as active, competitive individuals and the value of mating information, addressing topics such as women’s competitive choices regarding mate copying, mate poaching, and mate retention. It then considers the role of intrasexual aggression in adolescence in relation to dating and reproduction, the importance of Operational Sex Ratio (OSR) to female competition, the concept of cooperative mothering or allomothering, and infanticide. It also discusses women as competitors in both traditional and novel social arenas as well as the role of women’s physiology in their competitive behaviors. Finally, it suggests directions for future research on topics that warrant further scrutiny.

scholarly journals mTOR Signaling at the Crossroad between Metazoan Regeneration and Human Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Lund-Ricard ◽  
Patrick Cormier ◽  
Julia Morales ◽  
Agnès Boutet
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Mtor Pathway ◽  
Mtor Signaling ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Structure Damage ◽  
Wide Range

A major challenge in medical research resides in controlling the molecular processes of tissue regeneration, as organ and structure damage are central to several human diseases. A survey of the literature reveals that mTOR (mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin) is involved in a wide range of regeneration mechanisms in the animal kingdom. More particularly, cellular processes such as growth, proliferation, and differentiation are controlled by mTOR. In addition, autophagy, stem cell maintenance or the newly described intermediate quiescence state, Galert, imply upstream monitoring by the mTOR pathway. In this review, we report the role of mTOR signaling in reparative regenerations in different tissues and body parts (e.g., axon, skeletal muscle, liver, epithelia, appendages, kidney, and whole-body), and highlight how the mTOR kinase can be viewed as a therapeutic target to boost organ repair. Studies in this area have focused on modulating the mTOR pathway in various animal models to elucidate its contribution to regeneration. The diversity of metazoan species used to identify the implication of this pathway might then serve applied medicine (in better understanding what is required for efficient treatments in human diseases) but also evolutionary biology. Indeed, species-specific differences in mTOR modulation can contain the keys to appreciate why certain regeneration processes have been lost or conserved in the animal kingdom.

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