Change without change

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Naro ◽  
Edair Görski ◽  
Eulália Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Surface Distribution ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The People ◽  
Popular Speech ◽  
Determining Factor

Brazilian Portuguese possesses two forms used as 1st person plural pronouns: nós and a gente, both meaning ‘we’. The form nós has always been pronominal, whereas a gente is derived diachronically from the noun phrase a gente ‘the people’. In accord with this historical evolution, the standard language prefers the use of the 1st plural verb desinence -mos with nós, as in nós falamos ‘we speak’ or ‘we spoke’. The 3rd person desinence 0 is reserved for a gente, giving a gente fala ‘we speak’ as the preferred form. In popular speech both nós fala and a gente falamos are used frequently. We examine the use of these variable forms across four generations in Rio de Janeiro. In the older generations, phonic salience is the principal controlling factor for both nós and a gente. Since preterit desinences are stressed more frequently than present desinences, this induces a biased surface distribution, with -mos occurring more frequently with past tense reference. Nonetheless, for older speakers tense does not play a statistically significant role. In younger speakers, tense becomes statistically significant as a determining factor in the use of the desinences, with preterit favoring -mos for both subject forms. So far, there has been no change in the grammar itself, but the locus of determination of the use of -mos seems to have shifted from saliency to tense across the generations. One can speculate that some time in the future -mos may become a preterit marker.

The Role of Frequency in First-Person Plural Variation in Brazilian Portuguese: Nós vs. a gente

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Travis ◽  
Agripino S. Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
First Person ◽  
Second Person ◽  
High Type ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The People ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
First Person Plural

AbstractThis paper investigates the conditioning of the variation between two first-person plural forms in contemporary spoken Brazilian Portuguese, an older pronoun nós used with first-person plural agreement and a newer pronoun a gente, derived from an NP meaning ‘the people’, used with third-person singular agreement. This is part of a broader change in the language involving the breakdown of verbal agreement as third-person marking extends to the domains of first- and second-person. We consider the conditioning of use of these forms in spoken Brazilian Portuguese from Fortaleza and uncover a phenomenon that as yet has not been noted in relation to this variation, namely frequency. We find that the high type frequency of a gente contributes to the spreading use of this form, and the high token frequency of nós in specific constructions slows it down. We predict that these highly frequent constructions (such as nos temos ‘we have’, digamos ‘let’s say’ and vamos + V-INF ‘let’s V’) may remain a last vestige of nós in Brazilian Portuguese as a gente comes to take over the realm of first-person plural.

Characterization of the Serum a1-Antitripsine Level in Primary Spontaneous Pneumotorax Patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2591-2593
Author(s):  
Cristina Grigorescu ◽  
Liviu Ciprian Gavril ◽  
Laura Gavril ◽  
Tiberiu Lunguleac ◽  
Bogdan Mihnea Ciuntu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Level ◽  
Pulmonary Emphysema ◽  
Spontaneous Pneumothorax ◽  
Antitrypsin Deficiency ◽  
Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency ◽  
Alpha 1 Antitrypsin ◽  
Determining Factor

Diagnosis of primary or idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax is one of exclusion, and in fact defines an entity that may have a difficult or impossible cause to be highlighted by current means, we consider it appropriate to study these etiopathogenic aspects. There is a definite association between alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and pulmonary emphysema and indirect spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to an emphysematous pulmonary lesion. Dose of alpha-1 antitrypsin is an immunoturbinimetric method for in vitro determination of alpha-1 antitrypsin in human serum and plasma. This product is calibrated to be used for the Daytona RX analyzer. The serum level of alpha-1-antitrypsin is not a determining factor in the postoperative evolution characterized by the interval until air loss disappears, but certainly exerts some influence, the exact level of which remains to be determined.

scholarly journals PENYELESAIAN KONFLIK PERTANAHAN PADA KAWASAN PARIWISATA LOMBOK (STUDI KASUS TANAH TERLANTAR DI GILI TRAWANGAN LOMBOK)

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainal Asikin
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Land Dispute ◽  
The People ◽  
Agrarian Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lombok Island

