First Responder Accuracy Using SALT during Mass-casualty Incident Simulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W.C. Lee ◽  
Shelley L. McLeod ◽  
Kristine Van Aarsen ◽  
Michelle Klingel ◽  
Jeffrey M. Franc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Mass Casualty Incident ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
First Responder ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Fire Science ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Second Year

AbstractIntroductionDuring mass-casualty incidents (MCIs), patient volume often overwhelms available Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel. First responders are expected to triage, treat, and transport patients in a timely fashion. If other responders could triage accurately, prehospital EMS resources could be focused more directly on patients that require immediate medical attention and transport.HypothesisTriage accuracy, error patterns, and time to triage completion are similar between second-year primary care paramedic (PCP) and fire science (FS) students participating in a simulated MCI using the Sort, Assess, Life-saving interventions, Treatment/Transport (SALT) triage algorithm.MethodsAll students in the second-year PCP program and FS program at two separate community colleges were invited to participate in this study. Immediately following a 30-minute didactic session on SALT, participants were given a standardized briefing and asked to triage an eight-victim, mock MCI using SALT. The scenario consisted of a four-car motor vehicle collision with each victim portrayed by volunteer actors given appropriate moulage and symptom coaching for their pattern of injury. The total number and acuity of victims were unknown to participants prior to arrival to the mock scenario.ResultsThirty-eight PCP and 29 FS students completed the simulation. Overall triage accuracy was 79.9% for PCP and 72.0% for FS (∆ 7.9%; 95% CI, 1.2-14.7) students. No significant difference was found between the groups regarding types of triage errors. Over-triage, under-triage, and critical errors occurred in 10.2%, 7.6%, and 2.3% of PCP triage assignments, respectively. Fire science students had a similar pattern with 15.2% over-triaged, 8.7% under-triaged, and 4.3% critical errors. The median [IQR] time to triage completion for PCPs and FSs were 142.1 [52.6] seconds and 159.0 [40.5] seconds, respectively (P=.19; Mann-Whitney Test).ConclusionsPrimary care paramedics performed MCI triage more accurately than FS students after brief SALT training, but no difference was found regarding types of error or time to triage completion. The clinical importance of this difference in triage accuracy likely is minimal, suggesting that fire services personnel could be considered for MCI triage depending on the availability of prehospital medical resources and appropriate training.LeeCWC, McLeodSL, Van AarsenK, KlingelM, FrancJM, PeddleMB. First responder accuracy using SALT during mass-casualty incident simulation. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(2):150–154.

Comparison of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Technology-Assisted Triage versus Standard Practice in Triaging Casualties by Paramedic Students in a Mass-Casualty Incident Scenario

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Jain ◽  
Aaron Sibley ◽  
Henrik Stryhn ◽  
Ives Hubloue
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Mass Casualty Incident ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Standard Practice ◽  
Time To Completion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

AbstractIntroductionThe proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has the potential to change the way medical incident commanders (ICs) respond to mass-casualty incidents (MCIs) in triaging victims. The aim of this study was to compare UAV technology to standard practice (SP) in triaging casualties at an MCI.MethodsA randomized comparison study was conducted with 40 paramedic students from the Holland College Paramedicine Program (Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada). Using a simulated motor vehicle collision (MVC) with moulaged casualties, iterations of 20 students were used for both a day and a night trial. Students were randomized to a UAV or a SP group. After a brief narrative, participants either entered the study environment or used UAV technology where total time to triage completion, GREEN casualty evacuation, time on scene, triage order, and accuracy were recorded.ResultsA statistical difference in the time to completion of 3.63 minutes (95% CI, 2.45 min-4.85 min; P=.002) during the day iteration and a difference of 3.49 minutes (95% CI, 2.08 min-6.06 min; P=.002) for the night trial with UAV groups was noted. There was no difference found in time to GREEN casualty evacuation, time on scene, or triage order. One-hundred-percent accuracy was noted between both groups.Conclusion:This study demonstrated the feasibility of using a UAV at an MCI. A non-clinical significant difference was noted in total time to completion between both groups. There was no increase in time on scene by using the UAV while demonstrating the feasibility of remotely triaging GREEN casualties prior to first responder arrival.Jain T, Sibley A, Stryhn H, Hubloue I.Comparison of unmanned aerial vehicle technologyassisted triage versus standard practice in triaging casualties by paramedic students in a mass-casualty incident scenario. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(4):375–380

scholarly journals P074: Comparison of unmanned aerial vehicle technology versus standard practice in triaging casualties by paramedic students in a mass casualty incident scenario

