IBN BĀJJA AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCIENCES IN AL-ANDALUS

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIQUEL FORCADA
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Ibn Rushd ◽  
Philosophical Background ◽  
Ibn Tufayl ◽  
Ibn Hazm

Coinciding with the scientific flourishing of the 5th / 11th century, which was favoured by the cultural policy of the Andalusī kingdoms ( mulūk al-tawā'if ), Abū ‘ Umar ibn ‘ Abd al-Barr, Ibn Hazm and Sā‘ id al-Andalusī all dealt with the classification of the sciences in many works that are already known. Ibn Bājja began his career at the end of this period. In his glosses to al-Fārābī’s commentary to the Isagoge he wrote a text on this subject that has not yet been analysed. The present paper studies Ibn Bājja's classification in connection with his predecessors and with the scientific and philosophical background of Andalusī culture. In their classifications of the sciences, all these authors express and stress important factors of the evolution of Andalusī science and thought, such as the dialectic between religious and rational sciences and the importance of the scientific method derived from Aristotle's logic. Sā‘ id al-Andalusī and Ibn Bājja ( and, to a lesser extent, Ibn Hazm ) show the profound influence exerted by al-Fārābī’s works, particularly the Ihsā' al-‘ ulūm. Thus, Ibn Bājja foreshadows the evolution of sciences in the next century and the movement headed by Ibn Rushd, Ibn Tufayl and others, characterized by the search for concordance with the postulates set forth by philosophical disciplines.

KONTRIBUSI UMAYYAH ANDALUSIA DALAM PENGEMBANGAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN

2020 ◽  
pp. 225-244
Author(s):  
Irwan Supriadin J
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
European Society ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Ibn Rushd ◽  
Umayyad Dynasty ◽  
Gathering Place ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Art Experts ◽  
Ibn Hazm

The Andalusian Umayyad dynasty was a continuation of the Damascus Umayyad which was destroyed on the Iberian peninsula, the entry of Islam in Andalusia was first brought by the commander Tharif bin Malik at the suggestion of Musa bin Nushair to the Caliph al-Walid. After conquering Christian kingdoms in almost all regions of Andalusia, the rulers of the Umayyad dynasty focused their attention on the development of science and science which made big names like Ibn Rushd, Ibn Firnas and Ibn Hazm. The Andalusian rulers opened the palace doors as wide as possible for discussion activities, provided laboratories and made the palace a gathering place for art experts and writers from all over to pour works and artistic creations. The government's attention to scientists made Andalusia a beacon of civilization at a time when European society lived in darkness and ignorance. The progress that was made during the Umayyad Andalusian era which would later inspire the birth of the Renaissance era which was marked by the industrial revolution in Europe.

Urban sculpture and cultural code of Volgograd in the context of branding the territory

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
Антон Шипицин ◽  
Anton Shipitsin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
Social Advertising ◽  
The City ◽  
Real Assets

The sculpture and monuments of Volgograd are discussed in the article as cultural and symbolic objects expressing the local identity and the defining image of the city, and also as resources for branding areas. Field studies and analysis of publications in print and electronic media showed that in the period from 2006 to 2016. in Volgograd, it was installed about 50 different sculptural forms and art objects – sculptures, memorials, monuments, small architectural forms. The author carried out a content analysis of the sculptural text and made the classification of monuments installed over the last 10 years. There were identified dominant themes and motifs, proving the irreducibility of the identity of Volgograd to a common denominator with a predominance of heroic discourse of the Soviet past. Specific examples show that the development of object environment of Volgograd clarifies three main trends: the assertion of the identity of the city-hero, stream professional-corporate symbols, representation of the images of the pre-Soviet past, first of all, an appeal to the history and culture of Tsaritsyn. The empirical material of Volgograd highlights the key functions of modern urban sculptures and monuments: monumental, memorial, axiological, aesthetic, social, advertising, entertainment, cultural and educational. It’s stated that creation and promotion of a positive image of Volgograd as a modern city of cultural innovations is difficult in the absence of a developed strategy of cultural policy aimed at the use of intelligent, creative, real assets and the search for alterna- tive symbolic models.

