scholarly journals A bilingual advantage in task switching

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANAT PRIOR ◽  
BRIAN MACWHINNEY
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Switching Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Competing Responses

This study investigated the possibility that lifelong bilingualism may lead to enhanced efficiency in the ability to shift between mental sets. We compared the performance of monolingual and fluent bilingual college students in a task-switching paradigm. Bilinguals incurred reduced switching costs in the task-switching paradigm when compared with monolinguals, suggesting that lifelong experience in switching between languages may contribute to increased efficiency in the ability to shift flexibly between mental sets. On the other hand, bilinguals did not differ from monolinguals in the differential cost of performing mixed-task as opposed to single-task blocks. Together, these results indicate that bilingual advantages in executive function most likely extend beyond inhibition of competing responses, and encompass flexible mental shifting as well.

scholarly journals Tacit Collusion with Consumer Preference Costs

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillem Roig
Keyword(s):  
Switching Costs ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
Dominant Strategy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tacit Collusion ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
Lock In

Abstract When consumers have preference costs, two opposing effects need to be assessed to analyse the incentives of firms to set collusive prices. On the one hand, preference costs make a deviation from collusion less attractive, as the deviating firm must offer a large enough discount to cover the preference costs. On the other hand, preference costs lock in consumers and make punishment from rivals less effective. When preference costs are low, the latter of the two effects dominates and collusion is more challenging to sustain than in a situation with no preference costs. With high enough preference costs, collusion is a (weakly) dominant strategy. These results do not eventuate in a model with switching costs.

Reframing and Wisdom within Proverbs

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Tracy ◽  
Nicholas Greco ◽  
Erika Felix ◽  
Donald F. Kilburg
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proactive Coping ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Reading Grade Level ◽  
Thinking Strategies ◽  
Difficult Situations ◽  
Silver Lining

Many proverbs seem to convey wisdom because they help people to reframe life's predicaments. Positive reframes, such as Every cloud has a silver lining, often draw positive implications from adverse circumstances (cf. “positive reappraisals,” “gain frames”). In contrast, negative reframes, such as All that glitters is not gold, provide helpful warnings about difficult situations, and therefore encourage proactive coping (cf. “problem-focused coping”). This study examined the validity of the distinction between positive and negative reframes and whether the distinction applies to proverbs. Six judges categorized 199 proverbs as positive or negative reframes. Results showed that the positive reframes were rated by college students as more pleasant, conceptually simpler, and more familiar than the negative reframes. Further, proverbs that were composed by students were of higher quality when they were positive rather than negative reframes. On the other hand, positive and negative reframes occurred similarly often among the 199 proverbs, and did not differ consistently in rated truth, rated imagery arousal, or reading grade level. We concluded that many proverbs can be regarded as positive or negative reframes, which constitute basic thinking strategies that help people cope with life's challenges.

scholarly journals The Effects Of English Citation and International Journal To Indonesian Students In Supporting Lecture Tasks

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Nabilah Putri ◽  
Adinda Apriashinta Salsabila ◽  
Farah Allisya Putri ◽  
Aprilia Cahyaningrum ◽  
Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Academic Writing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Know How ◽  
Interview Process ◽  
Assignment Method ◽  
Other Hand

Background: This research discusses the problem of the use of English citation by some college students in helping with their assignments. There is still no research about this topic, on the other hand, this is actually important for education. From the problem discussed here, the main point is to know, "Do college students often use English citations in their assignments and understand the citations they have taken?" Purpose: This research aims to know how far Indonesian students' comprehension is to the English citation which they used to help their academic writing for their college assignment. Method: The method used in this study is qualitative, the method that focused on observation to obtain a more comprehensive phenomenon study. In this research, we use data that have already been taken and collected from 62 college students and 15 of them have conducted the interview process to take further information from them. Results: It shows that the majority of college students in this research prefer to use Indonesian citations because they can understand more compared with the English one.

Sex Differences in Privacy Preferences

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1239-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darhl M. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Female College ◽  
Privacy Preferences ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean

A Privacy Questionnaire was administered to 118 male and 142 female college students to determine differences in the patterns of privacy preferences between the sexes. The questionnaire contained factor scales for measuring six independent types of privacy. t-tests showed that the means for women were significantly higher than those for men in their preferences for Intimacy with Family and Intimacy with Friends. On the other hand, for Isolation the mean for men was significantly higher than that for women. There were no significant differences between the means for the two sexes on the remaining three dimensions, Reserve, Solitude, and Anonymity.

Theoretically driven experiments may clarify questions about the bilingual advantage

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
KLARA MARTON
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Executive Processing ◽  
Keynote Paper ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

In her keynote paper, Valian (2014) provides a comprehensive review of the literature that examines whether bilingual individuals outperform monolingual participants on various executive processing tasks. The author acknowledges that numerous factors contribute to the outcomes, such as variations in participants’ profile, differences in target functions, as well as variants of tasks and procedures. She also says in her review that, on the one hand, researchers use different tasks to measure similar functions; while, on the other hand, each of these tasks target somewhat different aspects of executive processing. The most widely used tasks, such as the Stroop or flanker tasks, measure several components of executive functions simultaneously.

Mathematics Interest—Fundamental or Not?