CJEM ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (S1) ◽  
pp. S83-S83 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Jain ◽  
A. Sibley ◽  
H. Stryhn ◽  
I. Hubloue
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Mass Casualty Incident ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Standard Practice ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Percent Accuracy

Introduction: The proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has the potential to change the way medical incident commanders respond to mass casualty incidents (MCI) in triaging victims. The aim of this study was to compare UAV technology to standard practice (SP) in triaging casualties at a MCI Methods: A randomized comparison study was conducted with forty paramedic students from the Holland College Paramedicine Program. Using a simulated motor vehicle collision with moulaged casualties, iterations of twenty students were used for both a day and a night trial. Students were randomized to an UAV or a SP group. After a brief narrative participants either entered the study environment or used UAV technology where total time to triage completion, green casualty evacuation, time on scene, triage order and accuracy was recorded Results: A statistical difference in the time to completing of 3.63 minutes (95% CI: 2.45, 4.85, p=0.002) during the day iteration and a difference of 3.49 minutes (95% CI: 2.08,6.06, p=0.002) for the night trial with UAV groups was noted. There was no difference found in time to green casualty evacuation, time on scene or triage order. One hundred percent accuracy was noted between both groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of using an UAV at a MCI. A non clinical significant difference was noted in total time to completion between both groups. There was no increase in time on scene by using the UAV while demonstrating the feasibility of remotely triaging green casualties prior to first responder arrival.

scholarly journals Westgate Shootings: An Emergency Department Approach to a Mass-casualty Incident

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 538-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin W. Wachira ◽  
Ramadhani O. Abdalla ◽  
Lee A. Wallis
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Mass Casualty Incident ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Major Incident ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Communication Assessment

AbstractAt approximately 12:30 pm on Saturday September 21, 2013, armed assailants attacked the upscale Westgate shopping mall in the Westlands area of Nairobi, Kenya. Using the seven key Major Incident Medical Management and Support (MIMMS) principles, command, safety, communication, assessment, triage, treatment, and transport, the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi (AKUH,N) emergency department (ED) successfully coordinated the reception and care of all the casualties brought to the hospital.This report describes the AKUH,N ED response to the first civilian mass-casualty shooting incident in Kenya, with the hope of informing the development and implementation of mass-casualty emergency preparedness plans by other EDs and hospitals in Kenya, appropriate for the local health care system.WachiraBW, AbdallaRO, WallisLA. Westgate shootings: an emergency department approach to a mass-casualty incident. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(5):1-4.

Accuracy, Efficiency, and Inappropriate Actions Using JumpSTART Triage in MCI Simulations

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilene Claudius ◽  
Amy H. Kaji ◽  
Genevieve Santillanes ◽  
Mark X. Cicero ◽  
J. Joelle Donofrio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Mass Casualty Incident ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Simulated Patients ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Triage Algorithm ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Level Performance

