scholarly journals North-South diffusion of climate-mitigation technologies: the crowding-out effect on relocation

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-43
Author(s):  
Julie Ing ◽  
Jean-Philippe Nicolaï
Keyword(s):  
Technology Diffusion ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Business Decision ◽  
Adoption Of Technology ◽  
Diffusion Of Technology ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
The Government ◽  
North And South

AbstractThe deployment of cleaner production technologies is supposed to be crucial to mitigate the effect of climate change. The diffusion of technology from developed to developing countries can be done through different channels. It can be a business decision such as firms' relocation, opening of a subsidiary or the adoption of technology by southern firms, or it may be decided at the government level. This paper investigates, in a two-country model (North and South), the relationship between the diffusion of mitigation technologies, firms' relocation and the environment. We assume that both countries implement a carbon tax and there are two kinds of production technology used: a relatively clean technology and a dirty one. This paper theoretically shows that the technology diffusion by technology adoption, public transfer or subsidiary creation induces a decrease in relocation, while technology diffusion via purchasing dirty southern firms may increase the number of relocated firms. The paper also demonstrates that technology diffusion may have perverse effects in the long run. Indeed, total emissions may increase with technology diffusion since southern firms become more competitive.

Carbon Taxes and Innovation without Commitment

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Golombek ◽  
Mads Greaker ◽  
Michael Hoel
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Time Inconsistency ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Mitigation Policy ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
The Government ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Lack Of Commitment

Abstract Climate mitigation policy should be imposed over a long period, and spur innovation of new technologies in order to make stabilization of green house gas concentration economically feasible. The government may announce current and future policy packages that stimulate current R&D in climate-friendly technologies. However, once climate-friendly technologies have been developed, the government may have no incentive to implement the pre-announced future policies, that is, there may be a time inconsistency problem. We show that if the government can optimally subsidize R&D today, there is no time inconsistency problem. Thus, lack of commitment is not an argument for higher current R&D subsidies than the first-best subsidy. If the offered R&D subsidy is lower than the optimal subsidy, the current (sub-game perfect) carbon tax rate exceeds the first-best carbon tax rate.

Migration and US agricultural competitiveness

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Farm Workers ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Guest Workers ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Lower Wage ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

Agriculture has one of the highest shares of foreign-born and unauthorized workers among US industries; over three-fourths of hired farm workers were born abroad, usually in Mexico, and over half of all farm workers are unauthorized. Farm employers are among the few to openly acknowledge their dependence on migrant and unauthorized workers, and they oppose efforts to reduce unauthorized migration unless the government legalizes currently illegal farm workers or provides easy access to legal guest workers. The effects of migrants on agricultural competitiveness are mixed. On the one hand, wages held down by migrants keep labour-intensive commodities competitive in the short run, but the fact that most labour-intensive commodities are shipped long distances means that long-run US competitiveness may be eroded as US farmers have fewer incentives to develop labour-saving and productivity-improving methods of farming and production in lower-wage countries expands.

Dampak Insentif Pajak Perumahan Terhadap Potensi Penerimaan Pajak Negara Dan Peningkatan Pendapatan Masyarakat : Kasus Provinsi Papua

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Towaf Totok Irawan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
High Price ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Primary Input ◽  
State Revenue ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Until now the government and private sector have not been able to address the backlog of 13.5 million housing units for ownership status and 7.6 million units for residential status. The high price of land has led to the high price of the house so that low-income communities (MBR) is not able to reach out to make a home purchase. In addition to the high price of land, tax factors also contribute to the high price of the house. The government plans to issue a policy for the provision of tax incentives, ie abolish VAT on home-forming material transaction. This policy is expected to house prices become cheaper, so the demand for housing increases, and encourage the relevant sectors to intensify its role in the construction of houses. It is expected to replace the lost tax potential and increase incomes. Analysis of the impact of tax incentives housing to potential state revenue and an increase in people's income, especially in Papua province is using the table IO because in addition to looking at the role each sector can also see the impact on taxes (income tax 21 Pph 25 Pph, VAT), and incomes (wage). Although in the short-term impact is still small, but very rewarding in the long run. Keywords: Backlog, Gross Input, Primary Input, Intermediate Input

scholarly journals Determinants of Insurance Penetration in West African Countries: A Panel Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Odunayo Olarewaju ◽  
Thabiso Msomi
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
West African ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Auto Regressive ◽  
Insurance Penetration ◽  
The Government

