Paleobiogeography: Documenting the Ebb and Flow of Evolutionary Diversification

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 15-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Brooks ◽  
Kaila E. Folinsbee
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Powerful Method ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
The Third ◽  
Species Formation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolutionary Radiations ◽  
Out Of Africa

Historical biogeography has recently experienced a significant advancement in three integrated areas. The first is the adoption of an ontology of complexity, replacing the traditional ontology of simplicity, or a priori parsimony; simple and elegant models of the biosphere are not sufficient for explaining the geographical context of the origin of species and their post-speciation movements, producing evolutionary radiations and complex multi-species biotas. The second is the development of a powerful method for producing area cladograms from complex data, especially cases of reticulated area relationships, without loss of information. That method, called Phylogenetic Analysis for Comparing trees (PACT), is described herein. The third element is the replacement of the model of maximum vicariance with the model called the Taxon Pulse hypothesis. PACT analysis of Hominoidea, Hyaenidae, and Proboscidea beginning in the Miocene, reveals that all three groups share a general episode of species formation in Africa in the early Miocene, followed by “out of Africa” expansion into Europe, Asia and North America, a second general episode of species formation in Asia in the mid-Miocene, followed by “out of Asia” expansion into Africa, Europe and North America. Finally, there were two additional “out of Africa” events during the late Miocene and into the Pliocene, the last one setting the stage for the emergence and spread ofHomo. In addition to these shared episodes of vicariance and dispersal, each group exhibits clade-specific within-area and peripheral isolates speciation events. The complex history of dispersal and speciation over largeareas exhibited by hominoids is part of a more general historyof biotic diversification by taxon pulses.

Revolutionary Exile in Postrevolutionary Mexico City

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Kosstrin
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Political Values ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of

This chapter follows the alignment of Anna Sokolow’s choreography with postrevolutionary Mexican political values within transnational communist and Jewish discourses during her early years in Mexico City. First, this chapter engages how The Exile (1939), Sokolow’s indictment of the Third Reich’s treatment of Jews, reflected the precarious position of Holocaust refugees in Mexico. It explains how Sokolow’s dance highlighted contemporary persecution of Jews that recalled a longer history of Jewish exile that connected Europe, North America, and South America. Second, the chapter argues that Mexican modernism’s reliance on indigenous elements fed Sokolow’s revolutionary modernism in the choreography she made there with the collaborative company La Paloma Azul, including Don Lindo de Almería (1940) and El renacuajo paseador [The Fable of the Wandering Frog] (1940).

scholarly journals Multiple, independent colonizations of the Hawaiian Archipelago by the family Dolichopodidae (Diptera)

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari Roesch Goodman ◽  
Neal Evenhuis ◽  
Pavla Bartošová-Sojková ◽  
Patrick Michael O’Grady
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Hawaiian Archipelago ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Isolating Mechanisms ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective ◽  
Evolutionary Radiations ◽  
Gene Data

The family Dolichopodidae forms two of the four largest evolutionary radiations in the Hawaiian Islands across all flies:Campsicnemus(183 spp) and theEurynogastercomplex (66 spp). They also include a small radiation ofConchopus(6 spp). A handful of other dolichopodid species are native to the islands in singleton lineages or small radiations. This study provides a phylogenetic perspective on the colonization history of the dolichopodid fauna in the islands. We generated a multi-gene data set including representatives from 11 of the 14 endemic Hawaiian dolichopodid genera to examine the history of colonization to the islands, and analyzed it using Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic methods. We used a subset of the data that includedConchopusand the eight genera comprising theEurynogastercomplex to estimate the first phylogenetic hypothesis for these endemic groups, then used Beast to estimate their age of arrival to the archipelago. TheEurynogastercomplex, CampsicnemusandConchopusare clearly the result of independent colonizations.The results strongly support theEurynogastercomplex as a monophyletic group, and also supports the monophyly of 4 of the 8 described genera within the complex (Adachia, Arciellia, UropachysandEurynogaster). Members of the family Dolichopodidae have been dispersing over vast distances to colonize the Hawaiian Archipelago for millions of years, leading to multiple independent evolutionary diversification events. TheEurynogastercomplex arrived in the Hawaiian Archipelago 11.8 Ma, well before the arrival ofCampsicnemus(4.5 Ma), and the even more recentConchopus(1.8 Ma). Data presented here demonstrate that the Hawaiian Dolichopodidae both disperse and diversify easily, a rare combination that lays the groundwork for field studies on the reproductive isolating mechanisms and ecological partitioning of this group.