AL-FĀRĀBĪ'S LOST COMMENTARY ON THE ETHICS: NEW TEXTUAL EVIDENCE

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaim Meir Neria
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Ibn Rushd ◽  
Ibn Tufayl ◽  
Active Intellect ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractAl-Fārābī's lost commentary on Aristotle's Ethica Nicomachea is without doubt one of the most sorely missed lost works of the Islamic falāsifa. In part, this is because the commentary was in some respects a scandal, and scholars accordingly believe it may hold the key to resolving present-day disagreements on how to interpret al-Fārābī's views as expressed in his independent treatises. Perhaps al-Fārābī's most shocking or scandalous statement is that preserved by the Hispano-Muslim philosophers Ibn Bājja, Ibn Ṭufayl, and Ibn Rushd. According to them al-Fārābī says in his commentary on Aristotle's Ethica Nicomachea that happiness is to be achieved only in this life, not in the afterlife; that there is no happiness but political happiness; and that union with the active intellect – generally considered the highest goal of human existence by the philosophers – is impossible. This paper addresses the following questions: What exactly is the debate about? Why is the question of immortality or conjunction related to Aristotle's Ethica Nicomachea? And why was it so controversial to say, in the context of the Ethica Nicomachea, that there is no happiness but political happiness? Although the bulk of al-Fārābī's commentary is still lost, I have discovered two quotations of it in Hebrew manuscripts. As I will argue in this paper, these newly-discovered quotations – which are included with an English translation in the appendix – can shed light on the mysteries concerning al-Fārābī's commentary.

scholarly journals The Formation of the Regulatory and Legal Basis for Monument and Heritage Preservation in Soviet Ukraine (1919–1926)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Heritage Preservation ◽  
Natural Heritage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Area Of Protection

The article examines the formation of the legal framework for the protection of monuments and landmarks in Soviet Ukraine in 1919–1926. The evolution of the approaches to preserving the heritage of the past during this period is outlined. Two phases in the development of this branch of legislation are distinguished: before and after 1922. During the first phase, representatives of the Bolshevik regime responsible for cultural policy paid very little attention to preservation. Crisis in the sphere of protection of historical and cultural heritage became especially noticeable during the campaign to confiscate church valuables (1922). During this period, monument preservation activities were regulated by legislation originating in Soviet Russia. The reception of Russian regulatory acts in the Soviet republics, including the Ukrainian SSR, usually took place with a lag and in the absence of clear implementation mechanisms. Special republican legislation first appeared in the area of protection of museum property and archival collections. After the transition to the policy of “indigenization” in Soviet Ukraine, local peculiarities in the sphere of monument preservation gradually emerged. The outcome of this process was the adoption of the regulation “On Cultural and Natural Heritage” (June 16, 1926). The article focuses in particular on funding issues, classification of monuments, and active public participation, which can be viewed as the republican specifics of Soviet Ukraine. It is noted that after the formation of regional inspectorates and committees for preservation of cultural and natural heritage in 1926, we can speak of a parallel existence of state and public heritage preservation bodies. The author concludes that the process of the formation of the legal framework for preservation of historical and cultural heritage in the USSR during 1919–1926 was not linear. The introduction of special republican norms regulating preservation activities became possible thanks to the experience and efforts of the republic’s professionals in the field.

Epidemiologia e psichiatria: considerazioni di metodo

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Vineis
Keyword(s):  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Family Resemblances ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The One ◽  
Medical Disciplines

SummaryPsychiatry has been, among medical disciplines, the one showing the highest conflict between a «positivist» model and the «hermeneutic» tradition. In particular, in recent years several authors have suggested that both the scientific method and a scientific mentality should be introduced in psychiatric practice and research. They claim that criteria like a strong correlation among clearly defined signs and symptoms, a high predictive value towards the outcome and therapeutical response, and a clearly defined relationship between the symptoms and etiology are necessary to accept a diagnositc entity. Since in the case of e.g. schizofrenia such requirements are not met, some authors even suggest that the concept of schizofrenia should be abandoned. The present paper aims to show that such problems are not unique to mental disease, but are common to several branches of medicine. For example, the definition and classification of cancer follow a «polythetic» criterion which is similar to the concept of «family resemblances». Also, diagnostic reproducibility is often low in other medical disciplines. The paper examines how such methodological problems could be dealt with using the tools of epidemiology.

Political philosophy in classical Islam

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Ibn Rushd ◽  
The Law ◽  
Medieval Islam ◽  
Ibn Tufayl ◽  
Plato's Political Philosophy

Political philosophy in Islam is the application of Greek political theorizing upon an understanding of Muhammad’s revelation as legislative in intent. In lieu of Aristotle’s Politics, unknown in medieval Islam, Plato’s political philosophy assumed the primary role in an explanation of the nature and purpose of the Islamic state. Al-Farabi conceived of the prophet as a latter day philosopher-king, Ibn Bajja and Ibn Tufayl took their cue from Socrates’ fate and cautioned the philosopher against the possibility of successfully engaging in a philosophical mission to the vulgar masses, and Ibn Rushd presented philosophy as a duty enjoined by the law upon those able to philosophize.