This study analyses the long- and short-term dynamics of the determinants of insurance penetration for the period 1999Q1 to 2019Q4 in 15 West African countries. The panel auto regressive distributed lag model was used on the quarterly data gathered. A cointegrating and short-run momentous connection was discovered between insurance penetration along with the independent variables, which were education, productivity, dependency, inflation and income. The error correction term’s significance and negative sign demonstrate that all variables are heading towards long-run equilibrium at a moderate speed of 56.4%. This further affirms that education, productivity, dependency, inflation and income determine insurance penetration in West Africa in the long run. In addition, the short-run causality revealed that all the pairs of regressors could jointly cause insurance penetration. The findings of this study recommend that the economy-wide policies by the government and the regulators of insurance markets in these economies should be informed by these significant factors. The restructuring of the education sector to ensure finance-related modules cut across every faculty in the higher education sector is also recommended. Furthermore, Bancassurance is also recommended to boost the easy penetration of the insurance sector using the relationship with the banking sector as a pathway.

scholarly journals Do Erratic Rainfalls Hamper Grain Production? Analysis of Supply Response of Rice to Price and Non-Price Factors

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1463
Author(s):  
Ghulam Mustafa ◽  
Azhar Abbas ◽  
Bader Alhafi Alotaibi ◽  
Fahd O. Aldosri
Keyword(s):  
Unit Root Test ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Supply Response ◽  
Target Time ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Increasing rice production has become one of the ultimate goals for South Asian countries. The yield and area under rice production are also facing threats due to the consequences of climate change such as erratic rainfall and seasonal variation. Thus, the main aim of this work was to find out the supply response of rice in Malaysia in relation to both price and non-price factors. To achieve this target, time series analysis was conducted on data from 1970 to 2014 using cointegration, unit root test, and the vector error correction model. The results showed that the planted area and rainfall have a significant effect on rice production; however, the magnitude of the impact of rainfall is less conspicuous for off-season (season 2) rice as compared to main-season rice (season 1). The speed of adjustment from short-run to long-run for season-1 rice production is almost two-and-a-half years (five production seasons), while for season-2 production, it is only about one-and-a-half year (three production seasons). Consequently, the study findings imply the supply of water to be enhanced through better water infrastructure for both seasons. Moreover, the area under season 2 is continuously declining to the point where the government has to make sure that farmers are able to cultivate the same area for rice production by providing uninterrupted supply of critical inputs, particularly water, seed and fertilizers.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS ENTREPRENEUR: THE INFLUENCES OF PERSONALITY AND COMPETENCIES TO THE NEW E

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
AHMAD FIRDAUSE MD FADZIL ◽  
MOHD RAFI YAACOB ◽  
FAUZILAH SALLEH ◽  
AHMAD SHUKRI YAZID ◽  
ZAINUDIN AWANG
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Venture Creation ◽  
Business Decision ◽  
Tolerance Of Ambiguity ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Competencies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Complementary Study

