Current Diagnostic Issues and Epidemiological Insights in PTSD

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Zohar ◽  
Yehuda Sasson ◽  
Daniella Amital ◽  
Iulian Iancu ◽  
Yaffa Zinger
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Shell Shock ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physical Attack ◽  
Traumatic Neurosis ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Definition Of

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was associated in the past mainly with combatrelated events. This was reflected in the names given to the disorder, ie, “shell shock,” “soldier's heart,” “combat neurosis,” and “operational fatigue.” Only following the realization that PTSD can be related to all types of traumatic events, including noncombat associated events, were the terms “traumatic neurosis” and, later, “PTSD” coined. These new terms reflect the understanding that the condition need not necessarily be associated with war, but may also be related to events such as a severe automobile accident, violent personal assault (eg, rape, physical attack, robbery, or mugging), terrorist attack, natural or human-made disaster (such as a fire), witnessing serious injury or death due to any of the above, as well as to other situations, such as being kidnapped or being held hostage.The tendency to interpret the symptoms of what we would consider now as PTSD, as a “normal response” to traumatic events was another factor that held up progress in the field. It is important to note that PTSD is a pathological response: The vast majority of individuals who are exposed to a traumatic event will later adapt and continue on with their lives. Only a small percent, which partially depends on the type of trauma and is partially associated with several risk factors, will develop a pathological fixation on the traumatic event, namely, PTSD.It has been estimated that approximately one-third of the population will be exposed to a severe trauma (according to the definition of PTSD) during their lifetime.

scholarly journals Typology of Traumatic Events and Physical Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 919-920
Author(s):  
Gabriella Dong ◽  
Mengting Li
Keyword(s):  
Physical Function ◽  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Physical Assault ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Trauma Group

Abstract Individuals experience various traumatic events over the life course, but little is known about the patterns of lifetime exposure to traumatic events. This study aims to identify traumatic event typology and examine its relationship with physical function. Data were from the 2017-2019 PINE study (N= 3,125). Traumatic events were evaluated by earthquake, typhoon, tornado, residential fire, physical assault, robbery, sexual assault, divorce, bereavement, cancer, homeless, imprisonment, and falsely accused. Physical function was measured by activities of daily living (ADL), with lower scores indicating better physical function. Analysis was conducted using latent class analysis and the four-class model fits the data best. We identified four typologies: limited trauma, severe trauma, natural disaster, and mild-to-moderate trauma. The “limited trauma” (33.8%) has the lowest exposure to all traumatic events except typhoon and homeless. In contrast, an equivalent “severe trauma” (33.3%) has the highest exposure to all traumatic events except natural disasters. A small “natural disaster” (4.8%) has the highest exposure to natural disaster and moderate exposure to other traumatic events. The “mild-to-moderate trauma” (28.2%) has mild-to-moderate trauma exposures. The mild-to-moderate trauma group (M=0.38, SD=2.12) has better physical function than limited trauma (M=0.69, SD=3.08), severe trauma (M=0.61, SD=2.81), and natural disaster (M=0.71, SD=3.22) groups. After controlling confounding variables, the mild-to-moderate trauma group has lower risks of ADL impairment than the limited trauma group (OR=0.66, 95%CI=0.47-0.93). The findings suggest mild-to-moderate exposure to traumatic events might benefit older adults’ health, while limited trauma might not be able to develop resilience and severe trauma overwhelms coping strategies.

The Politics of History in Russia and Theatricalisation of Traumatic Events

Inner Asia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-256
Author(s):  
Elza-Bair Guchinova
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
World War ◽  
Generational Change ◽  
Historical Representation ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Politics Of History ◽  
History Of

Abstract This article examines how historical representation of the deportation of Kalmyks to Siberia has changed in compliance with the politics of history in Russia. It traces the shift from silence on this topic under communism to the dramatisation of it in the 1990s when the communists lost their power, and finally to the softening of this event in the last decades when state ideology under Putin’s administration is striving to unite the peoples of Russia around the victory in the World War II, leaving the history of the ‘purged peoples’ on the sidelines of this triumph. This evolution from a tragic to a more positive narrative is reflected in the messages of public spectacles about the deportation. The softened approach to this traumatic event was also linked to generational change: its eldest witnesses today are the people who were born between 1943 and 1956 and who were too young to remember its hardships. The author analyses classic theatre performances (‘Arash’, 1995, and ‘Kalmychka’, 2018) and mass agitational campaigns, such as the Trains of Remembrance which took present-day Kalmyks to Siberia to express gratitude symbolically to Siberians who helped them in the difficult period. These spectacles are not mere historical illustrations of the past, but new revisions of it.