This research is aimed at exploring an appropriate solution for various conflicts in land use, particularly in optimizing the utilization of the neglected land in Gili Terawangan, Lombok Island.  This solution is required to avoid potential horizontal conflicts among people, companies and government since 1993. Conflict over land in Lombok Island in general and Gili Terawangan particularly shows several factors; first, the wrong policy in the area of land (especially in tourist areas); second, the infirm attitude of the Party and the Government Land Office in the enforcement of laws; third, the jealousy of Gili Terawangan natives as cultivators; fourth, less responsibility employers (who acquire cultivating right); fifth, the absence of law protection for Gili Terawangan natives; sixth, the arrogant attitude of law enforcement officers. The comprehensive and final resolution to the conflicts of land use could only be achieved if: (i) the people, who already control and use or manage the land from time to time, are provided certainty on managing and optimizing the land based on the principles of welfare, justice, equity, efficiency and sustainability; (ii) the selection and determination of the companies that will be granted the right to cultivate (HGU) and the right to build (HGB) should be conducted based on the transparent principle. In this respect, the government could establish an independent team that involves all components of society and higher education.Key words: land dispute, tourism area, agrarian law.

scholarly journals Determination of factor Xa inhibition doses of low-molecular heparin, nadroparin and reviparin in urological patients

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 538-542
Author(s):  
Svetlana Pavlovic ◽  
Sladjana Zivkovic ◽  
Goran Koracevic
Keyword(s):  
Factor Xa ◽  
Surgical Operation ◽  
Moderate Risk ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Nadroparin Calcium ◽  
The People ◽  
Factor Xa Inhibition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Higher Doses

Background/Aim. The inhibition of factor Xa (FX) by the use of low-molecular heparin (LMH) is important clinical procedure in patients with moderate and high risk for the developament of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and pulmonary embolism (PE). The aim of this study was to determine the level of inhibition of FXa by the use of prophylactic doses of LMH nadroparin-calcium and reviparine-sodium which were applied in urological patients with moderate risk for VTE and PE. Methods. The examination included 80 urological patients divided into 4 groups after urological, uroradiological and anesthesiological preoperative preparation and categorization of anesthesiological risk according to the ASA III classification. The first two groups, of 20 patients each, received the recommended doses of LMH in accordance with the preoperative risk, and an inhibition of FXa 48 hours after the surgical operation and four hours after the administration of LMH was determined. Heptest and homogenous anti-Xa test were used for monitoring of FXa inhibition. Since the obtained anti-Xa values were not satisfactory, two more groups were formed and given double the recommended doses. In these new groups, inhibition of FXa was in recommended range. Standard descriptive statistical parameters were used for describing the charateristics of the people from the formed groups. Results. All the patients examined were clinically estimated as patients of moderate risk, for VTE and PE. There were no statistically singificant difference in body weight of the patients who received nadroparin-calcium 0.3 ml and reviparine-sodium 0.25 ml and those who received their double doses, respectively. The level of FXa inhibition in the group in which the dose of nadroparin-calcium of 0.6 ml was applied was statistically significantly higher than in the group which received the dose of 0.3 ml (Mann-Whitney U test: Z = 5.416; p < 0.0001). The level of FXa in the group given reviparine-sodium 0.5 ml was significantly higher than in the group which received the half of this dose (Mann-Whitney U test: Z = 5.416; p < 0.0001). This research did not confirm a statistically significant difference in the levels of FXa inhibition in patients who received nadroparincalcium as VTE and PE prophilaxis in the dose of 0.6 ml and those who received reviparin-sodium 0.5 ml (in two doses of 0.25 ml) (Mann-Whitney U test: Z = 0.163; p > 0.05). Conclusion. According to biochemical monitoring, the recommended doses of LMH are insufficient for the prophylactic inhibition of FXa in urological pateints with moderate risk for VTE and PE, so the higher doses which inhibit FXa are recommended. .

scholarly journals ARAH BARU KAJIAN TAFSIR: KAJIAN METODOLOGI PENELITIAN AKSIN WIJAYA DALAM KARYANYA SEJARAH KENABIAN PERSPEKTIF TAFSIR NUZULI MUHAMMAD IZZAT DARWAZAH

QOF ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-174
Author(s):  
Cholid Ma'arif
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
The People ◽  
Four Books ◽  
Interpretation Method ◽  
The Ideal