AbstractIntroductionUsing the pediatric version of the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (JumpSTART) algorithm for the triage of pediatric patients in a mass-casualty incident (MCI) requires assessing the results of each step and determining whether to move to the next appropriate action. Inappropriate application can lead to performance of unnecessary actions or failure to perform necessary actions.Hypothesis/ProblemTo report overall accuracy and time required for triage, and to assess if the performance of unnecessary steps, or failure to perform required steps, in the triage algorithm was associated with inaccuracy of triage designation or increased time to reach a triage decision.MethodsMedical students participated in an MCI drill in which they triaged both live actors portraying patients and computer-based simulated patients to the four triage levels: minor, delayed, immediate, and expectant. Their performance was timed and compared to intended triage designations and a priori determined critical actions.ResultsThirty-three students completed 363 scenarios. The overall accuracy was 85.7% and overall mean time to assign a triage designation was 70.4 seconds, with decreasing times as triage acuity level decreased. In over one-half of cases, the student omitted at least one action and/or performed at least one action that was not required. Each unnecessary action increased time to triage by a mean of 8.4 seconds and each omitted action increased time to triage by a mean of 5.5 seconds.DiscussionIncreasing triage level, performance of inappropriate actions, and omission of recommended actions were all associated with increasing time to perform triage.ClaudiusI, KajiAH, SantillanesG, CiceroMX, DonofrioJJ, Gausche-HillM, SrinivasanS, ChangTP. Accuracy, efficiency, and inappropriate actions using JumpSTART triage in MCI simulations. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(5):457–460.

scholarly journals Augmented Reality for Guideline Presentation in Medicine: A Crossover Simulation Trial for Technically Assisted Decision-making (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Follmann ◽  
Alexander Ruhl ◽  
Michael Gösch ◽  
Marc Felzen ◽  
Rolf Rossaint ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Mass Casualty Incident ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Tablet Pc ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Smart Glasses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Critical

BACKGROUND Guidelines provide instructions for diagnostics and therapy in modern medicine. Various mobile devices are used to represent the potential complex decision trees. An example of time-critical decisions is triage in case of a mass casualty incident. OBJECTIVE In this randomized controlled cross-over study, the potential of augmented reality for guideline presentation was evaluated and compared with a tablet PC as a conventional device. METHODS A specific Android app was designed for use with Smart Glasses as well as with a tablet PC for presentation of a triage algorithm as an example for a complex guideline. 40 volunteers simulated a triage based on 30 fictional patient descriptions each, with technical support from data glasses and a tablet PC in cross-over trial design. The time to come to a decision and the accuracy were recorded and compared between the different devices. RESULTS A total of 2400 assessments were performed. A significantly faster triage time has been achieved with the tablet PC (12.8 sec) compared to the smart glasses (17.5 sec; P = .001) in total. Considering the difference in triage duration between both devices, the additional time needed with the smart glasses could be reduced significantly in the course (P = .001). In accuracy of guideline decisions, there was no significant difference comparing both devices. CONCLUSIONS The presentation of a guideline on a tablet computer, as well as in the form of augmented reality, achieved good results. The implementation using smart glasses took more time due to a more complex operating concept but could be accelerated in the course of the study after adaptation. Especially in a non-time-critical working area where hands-free interfaces are meaningful, a guideline presentation with augmented reality can already be implemented.

Introduction of Pediatric Physiological and Anatomical Triage Score in Mass-Casualty Incident

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiaki Toida ◽  
Takashi Muguruma ◽  
Takeru Abe ◽  
Mafumi Shinohara ◽  
Masayasu Gakumazawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Mass Casualty Incident ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Revised Trauma Score ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Trauma Score ◽  
Accuracy Of Prediction

AbstractBackgroundTriage has an important role in providing suitable care to the largest number of casualties in a disaster setting, but there are no secondary triage methods suitable for children. This study developed a new secondary triage method named the Pediatric Physiological and Anatomical Triage Score (PPATS) and compared its accuracy with current triage methods.MethodsA retrospective chart review of pediatric patients under 16 years old transferred to an emergency center from 2014 to 2016 was performed. The PPATS categorized the patients, defined the intensive care unit (ICU)-indicated patients if the category was highest, and compared the accuracy of prediction of ICU-indicated patients among PPATS, Physiological and Anatomical Triage (PAT), and Triage Revised Trauma Score (TRTS).ResultsAmong 137 patients, 24 (17.5%) were admitted to ICU. The median PPATS score of these patients was significantly higher than that of patients not admitted to ICU (11 [IQR: 9-13] versus three [IQR: 2-4]; P<.001). The optimal cut-off value of the PPTAS was six, yielding a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.8%, 86.7%, 60.5%, and 99.0%. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) was larger for PPTAS than for PAT or TRTS (0.95 [95% CI, 0.87-1.00] versus 0.65 [95% CI, 0.58-0.72]; P<.001 and 0.79 [95% CI, 0.69-0.89]; P=.003, respectively). Regression analysis showed a significant association between the PPATS and the predicted mortality rate (r2=0.139; P<.001), ventilation time (r2=0.320; P<.001), ICU stay (r2=0.362; P<.001), and hospital stay (r2=0.308; P<.001).ConclusionsThe accuracy of PPATS was superior to other methods for secondary triage of children.ToidaC, MugurumaT, AbeT, ShinoharaM, GakumazawaM, YogoN, ShirasawaA, MorimuraN. Introduction of pediatric physiological and anatomical triage score in mass-casualty incident. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(2):147–152.

