The rate of intake of sweet, salty and bitter concentrates by dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Chiy ◽  
C. J. C Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Artificial Sweetener ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Subsequent Period ◽  
Consecutive Period ◽  
Feeding Process

AbstractChanges in the formulation and flavour of concentrate foods may temporarily reduce their acceptability to cattle, leading to reduced intake when they are offered for a limited time during milking. The rate of intake of 12 dairy cows offered 1 kg of salty or bitter concentrates was compared with a sweet concentrate, with or without an artificial sweetener to mask adverse flavours. The cows were offered the test concentrates twice a day in a Latin-square design with seven feeding occasions per period and the apparent and actual (excluding non-feeding time) food intake rates were recorded for all seven feeding occasions. Both apparent and actual intake rates were slower for the bitter compared with the salty and sweet flavoured concentrate.For the first two feeding occasions the intake rate was recorded separately for the 1st min and the subsequent period until the end of feeding. The intake rate was faster in the 1st min because of more rapid prehension of the food and fewer interruptions to the feeding process. Where no mask was included there was no effect of flavour on the apparent intake rate in the 1st min of the first feeding occasion but in the 1st min of the second feeding occasion the apparent intake rate of the salty concentrate was less than that for the sweet or bitter concentrates. The actual intake rates of the bitter and salty concentrates were less than for the sweet concentrate. The mask increased the apparent intake rate of the bitter and sweet concentrates in the 1st min of both the first and second feeding occasions, by reducing the non-feeding time and it also increased the actual intake rate of salty concentrates.After the 1st min the apparent intake rate of the salty concentrate was faster than that of the bitter and sweet concentrates, where no mask was included. The mask increased the apparent intake rate of the sweet concentrates at this time but reduced it for salty and bitter concentrates. It therefore reduced the acclimatization to the salty and bitter concentrates and enhanced the attractiveness of the sweet concentrates.There was a residual effect from the previous period of concentrates which were eaten slowly i.e. salty concentrates, which reduced the 1st min intake of foods that were eaten rapidly, i.e. sweet concentrates, in the subsequent period. This was largely due to increases in the time spent pausing between bouts of food ingestion. After the 1st min the apparent intake rate of cows receiving salty concentrate for a second consecutive period was increased, suggesting acclimatization. The opposite effect was observed for the sweet concentrate, probably because the novelty of the sweetness had diminished, making it relatively less attractive to the cow. This experiment therefore provides evidence that bitter and to some extent salty concentrates are consumed at a slower rate than sweet concentrates, except for the 1st min in which they are offered to cattle and that a reduced concentrate intake rate may persist after the flavour is removed from the food. Cattle did, however, demonstrate an ability to acclimatize to salty concentrate over time.

Short Term Intake Rate (STIR) as a method of ranking the intake potential of forage mixtures by dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 193-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Harrison ◽  
D.L Romney ◽  
R.H Phipps ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Forage Mixtures

Studies conducted by Moseley and Manendez (1989) and Gill and Romney (1994) have indicated a good correlation between potential intake rate and voluntary food intake for certain feedstuffs. Therefore development of a simple technique to assess intake rate could enable rapid assessment of feed acceptability. This experiment examined what will be termed Short Term Intake Rate (STIR) as a method of ranking forage mixtures in terms of intake potential.Five individually fed multiparous Fresian Holstein dairy cows were offered five silage based diets ad libitum daily for five days in a latin square design. The diets consisted of grass silage (A), or grass silage and maize silage in a 1:3 DM ratio (B, C, D and E). The DM content of the grass silage (A) was 279 g DM/kg, and the target DM content of the maize silage used in diets B, C, D and E was 230, 280, 300 and 380 g DM/kg respectively. The DM content of the forage mixtures B, C, D and E were 278, 302, 318 and 373 g DM/kg.

Short Term Intake Rate (STIR) as a method of ranking the intake potential of forage mixtures by dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 193-193
Author(s):  
S. Harrison ◽  
D.L Romney ◽  
R.H Phipps ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Forage Mixtures

Studies conducted by Moseley and Manendez (1989) and Gill and Romney (1994) have indicated a good correlation between potential intake rate and voluntary food intake for certain feedstuffs. Therefore development of a simple technique to assess intake rate could enable rapid assessment of feed acceptability. This experiment examined what will be termed Short Term Intake Rate (STIR) as a method of ranking forage mixtures in terms of intake potential.Five individually fed multiparous Fresian Holstein dairy cows were offered five silage based diets ad libitum daily for five days in a latin square design. The diets consisted of grass silage (A), or grass silage and maize silage in a 1:3 DM ratio (B, C, D and E). The DM content of the grass silage (A) was 279 g DM/kg, and the target DM content of the maize silage used in diets B, C, D and E was 230, 280, 300 and 380 g DM/kg respectively. The DM content of the forage mixtures B, C, D and E were 278, 302, 318 and 373 g DM/kg.

