Microbial Sedimentology of Stromatolites in Neoproterozoic Cap Carbonates

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 51-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Bosak ◽  
Giulio Mariotti ◽  
Francis A. MacDonald ◽  
J. Taylor Perron ◽  
Sara B. Pruss
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regime ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Microbial Mats ◽  
Microbial Processes ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Redox Stratification ◽  
Cap Carbonates ◽  
Carbonate Deposition ◽  
Local Topography

Stromatolite shapes, sizes, and spacings are products of microbial processes and interactions with topography, sedimentation, and flow. Laboratory experiments and studies of modern microbial mats and sediments can help reconstruct processes that shaped some typical stromatolite forms and some atypical microbially influenced sediments from Neoproterozoic cap carbonates. Studies of modern, cohesive microbial mats indicate that microbialaminite facies in the lower Rasthof Formation (Cryogenian) formed in the presence of very low flow and were not deformed by strong waves or currents. Giant wave ripples, corrugated stromatolites, and tube-hosting stromatolites in basal Ediacaran cap carbonates record interactions between microbes, flow, and evolving bedforms. Preferential cementation in and close to the giant ripple crests is attributed to interactions between flow and local topography. These interactions pumped alkaline porewaters into ripple crests and helped nucleate elongated stromatolites. The similar textures of giant wave ripples and elongated, corrugated, and tube-hosting stromatolites suggest growth in the presence of organic-rich, rounded particles and microbial mats, and in flow regimes that permitted mat growth. These hypotheses can be tested by experiments and models that investigate lithification and the macroscopic morphology of microbial mats as a function of the flow regime, preexisting topography, redox-stratification in sediments, and delivery of organic-rich particles. The widespread microbially influenced textures in Cryogenian microbialaminites and basal Ediacaran cap dolostones record a strong reliance of carbonate deposition on the presence of organic nuclei, supporting carbonate accumulation rates comparable to those in modern reefs. Therefore, the unusual macroscopic morphologies of microbially influenced facies in Neoproterozoic cap carbonates may not reflect oceans that were greatly oversaturated with respect to carbonate minerals.

scholarly journals Contrasting Differences in Responses of Streamflow Regimes between Reforestation and Fruit Tree Planting in a Subtropical Watershed of China

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Xu ◽  
Wenfei Liu ◽  
Xiaohua Wei ◽  
Houbao Fan ◽  
Yizao Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regime ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Flow Duration ◽  
Low Flows ◽  
High Flows

Fruit tree planting is a common practice for alleviating poverty and restoring degraded environment in developing countries. Yet, its environmental effects are rarely assessed. The Jiujushui watershed (261.4 km2), located in the subtropical Jiangxi Province of China, was selected to assess responses of several flow regime components on both reforestation and fruit tree planting. Three periods of forest changes, including a reference (1961 to 1985), reforestation (1986 to 2000) and fruit tree planting (2001 to 2016) were identified for assessment. Results suggest that the reforestation significantly decreased the average magnitude of high flow by 8.78%, and shortened high flow duration by 2.2 days compared with the reference. In contrast, fruit tree planting significantly increased the average magnitude of high flow by 27.43%. For low flows, reforestation significantly increased the average magnitude by 46.38%, and shortened low flow duration by 8.8 days, while the fruit tree planting had no significant impact on any flow regime components of low flows. We conclude that reforestation had positive impacts on high and low flows, while to our surprise, fruit tree planting had negative effects on high flows, suggesting that large areas of fruit tree planting may potentially become an important driver for some negative hydrological effects in our study area.

scholarly journals Calibration of hydrological models for ecologically relevant streamflow predictions: a trade-off between fitting well to data and estimating consistent parameter sets?

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 1031-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibault Hallouin ◽  
Michael Bruen ◽  
Fiachra E. O'Loughlin
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regime ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Local Flow ◽  
Trade Off

Abstract. The ecological integrity of freshwater ecosystems is intimately linked to natural fluctuations in the river flow regime. In catchments with little human-induced alterations of the flow regime (e.g. abstractions and regulations), existing hydrological models can be used to predict changes in the local flow regime to assess any changes in its rivers' living environment for endemic species. However, hydrological models are traditionally calibrated to give a good general fit to observed hydrographs, e.g. using criteria such as the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) or the Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE). Much ecological research has shown that aquatic species respond to a range of specific characteristics of the hydrograph, including magnitude, frequency, duration, timing, and the rate of change of flow events. This study investigates the performance of specially developed and tailored criteria formed from combinations of those specific streamflow characteristics (SFCs) found to be ecologically relevant in previous ecohydrological studies. These are compared with the more traditional Kling–Gupta criterion for 33 Irish catchments. A split-sample test with a rolling window is applied to reduce the influence on the conclusions of differences between the calibration and evaluation periods. These tailored criteria are shown to be marginally better suited to predicting the targeted streamflow characteristics; however, traditional criteria are more robust and produce more consistent behavioural parameter sets, suggesting a trade-off between model performance and model parameter consistency when predicting specific streamflow characteristics. Analysis of the fitting to each of 165 streamflow characteristics revealed a general lack of versatility for criteria with a strong focus on low-flow conditions, especially in predicting high-flow conditions. On the other hand, the Kling–Gupta efficiency applied to the square root of flow values performs as well as two sets of tailored criteria across the 165 streamflow characteristics. These findings suggest that traditional composite criteria such as the Kling–Gupta efficiency may still be preferable over tailored criteria for the prediction of streamflow characteristics, when robustness and consistency are important.

