The effects of desiccation on seed survival in Acer platanoides L. and Acer pseudoplatanus L.

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Dickie ◽  
K. May ◽  
S. V. A. Morris ◽  
S. E. Titley
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Embryo Viability ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Tetrazolium Staining

AbstractMature seeds of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) are tolerant of desiccation, at least to moisture contents of about 7% (fresh weight basis), but those of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) are killed by drying below about 45% moisture content. Sycamore seeds are thus recalcitrant; while the classification of those of Norway maple as orthodox is confirmed by the fact that between 19% and 7.5% moisture content their longevity is increased in a predictable way by reduction of seed moisturecontent. However, the period of useful storage of the latter in seed banks may be much less than for many crop species. The rates of water loss to a dry environment of both fruits and seeds of sycamore are much less than those of Norway maple, suggesting a degree of desiccationavoidance in the desiccation-intolerant species. Seed physiological maturity (maximum dry weight) occurred 2–3 weeks earlier in Norway maple than insycamore, but in both species this occurred about 150–160 days after peak flowering. Tetrazolium staining is a good indicator of embryo viability in both species, correlating well with germination test results. In Norway maple both methods of viability testing indicated that whole-seed desiccation tolerance coincided with the attainment of maximum dry weight. Tetrazolium staining indicated the development of desiccation tolerance in the radicles/hypocotyls of both species approximately 2–4 weeks before physiological maturity. Possible correlation between changes in the level of embryo dormancy during development and the acquisition of desiccation tolerance are discussed.

Seed development in Malva parviflora: onset of germinability, dormancy and desiccation tolerance

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pippa J. Michael ◽  
Kathryn J. Steadman ◽  
Julie A. Plummer
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physical Dormancy ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Malva Parviflora

Seed development was examined in Malva parviflora. The first flower opened 51 days after germination; flowers were tagged on the day that they opened and monitored for 33 days. Seeds were collected at 12 stages during this period and used to determine moisture content, germination of fresh seeds and desiccation tolerance (seeds dried to 10% moisture content followed by germination testing). Seed moisture content decreased as seeds developed, whereas fresh (max. 296 mg) and dry weight (max. 212 mg) increased to peak at 12–15 and ~21 days after flowering (DAF), respectively. Therefore, physiological maturity occurred at 21 DAF, when seed moisture content was 16–21%. Seeds were capable of germinating early in development, reaching a maximum of 63% at 9 DAF, but germination declined as development continued, presumably due to the imposition of physiological dormancy. Physical dormancy developed at or after physiological maturity, once seed moisture content declined below 20%. Seeds were able to tolerate desiccation from 18 DAF; desiccation hastened development of physical dormancy and improved germination. These results provide important information regarding M. parviflora seed development, which will ultimately improve weed control techniques aimed at preventing seed set and further additions to the seed bank.

Development of desiccation tolerance in Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) seeds during maturation drying

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Hong ◽  
R. H. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Considerable Improvement ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Filling Phase

AbstractNorway maple (Acer platanoides L.) seeds were harvested at different stages of seed development and maturation in 1989–91. As maturation drying progressed, the seed populations showed increasing desiccation tolerance: at 67–69% moisture content, no seeds survived desiccation below 10% moisture content; maturation drying to 55–57% moisture content (values corresponding with the end of the seed-filling phase) improved desiccation tolerance, but nevertheless most seeds were unable to withstand desiccation to 5–7% moisture content; further maturation drying to 27–28% moisture content enabled the seeds to survive considerable desiccation, no loss in viability occurring in seeds dried to 3% moisture content. This considerable improvement in desiccation tolerance after the end of the seed-filling phase was correlated (P<0.05) with the progress of maturation drying and may be associated with the increase in the potential longevity of seeds of other species that occurs during seed development subsequent to seed filling.

