The plasticity of lexical selection mechanism in word production: ERP evidence from short-term language switching training in unbalanced Chinese–English bilinguals

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHUNYAN KANG ◽  
FENGYANG MA ◽  
TAOMEI GUO
Keyword(s):  
Naming Task ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Selection Mechanism ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Experimental Group

The present study examined the plasticity of the lexical selection mechanism in bilingual word production by training a group of unbalanced Chinese–English bilinguals with a language switching task. The experimental group received an 8-day language switching training, while the control group received no training. Before and after training, the behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data of both groups in a cued picture naming task were collected. ERP results revealed a training effect such that after training, the N2 peak latency in cue-locked ERPs was shortened only in the experimental group. These results suggest that short-term language switching experience could improve the efficiency to establish the target language task schema, and that the language control mechanism of word production in unbalanced bilinguals could be modulated by language switching experience.

The influence of short-term language-switching training on the plasticity of the cognitive control mechanism in bilingual word production

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2115-2128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junjie Wu ◽  
Chunyan Kang ◽  
Fengyang Ma ◽  
Xiaoyi Gao ◽  
Taomei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Language Mapping ◽  
Target Languages

This study examined the effect of short-term language-switching training on the cognitive control mechanism in bilingual word production. In two experiments, two groups of relatively proficient but unbalanced Chinese–English bilinguals performed a cued picture-naming task, in which they switched between their two languages. On two consecutive days, the participants took part in four sessions. The same procedure was employed on 2 days in Experiment 1, whereas the cue-language mapping was reversed on Day 2 in Experiment 2. In both experiments, picture naming in the dominant language (L1, Chinese) was slower than that in the weaker second language (L2, English) in all sessions. In addition, the reversed language dominance effect was enhanced with training, suggesting that training proactively increases the amount of inhibition of the dominant L1 at the global level. Furthermore, switching costs in the L1 were reduced with training in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2. These results indicate that language-switching training improves the efficiency of reactively exerting inhibitory control over the dominant L1 at the local level. However, when a cue matches with different target languages, the effect of training is absent at the local level. These findings reveal the plasticity and complexity of the cognitive control mechanism as a function of bilingual experience, particularly in language switching.

scholarly journals Time Course of Evoked-potential Changes in Different Forms of Anomia in Aphasia

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1499-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Laganaro ◽  
Stéphanie Morand ◽  
Armin Schnider
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Lexical Semantic

Impaired word production after brain damage can be due to impairment at lexical–semantic or at lexical–phonological levels of word encoding. These processes are thought to involve different brain regions and to have different time courses. The present study investigated the time course of electrophysiological correlates of anomia in 16 aphasic speakers, divided in two subgroups according to their anomic pattern (8 with lexical–semantic impairment and 8 with lexical–phonological impairment), in comparison to 16 healthy control subjects performing the same picture naming task. Differences in amplitudes and in topographic maps between groups were differently distributed when the whole heterogeneous group of aphasic patients was compared to the control group and when the two more homogeneous subgroups of anomic patients were analyzed. The entire aphasic group expressed different waveforms and topographic patterns than the control group starting about 100 msec after picture presentation. When two subgroups of aphasic patients are considered according to the underlying cognitive impairment, early event-related potential (ERP) abnormalities (100–250 msec) appeared only in the lexical–semantic subgroup, whereas later ERP abnormalities (300–450 msec) occurred only in the lexical–phonological subgroup. These results indicate that the time windows of ERP abnormalities vary depending on the underlying anomic impairment. Moreover, the findings give support to current hypotheses on the time course of processes involved in word production during picture naming.

Phonological and grammatical class cohorts in word production

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-97
Author(s):  
Pauline Pellet Cheneval ◽  
Marina Laganaro
Keyword(s):  
Naming Task ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Cohort Size ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Grammatical Class ◽  
Word Onset ◽  
Lexical Hypothesis ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract The lexical or sub-lexical loci of facilitation of word production by phonological cueing/priming are debated. We investigate whether phonological cues facilitate word production at the level of lexical selection by manipulating the size of the cohort of word onsets matching the cue. In the framework of lexical facilitation, a phonological cue corresponding to a small number of words should be more effective than a cue corresponding to a larger cohort. However, a lexical locus can clearly be inferred only if the facilitation effect in picture naming is modulated by a specific grammatical lexical cohort and not by the overall word onset cohort. Twenty-seven healthy participants performed an object/noun (Exp1) and an action/verb (Exp2) naming task with cues corresponding to large/small noun/verb onset cohorts. Results revealed that facilitation was modulated by the lexical onset cohort size of the cue in the target grammatical category. These results favour the lexical hypothesis and further suggest a categorical organization of the lexicon.