Adoption Policy in Great Britain and North America

1984 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. David Kirk ◽  
Susan A. Mcdaniel
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
North America ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Meaning And Function

AbstractThis paper has two purposes. First, to explore what existing adoption legislation may indicate about the meaning and function of adoption practices in North America and Great Britain. Second, to consider some possible policy implications revealed by clearer understanding of the social meaning of existing adoption laws. The first part of the paper summarizes briefly the history of legal adoption. The second examines what is explicitly and implicitly revealed by adoption law and policies about the social purposes of adoption and about prevailing social values concerning the family. The third part examines possible avenues of policy change in North America.

scholarly journals The Self-Evidence of Human Rights

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Bardo Fassbender
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Recognition ◽  
First Time ◽  
Fundamental Shift

The chapter is a comment on Lynn Hunt’s reconsideration, in the same volume, of a crucial moment in the history of human rights when in North America and in France for the first time a ‘self-evidence’ of certain rights of ‘all men’ was claimed in constitutional discourse and documents, and a fundamental shift occurred in the explanation of human rights from a religious framework towards a secular one. The first part of the comment is devoted to the drafting history of the 1776 Declaration of Independence of the United States and to the meaning of the claim to ‘self-evidence’ in the Declaration. In a second part, the author returns to Lynn Hunt’s analysis of the limitations of the actual enjoyment of rights in eighteenth-century North America and France. The third part of the comment deals with the importance, or rather unimportance, of the notion of the self-evidence of human rights in the present age. It is argued that the idea of self-evidence proclaimed in 1776 failed to find general recognition, so that we must search for a new credible foundation of universal human rights.

scholarly journals Multiple, independent colonizations of the Hawaiian Archipelago by the family Dolichopodidae (Diptera)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari Roesch Goodman ◽  
Neal Evenhuis ◽  
Pavla Bartošová-Sojková ◽  
Patrick Michael O'Grady
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Hawaiian Archipelago ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Isolating Mechanisms ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective ◽  
Evolutionary Radiations ◽  
Gene Data

The family Dolichopodidae forms two of the four largest evolutionary radiations in the Hawaiian Islands across all flies: Campsicnemus (183 spp) and the Eurynogaster complex (66 spp). They also include a small radiation of Conchopus (6 spp). A handful of other dolichopodid species are native to the islands in singleton lineages or small radiations. This study provides a phylogenetic perspective on the colonization history of the dolichopodid fauna in the islands. We generated a multi gene data set including representatives from 11 of the 14 endemic Hawaiian dolichopodid genera to examine the history of colonization to the islands, and analyzed it using Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic methods. We used a subset of the data that included Conchopus and the eight genera comprising the Eurynogaster complex to estimate the first phylogenetic hypothesis for these endemic groups, then used Beast to estimate their age of arrival to the archipelago. The Eurynogaster complex, Campsicnemus and Conchopus are clearly the result of independent colonizations. The results strongly support the Eurynogaster complex as a monophyletic group, and also supports the monophyly of 4 of the 8 described genera within the complex (Adachia, Arciellia, Uropachys and Eurynogaster). Members of the family Dolichopodidae have been dispersing over vast distances to colonize the Hawaiian Archipelago for millions of years, leading to multiple independent evolutionary diversification events. The Eurynogaster complex arrived in the Hawaiian Archipelago 11.8 Ma, well before the arrival of Campsicnemus (4.5 Ma), and the even more recent Conchopus (1.8 Ma). Data presented here demonstrate that the Hawaiian Dolichopodidae both disperse and diversify easily, a rare combination that lays the groundwork for field studies on the reproductive isolating mechanisms and ecological partitioning of this group.

scholarly journals Preserving the Past & Engaging the Future

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Academic Libraries ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Special Collections ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rich History ◽  
Library Collections

Special collections of religious and theological materials have been part of the landscape of academic libraries in North America from their beginnings. This collection of ten articles treats several aspects of this rich history in three sections: the first deals with the history of specific collections at four libraries; the second treats current attempts to use special collections in teaching and the outreach mission of the library, including the development and use of digital technologies; and the third explores topics related to building library collections for the future, noting both pitfalls to be avoided and intriguing opportunities.

scholarly journals Multiple, independent colonizations of the Hawaiian Archipelago by the family Dolichopodidae (Diptera)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari Roesch Goodman ◽  
Neal Evenhuis ◽  
Pavla Bartošová-Sojková ◽  
Patrick Michael O'Grady
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Hawaiian Archipelago ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Isolating Mechanisms ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective ◽  
Evolutionary Radiations ◽  
Gene Data