Child trauma

2012 ◽  
pp. 1728-1731
Author(s):  
David Trickey ◽  
Dora Black
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Attachment Problems ◽  
Repeated Events ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter will focus on the impact on children of traumatic events other than child abuse or neglect, which are covered in Chapter 9.3.3. According to the DSM-IV-TR definition of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic events involve exposure to actual or threatened death or injury, or a threat to physical integrity. The child's response generally involves an intense reaction of fear, horror, or helplessness which may be exhibited through disorganized or agitated behaviour. Terr suggested separating traumatic events into type I traumas which are single sudden events and type II traumas which are long-standing or repeated events. If the traumatic event includes bereavement, the reactions may be complicated and readers should consult Chapter 9.3.7 to address the bereavement aspects of the event. Following a traumatic event, children may react in a variety of ways (see Chapters 4.6.1 and 4.6.2 for the adult perspective on reactions to stressful and traumatic events). Many show some of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder—re-experiencing the event (e.g. through nightmares, flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, re-enactment, or repetitive play of the event), avoidance and numbing (e.g. avoidance of conversations, thoughts, people, places, and activities associated with the traumatic event, inability to remember a part of the event, withdrawal from previously enjoyed activities, feeling different from others, restriction of emotions, sense of foreshortened future), and physiological arousal (e.g. sleep disturbance, irritability, concentration problems, being excessively alert to further danger, and being more jumpy). In young children the nightmares may become general nightmares rather than trauma-specific. Other reactions to trauma in children are: ♦ becoming tearful and upset or depressed ♦ becoming clingy to carers or having separation anxiety ♦ becoming quiet and withdrawn ♦ becoming aggressive ♦ feeling guilty ♦ acquiring low self-esteem ♦ deliberately self-harming ♦ acquiring eating problems ♦ feeling as if they knew it was going to happen ♦ developing sleep disturbances such as night-terrors or sleepwalking ♦ dissociating or appearing ‘spaced out’ ♦ losing previously acquired developmental abilities or regression ♦ developing physical symptoms such as stomach aches and headaches ♦ acquiring difficulties remembering new information ♦ developing attachment problems ♦ acquiring new fears ♦ developing problems with alcohol or drugs. Such problems may individually or in combination cause substantial difficulties at school and at home. The reactions of some children will diminish over time; however, for some they will persist, causing distress or impairment, warranting diagnosis, and/or intervention. Research predicting which children will be more likely to be distressed following a traumatic event suffers from a number of methodological flaws. However, factors which are often identified as constituting a risk for developing PTSD across a number of studies include: level of exposure, perceived level of threat and peri-traumatic fear, previous psychological problems, family difficulties, co-morbid diagnoses, subsequent life events, and lack of social support.

Human Nature through Freudian Lenses. A Reading of Ordinary People (Robert Redford, 1980)

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-98
Author(s):  
Gabriel Lazăr
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Jacques Lacan ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Variable Length ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
The Past ◽  
Traumatic Neurosis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Unconscious Guilt ◽  
Commit Suicide

"The article highlights the Freudian approach applied in depicting the events ensuing in a family after a tragic accident – and the related psychoanalysis case, determined by a case of traumatic neurosis – as illustrated in Robert Redford’s movie Ordinary People. The elder son in the family dies in a boat accident, while his brother survives, unable to save him. Ridden with unconscious guilt, the brother tries to commit suicide. Later, he eventually starts an analysis that will bring to the surface his interpretation of the accident, unknown to himself, as the actual traumatic event. The emphasis is placed on a suggestion-free direction of the cure, as promoted by both Freud and Lacan, where the analyzand finds his own words and brings the trauma to memory, moving from a traumatic and compulsory reliving in the present to a remembering of something in the past which liberates the present. Keywords: traumatic neurosis, Freudian analysis, Jacques Lacan, direction of the cure, suggestion, variable-length session. "