Accumulation of sugars during the onset and development of desiccation tolerance in immature seeds of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) stored moist

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.D. Hong ◽  
A. Gedebo ◽  
R.H. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Immature Seeds ◽  
Moist Storage

AbstractThe viability of Norway maple seeds collected 21 d before mass maturity (68%moisture content, wet basis) and at mass maturity (56% moisture content) was reduced from 52–85% to 0–7% if dried rapidly (at 10–12% r.h. and 15–17°C for 3 d, then 3 d over silica gel) to 4–5% moisture content. Moist storage of the fruits at 15°C improved the ability of the seeds to tolerate rapid desiccation considerably: 10 and 21 d of moist storage enabled seeds collected at mass maturity or 21 d earlier, respectively, to attain maximum desiccation tolerance to 4–5% moisture content. Moist storage and/or subsequent desiccation affected stachyose, sucrose, and to a lesser extent raffinose, concentrations. The oligosaccharide:total sugar ratio showed a similar pattern in relation to ability to germinate after desiccation to 4–5% moisture content among seeds collected on both dates: desiccation tolerance developed from nil to maximal in these seed populations between threshold oligosaccharide:total sugar values of just less than 0.3 and about 0.4.

Ascorbate and glutathione metabolism during development and desiccation of orthodox and recalcitrant seeds of the genus Acer

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislawa Pukacka ◽  
Ewelina Ratajczak
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Seed Maturation ◽  
Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Glutathione Cycle

The ascorbate–glutathione system was studied during development and desiccation of seeds of two Acer species differing in desiccation tolerance: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L., orthodox) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L., recalcitrant). The results showed remarkable differences in the concentration and redox balance of ascorbate and glutathione between these two kinds of seeds during development, and a significant dependence between glutathione content and acquisition of desiccation tolerance in Norway maple seeds. There were relatively small differences between the species in the activities of enzymes of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle: ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MR, EC 1.6.5.4), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2). At the end of seed maturation, ascorbic acid content and the activities of the above enzymes was about the same in both species The electrophoretic pattern of APX isoenzymes was also similar for both species, and the intensity of the bands decreased at the end of seed maturation in both species. When sycamore seeds were desiccated to a moisture content of less than 26%, there was a marked decrease in seed viability and an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species. During desiccation, Norway maple seeds had a more active defence system, which was reflected in a higher glutathione content, a higher glutathione redox status, a higher ascorbate redox status, and higher activities of APX, MR, DHAR, GR and GPX (glutathione peroxidase). During desiccation, sulfhydryl-to-disulfide transition into proteins was more intense in Norway maple seeds than sycamore seeds. All of these results suggest that, in orthodox seeds, the ascorbate–glutathione cycle plays an important role in the acquisition of tolerance to desiccation, in protein maturation, and in protection from reactive oxygen species.

scholarly journals Research into Dendro-Acoustic Properties of Intro-duced Clones’ Wood as Material for Manufacturing Musical Instruments

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
Vladimir Ilyich Fedyukov ◽  
Ekaterina Yurevna Saldaeva ◽  
Maria Sergeyevna Chernova ◽  
Vasilii Yuryevich Chernov
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Local Origin ◽  
Norway Maple

Background and Purpose: Studies of the physical-mechanical and acoustic properties of maple wood as a potential material for musical instruments manufacturing are extremely scarce. Related to this, dendro-acoustic studies of maples introduced by geographic origin are of great practical importance in order to create target plantations with predicted technical quality of wood. Materials and Methods: Maples from abroad introduced by geographic origin into the Botanical Garden of the Volga State University of Technology of the Republic of Mari El of Russia were used for the research. For comparison, the Norway maple of local origin ( Acer platanoides L.) was selected. The studies were carried out by the frequency-amplitude method for determining Young's dynamic modulus and the acoustic constant of sound emission according to the criterion of academician N. Andreyev. Results: It was revealed that there are differences in the density and dendroacoustic indices of maple wood of local origin and maple trees introduced by geographic origin. Norway maple ( Acer platanoides L.) turned out to possess the largest acoustic constant characterizing the resonant properties of wood. Introduced maple trees, plane-tree maple ( Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and sugar maple ( Acer saccharinum L.) are only slightly inferior in terms of this indicator. Conclusions: The dendroacoustic properties of maple wood are generally much lower than that of resonant spruce. Consequently, the acoustic role of maple wood in the back plates of the violin and other string instruments is completely different than that of the top plate made from the resonant material of coniferous species. To reveal this difference in more detail, comparative studies and dendroacoustic identification of maple wood in blanks and musical instruments with different levels of acoustic characteristics are necessary.