Reconsidering Policy of Casualty Evacuation in a Remote Mass-Casualty Incident

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruria Adini ◽  
Robert Cohen ◽  
Elon Glassberg ◽  
Bella Azaria ◽  
Daniel Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injury Severity ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Mass Casualty Incident ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Local Hospital ◽  
Trauma Surgeons

AbstractObjectivesInappropriate distribution of casualties in mass-casualty incidents (MCIs) may overwhelm hospitals. This study aimed to review the consequences of evacuating casualties from a bus accident to a single peripheral hospital and lessons learned regarding policy of casualty evacuation.MethodsMedical records of all casualties relating to evacuation times, injury severity, diagnoses, treatments, resources utilized and outcomes were independently reviewed by two senior trauma surgeons. In addition, four senior trauma surgeons reviewed impact of treatment provided on patient outcomes. They reviewed the times for the primary and secondary evacuation, injury severity, diagnoses, surgical treatments, resources utilized, and the final outcomes of the patients at the point of discharge from the tertiary care hospital.ResultsThirty-one survivors were transferred to the closest local hospital; four died en route to hospital or within 30 minutes of arrival. Twenty-seven casualties were evacuated by air from the local hospital within 2.5 to 6.15 hours to Level I and II hospitals. Undertriage of 15% and overtriage of seven percent were noted. Four casualties did not receive treatment that might have improved their condition at the local hospital.ConclusionsIn MCIs occurring in remote areas, policy makers should consider revising the current evacuation plan so that only immediate unstable casualties should be transferred to the closest primary hospital. On site Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be administered to non-severe casualties until they can be evacuated directly to tertiary care hospitals. First responders must be trained to provide ALS to non-severe casualties until evacuation resources are available.AdiniB, CohenR, GlassbergE, AzariaB, SimonD, SteinM, KleinY, PelegK. Reconsidering policy of casualty evacuation in a remote mass-casualty incident. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(6):1-5.

Triage During Mass Gatherings

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 531-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila A. Turris ◽  
Adam Lund
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Mass Casualty Incident ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Mass Casualty Incidents ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Mass Gathering ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Mass Gatherings ◽  
Field Triage

AbstractTriage is a complex process and is one means for determining which patients most need access to limited resources. Triage has been studied extensively, particularly in relation to triage in overcrowded emergency departments, where individuals presenting for treatment often are competing for the available stretchers. Research also has been done in relation to the use of prehospital and field triage during mass-casualty incidents and disasters.In contrast, scant research has been done to develop and test an effective triage approach for use in mass-gathering and mass-participation events, although there is a growing body of knowledge regarding the health needs of persons attending large events. Existing triage and acuity scoring systems are suboptimal for this unique population, as these events can involve high patient presentation rates (PPR) and, occasionally, critically ill patients. Mass-gathering events are dangerous; a higher incidence of injury occurs than would be expected from general population statistics.The need for an effective triage and acuity scoring system for use during mass gatherings is clear, as these events not only create multiple patient encounters, but also have the potential to become mass-casualty incidents. Furthermore, triage during a large-scale disaster or mass-casualty incident requires that multiple, local agencies work together, necessitating a common language for triage and acuity scoring.In reviewing existing literature with regard to triage systems that might be employed for this population, it is noted that existing systems are biased toward traumatic injuries, usually ignoring mitigating factors such as alcohol and drug use and environmental exposures. Moreover, there is a substantial amount of over-triage that occurs with existing prehospital triage systems, which may lead to misallocation of limited resources. This manuscript presents a review of the available literature and proposes a triage system for use during mass gatherings that also may be used in the setting of mass-casualty incidents or disaster responses.TurrisSA, LundA. Triage during mass gatherings. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(6):1-5.