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Ale na razie tu cisza” – fotografie sprzed katastrofy w wybranych zapisach literackich (Stefan Chwin, Ryszard Kapuściński, Wisława Szymborska)

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Magdalena Strąk
Keyword(s):  
Time Perspective ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
First World War ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

The work aims to show a peculiar perspective of looking at photographs taken on the eve of the broadly understood disaster, which is specified in a slightly different way in each of the literary texts (Stefan Chwin’s autobiographical novel Krótka historia pewnego żartu [The brief history of a certain joke], a poem by Ryszard Kapuściński Na wystawie „Fotografia chłopów polskich do 1944 r.” [At an exhibition “The Polish peasants in photographs to 1944”] and Wisława Szymborska’s Fotografia z 11 września [Photograph from September 11]) – as death in a concentration camp, a general concept of the First World War or a terrorist attack. Upcoming tragic events – of which the photographed people are not yet aware – become for the subsequent recipient an inseparable element of reality contained in the frame. For the later observers, privileged with time perspective, the characters captured in the photograph are already victims of the catastrophe, which in reality was not yet recorded by the camera. It is a work about coexistence of the past and future in the field of photography.

Derrida on Pornography: Putting (It) Up for Sale

Derrida Today ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Morris
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
English Translation ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Past ◽  
French Original ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Critical Discourses ◽  
Academic Debate

Over the past thirty years, academic debate over pornography in the discourses of feminism and cultural studies has foundered on questions of the performative and of the word's definition. In the polylogue of Droit de regards, pornography is defined as la mise en vente that is taking place in the act of exegesis in progress. (Wills's idiomatic English translation includes an ‘it’ that is absent in the French original). The definition in Droit de regards alludes to the word's etymology (writing by or about prostitutes) but leaves the referent of the ‘sale’ suspended. Pornography as la mise en vente boldly restates the necessary iterability of the sign and anticipates two of Derrida's late arguments: that there is no ‘the’ body and that performatives may be powerless. Deriving a definition of pornography from a truncated etymology exemplifies the prosthesis of origin and challenges other critical discourses to explain how pornography can be understood as anything more than ‘putting (it) up for sale’.

Holism, Chinese Medicine and Systems Ideologies: Rewriting the Past to Imagine the Future

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Scheid
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Medical Humanities ◽  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Us ◽  
Shared Objective ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter explores the articulations that have emerged over the last half century between various types of holism, Chinese medicine and systems biology. Given the discipline’s historical attachments to a definition of ‘medicine’ that rather narrowly refers to biomedicine as developed in Europe and the US from the eighteenth century onwards, the medical humanities are not the most obvious starting point for such an inquiry. At the same time, they do offer one advantage over neighbouring disciplines like medical history, anthropology or science and technology studies for someone like myself, a clinician as well as a historian and anthropologist: their strong commitment to the objective of facilitating better medical practice. This promise furthermore links to the wider project of critique, which, in Max Horkheimer’s definition of the term, aims at change and emancipation in order ‘to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them’. If we take the critical medical humanities as explicitly affirming this shared objective and responsibility, extending the discipline’s traditional gaze is not a burden but becomes, in fact, an obligation.

Prawne regulacje pobierania i transplantacji narządów oraz tkanek w ujęciu europejskiej konwencji bioetycznej

2016 ◽  
pp. 52-65
Author(s):  
Patryk Kołodyński ◽  
Paulina Drab
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
European Convention ◽  
The Public ◽  
Additional Protocol ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
International Legal Order ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Source Of Information

Over the past several years, transplantology has become one of the fastest developing areas of medicine. The reason is, first and foremost, a significant improvement of the results of successful transplants. However, much controversy arouse among the public, on both medical and ethical grounds. The article presents the most important concepts and regulations relating to the collection and transplantation of organs and tissues in the context of the European Convention on Bioethics. It analyses the convention and its additional protocol. The article provides the definition of transplantation and distinguishes its types, taking into account the medical criteria for organ transplants. Moreover, authors explained the issue of organ donation ex vivo and ex mortuo. The European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine clearly regulates the legal aspects concerning the transplantation and related basic concepts, and therefore provides a reliable source of information about organ transplantation and tissue. This act is a part of the international legal order, which includes the established codification of bioethical standards.

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