scholarly journals Accounting for environmental flow requirements in global water assessments

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 5041-5059 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Pastor ◽  
F. Ludwig ◽  
H. Biemans ◽  
H. Hoff ◽  
P. Kabat
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regime ◽  
Environmental Flows ◽  
Environmental Flow ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
High Flows ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Global Vegetation

Abstract. As the water requirement for food production and other human needs grows, quantification of environmental flow requirements (EFRs) is necessary to assess the amount of water needed to sustain freshwater ecosystems. EFRs are the result of the quantification of water necessary to sustain the riverine ecosystem, which is calculated from the mean of an environmental flow (EF) method. In this study, five EF methods for calculating EFRs were compared with 11 case studies of locally assessed EFRs. We used three existing methods (Smakhtin, Tennant, and Tessmann) and two newly developed methods (the variable monthly flow method (VMF) and the Q90_Q50 method). All methods were compared globally and validated at local scales while mimicking the natural flow regime. The VMF and the Tessmann methods use algorithms to classify the flow regime into high, intermediate, and low-flow months and they take into account intra-annual variability by allocating EFRs with a percentage of mean monthly flow (MMF). The Q90_Q50 method allocates annual flow quantiles (Q90 and Q50) depending on the flow season. The results showed that, on average, 37% of annual discharge was required to sustain environmental flow requirement. More water is needed for environmental flows during low-flow periods (46–71% of average low-flows) compared to high-flow periods (17–45% of average high-flows). Environmental flow requirements estimates from the Tennant, Q90_Q50, and Smakhtin methods were higher than the locally calculated EFRs for river systems with relatively stable flows and were lower than the locally calculated EFRs for rivers with variable flows. The VMF and Tessmann methods showed the highest correlation with the locally calculated EFRs (R2=0.91). The main difference between the Tessmann and VMF methods is that the Tessmann method allocates all water to EFRs in low-flow periods while the VMF method allocates 60% of the flow in low-flow periods. Thus, other water sectors such as irrigation can withdraw up to 40% of the flow during the low-flow season and freshwater ecosystems can still be kept in reasonable ecological condition. The global applicability of the five methods was tested using the global vegetation and the Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed land (LPJmL) hydrological model. The calculated global annual EFRs for fair ecological conditions represent between 25 and 46% of mean annual flow (MAF). Variable flow regimes, such as the Nile, have lower EFRs (ranging from 12 to 48% of MAF) than stable tropical regimes such as the Amazon (which has EFRs ranging from 30 to 67% of MAF).

Low flow regime measurements with an automatic pulse tracer velocimeter (APTV) in heterogeneous aquatic environments

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 98-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni-Bin Chang ◽  
A. James Crawford ◽  
Golam Mohiuddin ◽  
Josh Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regime ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Aquatic Environments

scholarly journals Snow-stratification investigation on an Antarctic ice stream with an X-band radar system

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (127) ◽  
pp. 323-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Forster ◽  
Curt H. Davis ◽  
Timothy W. Rand ◽  
Richard K. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Radar System ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
X Band ◽  
Local Topography ◽  
Cw Radar ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractAn X-band FM-CW radar was used to determine the feasibility of observing annual snow-accumulation layers in Antarctica with a high-resolution inexpensive radar system. The formation of layering boundaries, their resultant electromagnetic discontinuity and their detection by reflected energy are presented. Large returns from depths corresponding to reasonable positions for annual layers were found. The average accumulation rates calculated from the radar returns agree with those measured in a previous pit study done in the same area. The detection of the annual accumulation layers with this system implies a simple, inexpensive mobile radar could be used to profile large areas allowing the distorting effects of local topography to be removed.This type of system with a concurrent pit study could provide insight into the effect of sub-surface strata on spaceborne or airborne microwave remote sensing.

scholarly journals Long term prediction of flood occurrence

2016 ◽  
Vol 373 ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Aguilar ◽  
Alberto Montanari ◽  
María José Polo
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regime ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Physical Explanation ◽  
Po River ◽  
Flood Season