scholarly journals Is there a triage sieve knowledge and application gap between clinical team leaders and their team members?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen Cuttance ◽  
Kathryn Dansie ◽  
Timothy Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Mass Casualty Incident ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Team ◽  
Team Leaders ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Accuracy Rates

IntroductionAmbulance service team leaders may be required to provide organisational leadership at complex incidents, such as a mass-casualty incident involving triage sieve. It may be expected that team leaders have a greater understanding of, and should be able to better apply their skills, than their team members during such an incident. The objective of this study was to determine if team leaders have a higher theoretical knowledge and better triage sieve application skills than their team members.MethodsTeam leaders were allotted into one of two groups: the first (control) group completed a questionnaire without any supporting documentation (ie. aide-memoir), whereas the second (intervention) group completed the same questionnaire, as the control group, but utilising supportive documentation.ResultsThe results show that the team leaders from the control group achieved significantly better results than their team members when completing a questionnaire, without the use of supportive documentation. There was no significant difference between team leaders from the intervention group and their team members when completing the same questionnaire using supportive documentation.ConclusionIt has been shown that the use of printed supportive material in the form of an aide-memoir decreases the knowledge and application gap between team leaders and their team members, and increases triage sieve accuracy. The results from this study reinforces the results from previous studies, showing that supporting documentation should be used to ensure greater triage sieve accuracy rates and thereby reducing under- and over-triage rates.

A Case Study of the High-speed Train Crash Outside Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Forsberg ◽  
José Antonio Iglesias Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
High Velocity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Mass Casualty Incident ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
High Speed Train ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Santiago De Compostela ◽  
Train Speed ◽  
Fatal Injuries

AbstractIntroductionThe worldwide use of rail transport has increased, and the train speeds are escalating. Concurrently, the number of train disasters has been amplified globally. Consequently, railway safety has become an important issue for the future. High-velocity crashes increase the risk for injuries and mortality; nevertheless, there are relatively few studies on high-speed train crashes and the influencing factors on travelers’ injuries occurring in the crash phase. The aim of this study was to investigate the fatal and non-fatal injuries and the main interacting factors that contributed to the injury process in the crash phase of the 2013 high-velocity train crash that occurred at Angrois, outside Santiago de Compostela, Spain.MethodsHospital records (n=157) of all the injured who were admitted to the six hospitals in the region were reviewed and compiled by descriptive statistics. The instant fatalities (n=63) were collected on site. Influencing crash factors were observed on the crash site, by carriage inspections, and by reviewing official reports concerning the approximated train speed.ResultsThe main interacting factors that contributed in the injury process in the crash phase were, among other things, the train speed, the design of the concrete structure of the curve, the robustness of the carriage exterior, and the interior environment of the carriages. Of the 222 people on board (218 passengers and four crew), 99% (n=220) were fatally or non-fatally injured in the crash. Thirty-three percent (n=72) suffered fatal injuries, of which 88% (n=63) died at the crash site and 13% (n=9) at the hospital. Twenty-one percent (n=32) of those admitted to hospital suffered multi-trauma (ie, extensive, severe, and/or critical injuries). The head, face, and neck sustained 42% (n=123) of the injuries followed by the trunk (chest, abdomen, and pelvis; n=92; 32%). Fractures were the most frequent (n=200; 69%) injury.ConclusionA mass-casualty incident with an extensive amount of fatal, severe, and critical injuries is most probable with a high-velocity train; this presents prehospital challenges. This finding draws attention to the importance of more robust carriage exteriors and injury minimizing designs of both railway carriages and the surrounding environment to reduce injuries and fatalities in future high-speed crashes.ForsbergR, VázquezJAI. A case study of the high-speed train crash outside Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(2);163–168.

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