Abstrak This paper will explore aspects of research methodology of exegesis written by Aksin Wijaya related to methods nuzuli ala Muhammad Izzat Darwazah. For that, the focus of this discussion is the methodology of his research in his own book of under title Sejarah Kenabian Dalam Perspektif Tafsir Nuzuli Muhammad Izzat Darwazah, finding out how people review mufassir. Specifically, the methodical determination of the previous his experienced has moved soon of orientation from the critical to the descriptive while facing of four books, namely: Tafsir al Hadith, 'Ashr al Nabiy wa Biatuhu Qabla al Bi'tsah, Sirah al Rasul; Suwar Muqtabasah min al Qur'an, and ad Dustur al Qur'an fi Su'uni al Hayat works of thinkers and historians. From his reading, he at least analyzes his views into two important parts, namely; 1) the interpretation method of nuzuli and the ideal concept it contains, 2) it then draws it into the realm of pre-Islamic, personal and family life of the prophet Muhammad, to the condition of the people of prophetic era through the perspective of nuzuli Izzat Darwazah exegesis. According to the reviewer, there are other research elements in writing the work of the exegesis, namely some models of research methods of interpretation at once, such as: comparative research, character research, and thematic-nuzuli research. Whereas although placed more as an overview of nuzuli interpretation, at least he invites readers, especially in Indonesia to re-read the tafsir nuzuli treasury and see which is as worthy to be developed in the turats of Islam Nusantara. Abstrak Tulisan ini hendak menelusuri aspek metodologi penelitian tafsir yang dilakukan oleh Dr. Aksin Wijaya terkait metode nuzuli ala Muhammad Izzat Darwazah. Untuk itu, fokus dari pembahasan ini adalah tentang metodologi penelitiannya dalam buku berjudul Sejarah Kenabian Dalam Perspektif Tafsir Nuzuli Muhammad Izzat Darwazah untuk mengetahui bagaimana orang mengkaji mufassir. Dimana secara khusus mulai penentuan metodis dari sebelumnya ia mengalami pergeseran orientasi dari kritis ke deskriptif dalam menghadapi empat kitab hasil perburuannya, yaitu: Tafsir al Hadits, ‘Ashr al Nabiy wa Biatuhu Qabla al Bi’tsah, Sirah al Rasul; Suwar Muqtabasah min al Qur’an, dan ad Dustur al Qur’an fi Su’uni al Hayat karya tokoh pemikir dan sejarawan. Dari pembacaannya tersebut, ia setidaknya menganalisa pandangannya menjadi dua bagian penting, yaitu; 1) metode tafsir nuzuli dan konsep ideal yang dikandungnya, 2) kemudian ia menariknya ke ranah kehidupan masyarakat pra-islam, pribadi dan keluarga nabi Muhammad saw, hingga kondisi masyarakat era kenabian melalui perspektif tafsir nuzuli Izzat Darwazah. Pun demikian, menurut penulis ada unsur penelitian lain dalam penulisan karya Aksin tersebut, yaitu beberapa model metode penelitian tafsir sekaligus, seperti: penelitian perbandingan, penelitian tokoh, dan penelitian tematik-nuzuli. Dimana walaupun diletakkan lebih sebagai gambaran umum tafsir nuzuli, setidaknya ia mengajak pembaca khususnya di Indonesia untuk meneelaah kembali khazanah tafsir nuzuli dan memandang mana yang sekira layak untuk dikembangkan dalam turats Islam ke-Indonesia-an.

scholarly journals Strengthening the Marine Defense Strategy of Lanal Banten Area through Empowerment of the Traffic Separation Scheme in the Sunda Strait

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Rachmad ◽  
Suhirwan ◽  
Ansori Zaini ◽  
Ernalem Bangun ◽  
Lukman Yudho Prakos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Separation Scheme ◽  
Special Operations ◽  
Defense Strategy ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
Archipelago Sea ◽  
The People ◽  
Malacca Strait