Maturation of sunflower

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (77) ◽  
pp. 833 ◽  
Author(s):  
WK Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
New South ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
South Wales

Maturation of sunflowers was recorded in two field sowings at Armidale, New South Wales. Measurements were made to define anthesis, the accumulation of dry weight, oil and fatty acids in the achenes and to determine moisture contents and crop appearance associated with achene maturation. It is suggested that anthesis may be described either as its mid-point, i.e. when 50% of capitula exhibit anthesis over half their area, or by its spread, i.e. the time between 50% of capitula commenced anthesis and 50 %completed anthesis. Maximum achene dry weight was reached in the field when the achene moisture content was about 40 and the capitulum moisture content was about 70%. Both achene oil content and the content of the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (linoleic) reached their maxima at about the same time as achene dry weight in the field and this point was thus defined as 'physiological' maturity for sunflowers. It corresponded to when about ten per cent of capitula had turned brown. Production of linoleic and oleic acid was found to predominate in the later stages of achene maturation in both field sowings.

scholarly journals Desiccation Tolerance of Deciduous Plants During Postharvest Handling

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Paul Murakami ◽  
Tony H.H. Chen ◽  
Leslie H. Fuchigami
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Whole Plants

Abstract Nurserymen consider Washington hawthorn (Crategus phaenopyrum Med.) sensitive and Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) tolerant to postharvest practices. The desiccation tolerance, cold hardiness and water potential at various growth stages were monitored on field-grown Washington hawthorn and Norway maple. There were no differences between these two species in the rate of water loss in the root, shoot or whole plants. Hawthorn, however, was more sensitive to desiccation stress than maple throughout all growth stages. The roots lost water at a faster rate than the stems in both species. Hawthorn plants acquired rest and cold hardened later in the fall and attained less dormancy and less freezing tolerance than did maple.

Acquisition of desiccation tolerance in developing oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) embryos in planta and in vitro in relation to sugar content

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédérique Aberlenc-Bertossi ◽  
Nathalie Chabrillange ◽  
Françoise Corbineau ◽  
Yves Duval
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Immature Embryos ◽  
In Planta ◽  
High Sucrose

AbstractRelationships between desiccation tolerance and dry matter, water and sugar contents were studied throughout the development of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) zygotic embryos and in immature embryos cultured on a sucrose-enriched medium. Embryo dry weight during in planta development increased between 80 and 140 d after pollination (DAP) and was then stable until maturity. Embryos underwent dehydration until 120 DAP, but their moisture content remained high at maturity (c. 2 g H2O g-1 DW). Desiccation tolerance was acquired between 83 and 104 DAP, and was positively correlated with embryo age and dry weight, and negatively correlated with initial water content during this period. Sucrose, the main soluble sugar present throughout embryo development, accounted for an average of 24% of the dry weight. Glucose and fructose contents decreased to less than 1 mg g-1 DW in embryos at maturity. At 117 DAP, as embryos became tolerant to desiccation, the monosaccharides/sucrose ratio fell to 0.015 and raffinose was detected. Stachyose appeared later in 147-day-old embryos and accumulated until shedding. In vitro culture of immature embryos in the presence of high sucrose concentrations (350 and 700 mM) resulted in an increase in their dry weight and a decrease in their water content, and induced the acquisition of desiccation tolerance. Under these conditions, sucrose accumulated in embryos to 30–40% on a dry weight basis, but neither raffinose nor stachyose was detected. Acquisition of desiccation tolerance by oil palm immature embryos was associated both in planta and in vitro with an accumulation of dry matter, a reduction of moisture content, and a fall in the monosaccharides/sucrose ratio. In planta, survival to dehydration was also related with the deposition of oligosaccharides whereas in vitro, it was related with high sucrose accumulation. The role of sugars in the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in oil palm embryos is discussed.

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