1946 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-26
Author(s):  
Paul Torrance
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
High School ◽  
Junior College ◽  
The Other ◽  
Teaching Mathematics ◽  
Fundamental Interest ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Junior College Students

Several years of teaching mathematics and counseling high school and junior college students has often influenced me to wonder if there is such a thing as a “fundamental” interest in mathematics—or any other subject for that matter, but especially mathematics. Has a student by the time he has reached high school or junior college even acquired such a set of likes and dislikes that he has become the kind of person who cannot become interested in mathematics on the one hand or is the kind who is naturally intensely interested in it on the other hand?

scholarly journals The Primacy of Bilinguals and Trilinguals College Students’ Views on Reading and Language Learning

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Negmeldin Alsheikh
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Symbolic Interactionism ◽  
Symbolic Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metalinguistic Awareness ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Important Sense ◽  
Bilingualism And Multilingualism

This study aimed at understanding the essence of reading and language learning by bilinguals and trilinguals college students. The study is based on data from two separate yet related studies that were completed. The study used interviews as a qualitative means to glean the views of Arab bilinguals (n=10) and African trilinguals (n=3). The study is based on symbolic interactionism approach to incorporate a focus on intersubjective realities of bilinguals and trilinguals, openness to bilinguals and multilinguals’ experiences and a search for invariant indispensable meaning in their descriptions of their bilingualism and multilingualism. In a very important sense, this study attempted to get beyond the immediacy of an experienced world in order to articulate the pre-reflective level of lived-world of bilinguals and trilinguals. The preliminary results of this study revealed that both bilinguals and trilinguals viewed reading as an establish tool for gleaning meaning. On the other hand, trilinguals viewed language from a larger intersubjective scope where the shared common understandings through ongoing symbolic interaction with the others. The trilingual also assigned more spatial perspectives, more metalinguistic awareness of reading and languages learning than the bilinguals.

Life Regrets and Death Attitudes in College Students

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Tomer ◽  
Grafton Eliason
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Religious Motivation ◽  
Death Attitudes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Life Regrets ◽  
Death Acceptance

The relationship between death attitudes and life regret was examined in college students. Two types of regret, past-related regret and future-related regret, were defined and measured. The results confirmed the hypothesis, based on a comprehensive model of death anxiety, that both types of regret independently predict fear and avoidance of death. Other background and self variables may affect death anxiety, usually indirectly, by influencing the two types of regret. Death acceptance, on the other hand, was found to be influenced directly by intrinsic religious motivation and indirectly by other background and self variables.

scholarly journals A Unified FPGA Virtualization Framework for General-Purpose Deep Neural Networks in the Cloud

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Shulin Zeng ◽  
Guohao Dai ◽  
Hanbo Sun ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Shiyao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Private Cloud ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Other Hand

INFerence-as-a-Service (INFaaS) has become a primary workload in the cloud. However, existing FPGA-based Deep Neural Network (DNN) accelerators are mainly optimized for the fastest speed of a single task, while the multi-tenancy of INFaaS has not been explored yet. As the demand for INFaaS keeps growing, simply increasing the number of FPGA-based DNN accelerators is not cost-effective, while merely sharing these single-task optimized DNN accelerators in a time-division multiplexing way could lead to poor isolation and high-performance loss for INFaaS. On the other hand, current cloud-based DNN accelerators have excessive compilation overhead, especially when scaling out to multi-FPGA systems for multi-tenant sharing, leading to unacceptable compilation costs for both offline deployment and online reconfiguration. Therefore, it is far from providing efficient and flexible FPGA virtualization for public and private cloud scenarios. Aiming to solve these problems, we propose a unified virtualization framework for general-purpose deep neural networks in the cloud, enabling multi-tenant sharing for both the Convolution Neural Network (CNN), and the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) accelerators on a single FPGA. The isolation is enabled by introducing a two-level instruction dispatch module and a multi-core based hardware resources pool. Such designs provide isolated and runtime-programmable hardware resources, which further leads to performance isolation for multi-tenant sharing. On the other hand, to overcome the heavy re-compilation overheads, a tiling-based instruction frame package design and a two-stage static-dynamic compilation, are proposed. Only the lightweight runtime information is re-compiled with ∼1 ms overhead, thus guaranteeing the private cloud’s performance. Finally, the extensive experimental results show that the proposed virtualized solutions achieve up to 3.12× and 6.18× higher throughput in the private cloud compared with the static CNN and RNN baseline designs, respectively.

scholarly journals Do bilinguals outperform monolinguals in switching tasks? Contrary evidence for nonlinguistic and linguistic switching tasks

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
E. Mas-Herrero ◽  
D. Adrover-Roig ◽  
M. Ruz ◽  
R. de Diego-Balaguer
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Task Preparation ◽  
Language Control ◽  
The One ◽  
Switching Task ◽  
Contrary Evidence

Abstract The benefits of bilingualism in executive functions are highly debated. Even so, in switching tasks, these effects seem robust, although smaller than initially thought (Gunnerud et al., 2020; Ware et al., 2020). By handling two languages throughout their lifespan, bilinguals appear to train their executive functions and show benefits in nonlinguistic switching tasks compared to monolinguals. Nevertheless, because bilinguals need to control for the interference of another language, they may show a disadvantage when dealing with task-switching paradigms requiring language control, particularly when those are performed in their less dominant language. The present work explored this issue by studying bilingualism’s effects on task-switching within the visual and language domains. On the one hand, our results show that bilinguals were overall faster and presented reduced switch costs compared to monolinguals when performing perceptual geometric judgments with no time for task preparation. On the other hand, no bilingual advantage was found when a new sample of comparable bilinguals and monolinguals completed a within-language switching task. Our results provide clear evidence favoring the bilingual advantage, yet only when the task imposes greater executive demands and does not involve language control.

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