Indonesia as an archipelagic country is gifted by God with a geographical location between two continents and also two oceans, making Indonesia's position very strategic. In accordance with UNCLOS 1982, as an archipelagic country, Indonesia has an obligation to provide a shipping route called ALKI (Indonesian Archipelago Sea Channel). ALKI 1 stretches from the Malacca Strait to the Sunda Strait. The Sunda Strait as one of the busy shipping lanes is vulnerable to various forms of threats. To ensure the safety of shipping in the Sunda Strait, the TSS of the Sunda Strait is designated as a shipping lane separating channel. With the determination of the TSS of the Sunda Strait, shipping using the Sunda Strait will be increasingly crowded, this will pose an even greater threat. The purpose of this study was to analyze the strengthening of the marine defense strategy in the Sunda Strait carried out by Lanal Banten by utilizing the TSS of the Sunda Strait. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research using the theory of policy implementation from Van Meter Van Horn and strategy theory from Lykke. The results of the study indicate that the lack of facilities and infrastructure and the absence of a special operation carried out by the Indonesian Navy to secure the Sunda Strait, so that the implementation of strengthening the marine defense strategy in the Sunda Strait has not been optimal. There needs to be support for facilities and infrastructure as well as support for special operations in the Sunda Strait to strengthen the maritime defense strategy in the Sunda Strait and the participation of the people around the Sunda Strait.

scholarly journals Ideological Diversity and Birth Control Differentials in Pakistan: A Study of Islamabad

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-420
Author(s):  
Sajid Mahmood Awan
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Age Factors ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
The People ◽  
Grave Problem ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Determining Factor

Population explosion was not a grave problem in the early days of Islam or in the period of Islamic legislation. Thus, no explicit negation or affirmation of it is available either in the religious texts or in the religious jurisprudence or law. That is why presently the ulema from both the ends  the opponents as well as the proponents of family planning, extract some selective Quranic verses, Ahadith and inferences of jurisprudence in favour of their respective viewpoints. Such diverging views have made the future of family planning programmes doubtful in Pakistan. With this background, the present study shows that in the contemporary situation, it is solely the individual who makes the final decision about approving or disapproving family planning. This decision-making process is influenced by the personal attributes of the practitioners. In order to evaluate these attributes, the researcher has attempted to analyze and highlight the perception of family planning by Muslim residents of Islamabad i.e. the Capital city of Pakistan. The people surveyed are predominantly from different social, geographical and economic backgrounds and from different religious callings, along the sectarian continuum. The researcher’s task has thus been to observe the responses and to point out whether the objective variables i.e. geographical, income and class, occupation and age factors etc. are more significantly associated with knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning or the subjective variables like religion and sect appear to be more important determining factor of family planning practice in a traditional society like that of Pakistan.

scholarly journals Fitness Center Design with Natural Shapes and Forms Approach in Surabaya

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Pande Putu Dwi Novigga Artha
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Fitness Center ◽  
The People ◽  
Physical And Psychological Health ◽  
Special Approach ◽  
The City

Density of Surabaya city affects the physical and psychological health of the people. Productive activities accompanied by a dense environment mean that people rarely have time to exercise. To increase the awareness and interest of the people of the city of Surabaya to exercise, it is necessary to have a sports facility with a special approach. Biophilic theory, especially the natural shapes and form approach, can be a solution to these problems. The return of nature's essence into the building can provide positive benefits for human physical and physical health. Previous research has discussed the determination of fitness center design criteria with the natural shapes and forms approach in Surabaya. In this follow-up journal, we will discuss the final result or application of the design criteria into an architectural work. The design method used is the force based framework method. The force in the design of this building in addition to the surrounding natural environment is the natural perception of the community which is transformed into architectural forms. It aims to increase interest in training and restoring the user's physical and psychological health without having to go far out of town to look for nature.

scholarly journals Raising of argumental noun phrase in Brazilian Portuguese under the functional perspective: preliminary results

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 3729-3741
Author(s):  
Gustavo Silva Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Functional Perspective

Alçamento é definido na literatura como a codificação de sintagma nominal (SN) argumento do predicado encaixado aos limites do predicado da oração matriz, com o qual contrai relações morfossintáticas; são preservadas, assim, as relações semânticas do SN alçado com o predicado encaixado, mas há uma quebra na sua relação morfossintática (NOONAN, 2007). A partir de diferentes tipos de alçamento expressos em diferentes línguas (NOONAN, 2007; GÁRCIA VELASCO, 2013), este trabalho tem como objetivo extrair propriedades relevantes para a descrição de um tipo específico de Alçamento no Português Brasileiro (PB): Alçamento de Sujeito a Sujeito (ASS).

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