The family Dolichopodidae forms two of the four largest evolutionary radiations in the Hawaiian Islands across all flies: Campsicnemus (183 spp) and the Eurynogaster complex (66 spp). They also include a small radiation of Conchopus (6 spp). A handful of other dolichopodid species are native to the islands in singleton lineages or small radiations. This study provides a phylogenetic perspective on the colonization history of the dolichopodid fauna in the islands. We generated a multi gene data set including representatives from 11 of the 14 endemic Hawaiian dolichopodid genera to examine the history of colonization to the islands, and analyzed it using Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic methods. We used a subset of the data that included Conchopus and the eight genera comprising the Eurynogaster complex to estimate the first phylogenetic hypothesis for these endemic groups, then used Beast to estimate their age of arrival to the archipelago. The Eurynogaster complex, Campsicnemus and Conchopus are clearly the result of independent colonizations. The results strongly support the Eurynogaster complex as a monophyletic group, and also supports the monophyly of 4 of the 8 described genera within the complex (Adachia, Arciellia, Uropachys and Eurynogaster). Members of the family Dolichopodidae have been dispersing over vast distances to colonize the Hawaiian Archipelago for millions of years, leading to multiple independent evolutionary diversification events. The Eurynogaster complex arrived in the Hawaiian Archipelago 11.8 Ma, well before the arrival of Campsicnemus (4.5 Ma), and the even more recent Conchopus (1.8 Ma). Data presented here demonstrate that the Hawaiian Dolichopodidae both disperse and diversify easily, a rare combination that lays the groundwork for field studies on the reproductive isolating mechanisms and ecological partitioning of this group.

A Universe of Societies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Debaise
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relations ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Which kind of relation exists between a stone, a cloud, a dog, and a human? Is nature made of distinct domains and layers or does it form a vast unity from which all beings emerge? Refusing at once a reductionist, physicalist approach as well as a vitalistic one, Whitehead affirms that « everything is a society » This chapter consequently questions the status of different domains which together compose nature by employing the concept of society. The first part traces the history of this notion notably with reference to the two thinkers fundamental to Whitehead: Leibniz and Locke; the second part defines the temporal and spatial relations of societies; and the third explores the differences between physical, biological, and psychical forms of existence as well as their respective ways of relating to environments. The chapter thus tackles the status of nature and its domains.

The Origins of Gritty Realism on British Television: Euston Films and Special Branch

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Discourse ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Television Drama ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Series ◽  
History Of

Euston Films was the first film subsidiary of a British television company that sought to film entirely on location. To understand how the ‘televisual imagination’ changed and developed in relationship to the parent institution's (Thames Television) economic and strategic needs after the transatlantic success of its predecessor, ABC Television, it is necessary to consider how the use of film in television drama was regarded by those working at Euston Films. The sources of realism and development of generic verisimilitude found in the British adventure series of the early 1970s were not confined to television, and these very diverse sources both outside and inside television are well worth exploring. Thames Television, which was formed in 1968, did not adopt the slickly produced adventure series style of ABC's The Avengers, for example. Instead, Thames emphasised its other ABC inheritance – naturalistic drama in the form of the studio-based Armchair Theatre – and was to give the adventure series a strong London lowlife flavour. Its film subsidiary, Euston Films, would produce ‘gritty’ programmes such as the third and fourth series of Special Branch. Amid the continuities and tensions between ABC and Thames, it is possible to discern how economic and technological changes were used as a cultural discourse of value that marks the production of Special Branch as a key transformative moment in the history of British television.

Displace of Documentary Heritage from the Soviet Union to Poland during the Third Decade of the XXth Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Tatsiana Hiarnovich
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Actual Process ◽  
Xxth Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
Selection Of

The paper explores the displace of Polish archives from the Soviet Union that was performed in 1920s according to the Riga Peace Treaty of 1921 and other international agreements. The aim of the research is to reconstruct the process of displace, based on the archival sources and literature. The object of the research is those documents that were preserved in the archives of Belarus and together with archives from other republics were displaced to Poland. The exploration leads to clarification of the selection of document fonds to be displaced, the actual process of movement and the explanation of the role that the archivists of Belarus performed in the history of cultural relationships between Poland and the Soviet Union. The articles of the Treaty of Riga had been formulated without taking into account the indivisibility of archive fonds that is one of the most important principles of restitution, which caused the failure of the treaty by the Soviet part.

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