Abstract. How long a river remembers its past is still an open question. Perturbations occurring in large catchments may impact the flow regime for several weeks and months, therefore providing a physical explanation for the occasional tendency of floods to occur in clusters. The research question explored in this paper may be stated as follows: can higher than usual river discharges in the low flow season be associated to a higher probability of floods in the subsequent high flow season? The physical explanation for such association may be related to the presence of higher soil moisture storage at the beginning of the high flow season, which may induce lower infiltration rates and therefore higher river runoff. Another possible explanation is persistence of climate, due to presence of long-term properties in atmospheric circulation. We focus on the Po River at Pontelagoscuro, whose catchment area amounts to 71 000 km2. We look at the stochastic connection between average river flows in the pre-flood season and the peak flows in the flood season by using a bivariate probability distribution. We found that the shape of the flood frequency distribution is significantly impacted by the river flow regime in the low flow season. The proposed technique, which can be classified as a data assimilation approach, may allow one to reduce the uncertainty associated to the estimation of the flood probability.

scholarly journals Modeling of Kahayan River Bed on the Section of Kahayan Bridge in Palangkaraya City, Center of Borneo Province, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 383-388
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Froude Number ◽  
Flow Regime ◽  
Model Test ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Flow Depth ◽  
City Center ◽  
River Bed ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Critical Type

This research intends to carry out the hydraulic model test in Kahayan River for knowing the changes of Kahayan river bed. This model uses 4 model discharge variations that are Q1= 0.798l/sec, Q2= 0.854 l/s, Q3= 0.897 l/sec, Q4= 0.994 l/sec by using the tilting slope (4.58x10-5 ). The data that are used in this model are flow depth, flow velocity, and the river bed shape after being flowed on each discharge. The result shows that based on the analysis of Froude number, it can said that the flow is as sub-critical type, however, in the beginning of flowing, fraction shows the Froude number is more than 1. This event is only happened in the upstream model. The flow with the Froude number is less than 1 is mentioned as the low flow regime. From the modeling result and it is carried out the bed river contour drawing, it is seen that the configuration of Kahayan river bed is as the ripples type

scholarly journals Limitation of microbial processes at saturation-level salinities in a microbial mat covering a coastal saltflat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri V. Meier ◽  
Andreas J. Greve ◽  
Arjun Chennu ◽  
Marit R. van Erk ◽  
Thirumahal Muthukrishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Mats ◽  
Microbial Processes ◽  
Saturation Level ◽  
Oxygenic Photosynthesis ◽  
Aerobic Respiration ◽  
Sulfur Cycling ◽  
Element Cycling ◽  
Salt Crust

Hypersaline microbial mats are dense microbial ecosystems capable of performing complete element cycling and are considered analogs of Early Earth and hypothetical extraterrestrial ecosystems. We studied the functionality and limits of key biogeochemical processes, such as photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, and sulfur cycling in salt crust-covered microbial mats from a tidal flat at the coast of Oman. We measured light, oxygen, and sulfide microprofiles as well as sulfate-reduction rates at salt saturation and in flood conditions and determined fine-scale stratification of pigments, biomass, and microbial taxa in the resident microbial community. The salt crust did not protect the mats against irradiation or evaporation. Although some oxygen production was measurable at salinity ≤ 30% (w/v) in situ , at saturation-level salinity (40%), oxygenic photosynthesis was completely inhibited and only resumed two days after reducing the pore water salinity to 12%. Aerobic respiration and active sulfur cycling occurred at low rates under salt saturation and increased strongly upon salinity reduction. Apart from high relative abundances of Chloroflexi, photoheterotrophic Alphaproteobacteria , Bacteroidetes , and Archaea, the mat contained a distinct layer harboring filamentous Cyanobacteria , which is unusual for such high salinities. Our results show that the diverse microbial community inhabiting this saltflat mat ultimately depends on periodic salt dilution to be self-sustaining and is rather adapted to merely survive salt saturation than to thrive under the salt crust. Importance Due to their abilities to survive intense radiation and low water availability hypersaline microbial mats are often suggested to be analogs of potential extraterrestrial life. However, even on Earth the limitations imposed on microbial processes by saturation-level salinity have rarely been studied in situ . While abundance and diversity of microbial life in salt-saturated environments is well documented, most of our knowledge on process limitations stems from culture-based studies, few in situ studies, and theoretical calculations. Especially oxygenic photosynthesis has barely been explored beyond 5M NaCl (28% w/v). By applying a variety of biogeochemical and molecular methods we show that despite abundance of photoautotrophic microorganisms, oxygenic photosynthesis is inhibited in salt-crust covered microbial mats at saturation salinities, while rates of other energy generation processes are decreased several fold. Hence, the complete element cycling required for self-sustaining microbial communities only occurs at lower salt concentrations.

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