Effect of duration of fasting period on short-term intake rates of lactating dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Patterson ◽  
D. A. McGilloway ◽  
A. Cushnahan ◽  
C. S. Mayne ◽  
A. S. Laidlaw
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Fasting Duration

AbstractThe effects of duration of fasting on the short-term feeding behaviour of 12 grazing and 12 silage-fed lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were examined. Four groups of three cows were rotated around fasting treatments of 1, 3, 6 or 13 h following a balanced Latin-square design. Herbage intakes for each treatment group were assessed over al-h period.As intended there were no significant differences in sward characteristics between the experimental plots grazed by cows from different treatment groups. However, total dry-matter (DM) intake, biting rate and DM intake per bite, measured over the 1-h grazing period, increased significantly when the duration offasting was extended from 1 to 6 or 13 h (P < 0·05). There were only minor differences in grazing behaviour following fasting durations ofl and 3, or 6 and 13 h.In a parallel study, undertaken to assess the influence offasting duration on appetite independently of grazing, four groups of three cows were housed indoors and offered 30 kg of a high quality grass silage. Silage DM intakes, measured over a 1-h period, increased significantly with extended fasting periods (P < 0·01), though silage DM intake was considerably lower than that of grazing cows for each fasting treatment.These results suggest that dairy cows grazing on good quality swards may be able to compensate for increased degree of hunger by increasing both biting rate and DM intake per bite to increase DM intake rate. Although the DM intakes of silage and grazed grass followed similar patterns of increasing intake with extended fasting duration, DM intake rates were considerably higher in grazing cows for each fasting treatment.

Inclusion of white clover in strip-grazed perennial ryegrass swards: herbage intake and milk yield of dairy cows at different ages of sward regrowth

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. N. Ribeiro Filho ◽  
R. Delagarde ◽  
J. L. Peyraud
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Nutritional Benefits

AbstractThe introduction of legumes in grass-based swards provides some economic and agronomic advantages, often allowing an increase in the performance of grazing ruminants. The aim of this study was to obtain a better quantification of the nutritional benefits to dairy cows after introducing white clover into swards of perennial ryegrass (PRG), using two ages of regrowth. Four treatments were studied in a 2 ✕ 2 factorial design with two sward types and two ages of regrowth. The swards were either a pure perennial ryegrass sward with nitrogen (N) fertilization, or a perennial ryegrass/white clover mixture (GC) with no N fertilization. The regrowth ages were 19 and 35 days (treatments: PRG19, PRG35, GC19 and GC35). The proportion of clover in the GC swards was on average 420 g/kg dry matter (DM). Twelve late-lactation Holstein cows, fistulated at the rumen and duodenum, were used according to a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design with four 11-day periods. The pasture was strip-grazed with 12 kg DM per cow of herbage above 5 cm offered daily in all the treatments.The effects of sward type and regrowth age were often additive, in particular for herbage intake and milk yield. Herbage organic matter (OM) intake, duodenal non-ammonia N (NAN) flow and milk yields were higher on the GC swards and lower on the older regrowths. Finally, the performance of the cows was similar on the PRG19 and GC35 treatments. The OM digestibility of the selected herbage as well as the duodenal nitrogen flux per kg digestible OM intake was not affected by the sward type. Ruminal fermentations were more intense with mixed swards and the youngest regrowths. The daily grazing time and the daily pattern of grazing activities were modified by the type of sward and by regrowth age. The average OM intake rate was higher on the GC swards than on the PRG swards. In this study, the nutritional advantage of introducing white clover into swards of perennial ryegrass was related to an increase in herbage intake and not to any improvement in the nutritive value of the sward.

scholarly journals Metabolic and Productive Response and Grazing Behavior of Lactating Dairy Cows Supplemented with High Moisture Maize or Cracked Wheat Grazing at Two Herbage Allowances in Spring

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 919
Author(s):  
Verónica M. Merino ◽  
Lorena Leichtle ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Francisco Lanuza ◽  
Julián Parga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Grazing Behavior