A number of intensive studies on entrepreneurs which consider entrepreneurship as one of the mostimportant elements in business have been conducted within the past few years. An entrepreneur isresponsible for every aspect of a new venture’s creation considering that they are usually the lead personin every business decision. To date, researchers have tended to ignore the issues related to the qualitiesof entrepreneurs in the creation of new e-commerce ventures. While entrepreneurial competencies havebecome extremely important recently, as a complementary study, the personality traits of the entrepreneurcould also be studied. Much uncertainty still exists; hence, this study set out to determine the role ofpersonality and entrepreneurial competencies in the creation of new e-commerce ventures in Malaysia.This research uses a case studies approach in which data was collected by interviewing twelve e-commerceentrepreneurs from May 2013 until December 2014. The fi ndings have identifi ed that seven personalitytraits are most prevalent; namely, creativity, risk taking, inspiration, need for autonomy and freedom,tolerance of ambiguity, a hardworking and persistent attitude, and optimism, all of which vigorously havecontributed to new e-commerce venture creation in Malaysia. In the case of entrepreneurial competencies,it was deemed crucial for entrepreneurs to be equipped with both computer and communication skills tofacilitate the creation of new ventures. Therefore, it is best for the government to promote entrepreneurialactivity by highlighting the elements of entrepreneurs in terms of personality traits and entrepreneurialcompetency aspects. Finally, through a better understanding of our entrepreneurs, we will amplify theemergence of new ventures to strengthen the economic progress of the country.   Kajian lepas secara intensif telah melihat keusahawanan adalah sesuatu elemen yang penting dalamperniagaan sejak kebelakangan ini. Usahawan adalah bertanggungjawab terhadap segala aspekkeputusan dalam perniagaan yang dijalankan. Para penyelidik kini telah cenderung mengabaikan isuisu yang berkaitan dengan kualiti dimiliki usahawan terutamanya dalam konteks peniagaan e-dagangyang diketahui telah memberikan sumbangan besar terhadap nilai ekonomi kepada negara. Walaupunelemen kompetensi dimiliki usahawan menjadi kajian yang penting, sebagai pelengkap, personalitiusahawan turut menjadi keutamaan untuk dikaji oleh para penyelidik. Dengan ketidakpastian yangmasih wujud; objektif kajian ini adalah melihat peranan personaliti dan kompetensi usahawan terhadapproses penciptaan perniagaan baharu e-dagang di Malaysia. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan secarakajian kes iaitu seramai dua belas usahawan e-dagang telah ditemubual bermula Mei 2013 sehinggaDisember 2014. Penemuan kajian ini telah mengenal pasti terdapat tujuh ciri-ciri personaliti; iaitu kreativiti,mengambil risiko, inspirasi, keperluan autonomi dan kebebasan, toleransi terhadap kekaburan, sikapyang rajin dan cekal, dan optimistik adalah menyumbang kepada proses penciptaan perniagaan baharu e-dagang di Malaysia. Dalam konteks kompetensi, ia dianggap penting bagi usahawan untuk dilengkapidengan kemahiran komputer dan kemahiran berkomunikasi bagi memudahkan mereka semasa prosespenciptaan perniagaan baharu tersebut. Oleh itu, adalah terbaik bagi kerajaan mempromosikan aktivitikeusahawanan dengan menonjolkan espek personaliti dan kompetensi diri perlu dimiliki oleh usahawan.Akhirnya, penerapan pemahaman yang lebih baik berkenaan keusahawanan akan mengukuhkan nilaiekonomi di sesebuah negara melalui peningkatan KDNK, penciptaan peluang pekerjaan, dan nilai tambahmelalui kemunculan perniagaan baharu. 

Twitter users exhibited coping behaviours during the COVID-19 lockdown: an analysis of tweets using mixed methods

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchi Mittal ◽  
Wasim Ahmed ◽  
Amit Mittal ◽  
Ishan Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Twitter Data ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
Twitter Users ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data

Purpose Using data from Twitter, the purpose of this paper is to assess the coping behaviour and reactions of social media users in response to the initial days of the COVID-19-related lockdown in different parts of the world. Design/methodology/approach This study follows the quasi-inductive approach which allows the development of pre-categories from other theories before the sampling and coding processes begin, for use in those processes. Data was extracted using relevant keywords from Twitter, and a sample was drawn from the Twitter data set to ensure the data is more manageable from a qualitative research standpoint and that meaningful interpretations can be drawn from the data analysis results. The data analysis is discussed in two parts: extraction and classification of data from Twitter using automated sentiment analysis; and qualitative data analysis of a smaller Twitter data sample. Findings This study found that during the lockdown the majority of users on Twitter shared positive opinions towards the lockdown. The results also found that people are keeping themselves engaged and entertained. Governments around the world have also gained support from Twitter users. This is despite the hardships being faced by citizens. The authors also found a number of users expressing negative sentiments. The results also found that several users on Twitter were fence-sitters and their opinions and emotions could swing either way depending on how the pandemic progresses and what action is taken by governments around the world. Research limitations/implications The authors add to the body of literature that has examined Twitter discussions around H1N1 using in-depth qualitative methods and conspiracy theories around COVID-19. In the long run, the government can help citizens develop routines that help the community adapt to a new dangerous environment – this has very effectively been shown in the context of wildfires in the context of disaster management. In the context of this research, the dominance of the positive themes within tweets is promising for policymakers and governments around the world. However, sentiments may wish to be monitored going forward as large-spikes in negative sentiment may highlight lockdown-fatigue. Social implications The psychology of humans during a pandemic can have a profound impact on how COVID-19 shapes up, and this shall also include how people behave with other people and with the larger environment. Lockdowns are the opposite of what societies strive to achieve, i.e. socializing. Originality/value This study is based on original Twitter data collected during the initial days of the COVID-19-induced lockdown. The topic of “lockdowns” and the “COVID-19” pandemic have not been studied together thus far. This study is highly topical.