On the transition from finite-volume negatively buoyant releases to continuous fountains

2012 ◽  
Vol 698 ◽  
pp. 168-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. J. Myrtroeen ◽  
G. R. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Froude Number ◽  
Finite Volume ◽  
Uniform Density ◽  
Critical Aspect ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Rise Height ◽  
Negatively Buoyant

AbstractAn experimental investigation to identify the source conditions that distinguish finite-volume negatively buoyant fluid projectile behaviour from fountain behaviour in quiescent environments of uniform density is described. Finite-volume releases are governed by their source Froude number ${\mathit{Fr}}_{D} $ and the aspect ratio $L/ D$ of the release, where $L$ denotes the length of the column of fluid dispensed vertically from the nozzle of diameter $D$. We establish the influence of $L/ D$ on the peak rise heights of a release formed by dispensing saline solution into fresh water for $0\lesssim {\mathit{Fr}}_{D} \lesssim 6$ and $0\lesssim L/ D\lesssim 34$. Within these ranges, we determine the source conditions for which a flow may be regarded, in terms of the initial rise height attained, as either finite-volume or continuous flux. The critical aspect ratio $ \mathop{ (L/ D)} \nolimits _{f} $, for a given ${\mathit{Fr}}_{D} $, which when exceeded no longer influenced release behaviour, led to the determination of $\{ {\mathit{Fr}}_{D} , \mathop{ (L/ D)} \nolimits _{f} \} $ paired source conditions that give rise to solely Froude-number-dependent, i.e. fountain-like, behaviour. As such, we make the link between finite-volume releases and continuous fountains. The $\{ {\mathit{Fr}}_{D} , \mathop{ (L/ D)} \nolimits _{f} \} $ pairs led us directly to the classification of a $\{ {\mathit{Fr}}_{D} , L/ D\} $ space from which source conditions giving rise to either negatively buoyant projectiles or fountains may be readily identified. The variation of $ \mathop{ (L/ D)} \nolimits _{f} $ with ${\mathit{Fr}}_{D} $ corresponds closely to established fountain regimes of very weak, weak and forced fountains. Moreover, our results indicate that the formation or otherwise of a primary vortex, as fluid is ejected, has a profound influence on the length of the dispensed fluid column that is necessary to achieve rise heights equal to fountain rise heights.

Ibn Tufayl (Abentofail) and the Origins of Scientific Method

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Cerdá-Olmedo
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Ibn Tufayl

A novel written by a Muslim Andalusian of the 12th century brilliantly argues that all knowledge can be obtained by applying reason to experience.

scholarly journals Why we need an internationally shared rehabilitation definition for clinical research purposes

2021 ◽  
pp. 026921552110432
Author(s):  
Stefano Negrini ◽  
William Mark Magnus Levack ◽  
Thorsten Meyer ◽  
Carlotte Kiekens
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Philosophical Background ◽  
Replication Of Experiments ◽  
Recent Editorial ◽  
Over Time

Purpose: Responding to a recent editorial arguing against defining rehabilitation, we discuss the reasons for developing a classification of rehabilitation for research purposes, its philosophical background and some of the possible risks. Why define: Science requires the definition and classification of phenomena to allow replication of experiments and studies, and to allow interpretation and use of the findings. As understanding increases, the definitions can be refined. Defining rehabilitation does run the risk of excluding some interventions or practices that are either considered rehabilitation (perhaps wrongly) or are rehabilitation interventions; when identified, these errors in definition can be remedied. Defining rehabilitation for research purposes should not inhibit but could (possibly) orient research. Risk of not: Without a definition, rehabilitation will remain in a permanent limbo. Experts will (apparently) know what it is, while others are left guessing or failing to comprehend or recognise it. This uncertainty may reassure some people, because all possible interventions are included; we argue that it downgrades the understanding of our field because interventions that are not rehabilitation are, nonetheless, called rehabilitation. In an era of international collaboration, and of undertaking systematic reviews with metanalysis, we need a shared definition. Conclusion: Terminology is often controversial, but definition enables progress in understanding such that terms themselves can evolve over time.

scholarly journals The development of state audit (control) based on the principles of the Moscow Declaration adopted at INTOSAI

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
Marina Afanas'evna Lapina ◽  
Aleksandr Georgievich Gurinovich ◽  
Dmitrii Andreevich Kazantsev
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
State Audit ◽  
The Status ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government

This article carries out the conceptual analysis of development trends in control and oversight activity of the supreme audit institutions (supreme financial control bodies), which contributes to achieving the goals of sustainable development until 2030. The research leans on fundamental analysis of the principles of the Moscow Declaration endorsed by INTOSAI. The subject of this research is the financial-legal aspects of transformation of the status of control and audit bodies that exercise external financial control aimed at maintaining sustainable economic development of the society through implementation of principles of audit of budget funds. The article employs the method of dialectical scientific knowledge, which is based on the set of private and general scientific method, including formal-logical that interprets the norms and principles contained in the international declarations of the supreme audit institutions. The authors offer the classification of principles depending on the key vectors in the development of state audit (control) and contained explicitly in the vectors of development. Conflicts of principles established in the Mexican and Moscow INTOSAI Declarations are determined. The scientific novelty lies in substantiation of formation of the new special legal status of the supreme financial control bodies that not only verify legitimacy, effectiveness, and feasibility of budget expenditures, but are an external and independent strategic assistant to the government and executive authorities as well.  The authors conclude on the institutional change in the status of supreme financial control bodies.

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