The aim was to determine the effect of the herbage allowance (HA) and supplement type (ST) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, grazing behavior, rumen function, and blood metabolites of grazing dairy cows in the spring season. Experiment I: 64 Holstein Friesian dairy cows were distributed in a factorial design that tested two levels of daily HA (20 and 30 kg of dry matter (DM) per cow) and two ST (high moisture maize (HMM) and cracked wheat (CW)) distributed in two daily rations (3.5 kg DM/cow/day). Experiment II: four mid-lactation rumen cannulated cows, supplemented with either HMM or CW and managed with the two HAs, were distributed in a Latin square design of 4 × 4, for four 14-d periods to assess ruminal fermentation parameters. HA had no effect on milk production (averaging 23.6 kg/day) or milk fat and protein production (823 g/day and 800 g/day, respectively). Cows supplemented with CW had greater protein concentration (+1.2 g/kg). Herbage DMI averaged 14.17 kg DM/cow.day and total DMI averaged 17.67 kg DM/cow.day and did not differ between treatments. Grazing behavior activities (grazing, rumination, and idling times) and body condition score (BCS) were not affected by HA or ST. Milk and plasma urea concentration increased under the high HA (+0.68 mmol/L and +0.90 mmol/L, respectively). Cows supplemented with HMM had lower milk and plasma urea concentrations (0.72 mmol/L and 0.76 mmol/L less, respectively) and tended (p = 0.054) to have higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. Ruminal parameters did not differ between treatments.

Grazing behaviour and pattern of intake of dairy cows grazing kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) grass pastures in relation to sward height and length of grazing session

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Dobos ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
K. Sinclair ◽  
G. N. Hinch
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Strip Grazing

To investigate how grazing time, herbage dry matter intake (DMI) and intake rate (IR) are influenced by intensive grazing management, dairy cows strip-grazing subtropical grass pastures (Pennisetum clandestinum) at two compressed sward heights (10 and 13 cm) and at five grazing durations (1, 2, 4, 8 and 15 h) and replicated over 3 days were studied. The study was conducted in summer and the cows were observed every 20 min from 1600 to 0700 hours to calculate the time spent (min/h) grazing, ruminating and resting. Total time spent grazing was 45 min longer for cows grazing the 13-cm sward than for those grazing the 10-cm sward over the 15-h grazing period. The rate of increase in grazing time was 0.64 h/h grazing duration up to 4 h after introduction to fresh pasture. IR of cows grazing the 13-cm sward was significantly higher than those grazing the 10-cm sward (0.17 v. 0.12 kg DM/min spent grazing). The difference in IRs between sward height treatments resulted from the higher DMI in the 13-cm sward within the first 4 h of grazing compared with the 10-cm sward, although following the first 4-h grazing period IR was similar for both sward heights. Grazing time increased with sward height up to a maximum of 4 h after introduction to fresh pasture and had also maximised herbage DMI by this time. These results have important practical implications for dairy cow grazing management systems because they show that dairy managers could remove cows after 4 h with little compromise in production and will help in developing optimum supplementary feeding strategies when pasture availability limits DMI.

Supplementary feeding of dairy cows on continuously stocked pasture

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Jennings ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Stocking Rates

SummaryTwo experiments were conducted with milking cows on continuously stocked perennial ryegrass pastures. In each a control group, T0, received 1 kg/day of a concentrate supplement and treatment groups T1 and T2 received 4 kg (Expt 1) or 5 kg/day (Expt 2) of a low quality T1 or a high quality T2 concentrate. In Expt 1 treatments were applied continuously for 14 weeks to a total of 30 cows. In Expt 2 a Latin square design for 9 weeks was conducted with 18 cows. The stocking rate of the pasture declined from 9·6 to 5·1 cows per ha (mean 6·7 cows/ha) from May to August (Expt 1) and was maintained at 3 cows/ha in August-October (Expt 2).Supplements increased total intakes by 0·92 and 0·77 kg organic matter (OM)/kg OM supplied in the concentrates respectively for Expts 1 and 2. Milk yields increased by 0·6 and 0·5 kg/kg concentrate supplied and supplemented cows showed small increases in live weight. Differences in lactation milk yield just approached significance. Grazing times were only slightly reduced by supplements and bite sizes were lower than normal. There was no important difference in animal performance between the two concentrates. The total output from the pasture was 19·6t milk and 115 GJ of utilized metabolizable energy per hectare.Reasons for the high supplementary effect of the concentrates and its implications for stocking rates are discussed.

scholarly journals Association of Feed Efficiency, Feeding Rate, and Behaviour with the Milk Performance of Dairy Cows

Dairy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 684-694
Author(s):  
Lenka Krpálková ◽  
Niall O’Mahony ◽  
Anderson Carvalho ◽  
Sean Campbell ◽  
Gerard Corkery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Milk Performance