Determinants of Budget Deficit in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Maimuna M Shehu ◽  
Ibrahim M Adamu
Keyword(s):  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Cointegrating Vector ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Johansen Cointegration ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Johansen Cointegration Test ◽  
The Government ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Level

This paper investigates the factors governing the determination of budget deficit in Nigeria from 1981q1 through 2016q4. Our methodology is based on Johansen cointegration and Vector Error Correction model (VECM) approach. The result from the Johansen cointegration test suggests one cointegrating vector, which indicates the existence of a long run cointegrating relationship. Evidence from the long run and short run parameters suggest that exchange rate, interest rate and one year lag of budget deficit are the major determinants of budget deficit. Therefore, to achieve a realistic fiscal surplus, the government should determine a high level of accountability in its fiscal operations. In addition, any fiscal surplus should be channeled into productive investments to diversify the economy and reduce the likelihood of potential budget deficits.

THE IMPACT OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT ON AGRICULTURAL SECTOR PERFOMANCE IN KENYA

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-57
Author(s):  
John Githii Kimani ◽  
Dr. George Ruigu Ruigu
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
Parsimonious Model ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of research and development investment/expenditure on the agricultural sector performance in Kenya.Methodology: The study took the peoples impact assessment direction. The data for this study was collected from various government agencies such as KARI, ASTI, Kenya Agricultural Sector Data compendium website, FAOSTAT, World Bank among others. Co-integration and error correction modeling methods were used in analyzing the data for this study.Results: Co-integration results for both the parsimonious and non-parsimonious model indicated that that there is a long-run relationship among the variables in the agriculture performance in Kenya. Further, findings in this study indicated that the variables under study were insignificant determinants of the long run Total Factor Productivity of the agricultural sector.  Meanwhile, Trade openness was the only significant determinant of the short run agricultural Total Factor Productivity.Unique Contribution to Policy and Practice: This study recommends the institutionalization of policies aimed at ensuring interaction between the various stakeholders in the agricultural sectors. This interaction will ensure that resources are better allocated to reduce duplication of research and dissemination activities. In addition, greater collaboration among the stakeholders will promote and strengthen the connection between research, policy and the application of research findings. The study further advocates that the government should follow a trade liberazation oriented approach to the agricultural sector as opposed to a trade tightening approach.

scholarly journals Dynamic Analysis of Structural Shifts of Fiscal Revenue in Nigeria, 1999-2016

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Mustapha A. Akinkunmi
Keyword(s):  
Data Availability ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Excise Duty ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Crude Oil Prices ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
The Government

The oil sector that eased the financial constraint of Nigerian government in the 1970s is presently acting as the source of financial constraints to the country due to a continuous decline in government revenue, arising from the recent drastic fall in world crude oil prices. This calls for the government to diversify its revenue base through improving taxation. This study examined the influence of economic performance on the government revenue as well as the various sources of tax revenues in Nigeria. Monthly data spanning 1999 to 2016 were utilized to estimate vector error correction models (VECM) for five sources of government tax revenues based on data availability. Empirical results revealed that there is a significant relationship between real GDP and real company income tax revenues, and between real GDP and real excise duty revenues in the long run. However, in the short run, the one-year lag of tax revenue varieties poses a significant influence on the various sources of tax revenues.

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