Identification of the associations of cow feed efficiency with feeding behaviour and milk production is important for supporting recommendations of strategies that optimise milk yield. The objective of this study was to identify associations between measures of feed efficiency, feed intake, feeding rate, rumination time, feeding time, and milk production using data collected from 26 dairy cows during a 3 month period in 2018. Cows averaged (mean ± standard deviation) 2.2 ± 1.7 lactations, 128 ± 40 days in milk, 27.5 ± 5.5 kg/day milk, 1.95 ± 0.69 kg feed/1 kg milk—the measure used to express feed conversion ratio (FCR), 575 ± 72 min/day rumination time, and 264 ± 67 min/day feeding time during the observation period. The coefficient of variation for rumination time (min/d) was 12.5%. A mixed linear model was selected for analyses. The most feed inefficient cows with the highest FCR (≥2.6 kg feed/1 kg milk) showed the lowest milk yield (24.8 kg/day), highest feed intake (78.8 kg), highest feeding rate (0.26 kg/min) and BCS (3.35 point). However, the relative milk yield (milk yield per 100 kg of body weight) was the highest (4.01 kg/day) in the most efficient group with the lowest FCR (≤1.4 kg feed/1 kg milk). Our study showed that the most efficient cows with the lowest FCR (≤1.4 kg feed/1 kg milk) had the highest rumination time (597 min/day; p < 0.05), feeding time (298 min/day; p < 0.05), rumination/activity ratio (4.39; p < 0.05) and rumination/feeding ratio (2.04; p < 0.05). Less active cows (activity time 164 min/day; p < 0.05) were the most efficient cows with the lowest FCR (≤1.4 kg feed/1 kg milk). The behavioural differences observed in this study provide new insight into the association of feed behaviour and feed efficiency with milk performance. Incorporating feeding behaviour into the dry matter intake model can improve its accuracy in the future and benefit breeding programmes.

Effect of offering three amounts of maize stover to dairy cows on intake and selection

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
J. N. Methu ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
A. Abate ◽  
M. Scarr ◽  
J. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Several studies with barley straw (e.g. Wahed et al, 1990) and sorghum stover (e.g. Osafo, 1993) have shown improvements in intake with increasing ‘ad libitum’ amounts offered. Furthermore, these studies have demonstrated that sheep and goats offered barley straw or sorghum stover in long, unprocessed form, increase intake by selecting for leaf and leaf sheath, and against stem. This phenomenon offers a simple feeding strategy to use selective feeding behaviour to improve intake and hence production. The aim of the present experiment was to study the effect of offering increasing amounts of long maize stover on intake and selection by dairy cows.Six, early- to mid-lactation Ayrshire and Friesian cows (live weight, M, 430 kg) were used in a double 3x3 Latin square design with 24-day (d) feeding periods. Cows were offered long (unchopped) maize stover at low, medium or high ‘ad libitum’ rates, i.e. 31, 59 or 87 g dry matter (DM)/kg M.d. Cows also received 3.2 kg DM/d of cotton seed cake (339 g/kg DM crude protein) in two meals at milking (0700 h and 1800 h). Stover was offered in one meal daily, at 0700 h, after collecting refusals from the previous day. Amounts of stover offered and refused were weighed daily. Samples of offered stover (0.5 kg) and refused stover (0.5 kg) were analysed for DM daily. All refused stover and 4.0 kg samples of offered stover were botanically fractionated, daily, into stem (S), leaf (L), sheath (Sh) and husk (H). Milk yield was recorded daily and cows weighed at the start and end of each period.

Effects of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Suphrap ◽  
C. Wachirapakorn ◽  
C. Thamrongyoswittayakul and C. Wongnen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Cassava Pulp ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows (Thai native x Holstein Friesian). Eight Thai Friesian dairy cows (447±44 kg.BW) were assigned to 4×4 double latin square design (DLSD) with two sources of oil i.e. palm oil (PO) or soybean oil (SBO) and four levels of YFCP (0, 5, 10 and 20%DM) in the dietary treatments. All cows received total mixed ration (TMR) comprised of rice straw to concentrate at a ratio of 40:60. The results showed that supplementation of SBO had lowered feed intake, nutrients digestibility, metabolize energy intake (MEI), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and methane emission than PO treatment. However, cows received SBO had greater total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4) than cows received on PO (P less than 0.05). In addition, supplementation of YFCP at 10%DM in the diet as an optimum level in dairy cow diets (P greater than 0.05). Finally, the interaction between the addition of SBO and YFCP at 10%DM (SBO+YFCP) had a positive effect on enhancing ether extract intake (EEI) in dairy cows.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document