scholarly journals Effects of Massage Therapy on the Development of Babies Born with Down Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Elena Pinero-Pinto ◽  
María-Luisa Benítez-Lugo ◽  
Raquel Chillón-Martínez ◽  
Manuel Rebollo-Salas ◽  
Lorena-María Bellido-Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Massage Therapy ◽  
Psychomotor Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Infant Massage ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Experimental Group

Objective. To determine the short-term effects of infant massage on the development of Down syndrome babies. Materials and Methods. The study compared two groups (intervention and control), each with 16 babies with Down syndrome between 4 and 8 months old. The variables developmental age and developmental quotient were measured at two distinct time points, at pretest and after 5 weeks, using the Brunet-Lézine Early Childhood Psychomotor Development revised scale. This scale measures the variables of age and development quotient in a partial way (motor, visual-motor coordination, language, and social development) and in a global way. The experimental group received infant massage, applied by the parents, during these 5 weeks, every day for at least 10 minutes. The massage protocol was based on the methodology created by Vimala McClure. The control group received it after 5 weeks. Results. All developmental variables were improved in the experimental group but not in the control group. There were significant differences in developmental age between the two groups, and this outcome was better in the experimental group (p<0.001). The 2-by-2 mixed-model analysis of variance indicates a statistically significant group-by-time interaction for all development quotients, both partial and global (p<0.001), which was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusion. Infant massage therapy improves the development of babies with Down syndrome in the short term.

scholarly journals Short - Term Effects of Eccentric Hip Abductors and Lateral Rotators Strengthening In Sedentary People with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome on Pain and Function : A Randomized Control Trail

2016 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 068-073
Author(s):  
Kavitha Shetty ◽  
Lawrence Mathias ◽  
Mahesh V. Hegde ◽  
Sukumar Shanmugam
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Patellofemoral Pain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Strengthening Exercises ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Hip Abductor ◽  
And Function ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the influence of additional eccentric strengthening to the hip abductor and lateral rotator musculature on pain and function in sedentary people with Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Methods: 30 sedentary patients between 18 and 40 years of age, with a diagnosis of PFPS, all the subjects received treatment for a period of 4weeks and the subjects were randomly assigned to Control group (CG) and Experimental group (EG). The patients in the Control group (n = 15) performed a conventional knee-stretching and strengthening program, whereas, patients in the Experimental group (n = 15) performed the same exercises as those in the control group ,in addition received eccentric strengthening exercises for the hip abductors and lateral rotators. An 11-point numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and the Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS) were used as outcome measures during the baseline and at the end of 4weeks . Results: Statistics were retrieved using SPSS.16, paired 't' test was conducted to compare AKPS and LEFS values ,whereas, Mann- Whitney U test was used for NPRS value between the groups. After 4 weeks of treatment, the control group, pre and post-test value for AKPS (p<0.001),LEFS (P<0.001),NPRS (p<0.001) shows a statistical significance and even in the experimental group, pre and post-test value for AKPS (p<0.001),LEFS (P<0.001),NPRS (p<0.001) shows a statistical significance in pain and function, but comparing both the group experimental group is significantly more better AKPS (p=0.002),LEFS (P<0.001),NPRS (P<0.001) then a control group. Conclusion: short term Knee strengthening exercises supplemented by eccentric hip abductor and lateral rotator musculature–strengthening exercises were more effective than knee exercises alone in improving function and reducing pain in sedentary people with PFPS.

scholarly journals Dynamics of inhibitory control during bilingual speech production: An electrophysiological study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochen Zheng ◽  
Ardi Roelofs ◽  
Hasan Erkan ◽  
Kristin Lemhöfer
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Switching Task

AbstractBilingual speakers have to control their languages to avoid interference, which may be achieved by enhancing the target language and/or inhibiting the nontarget language. Previous research has provided evidence that bilinguals may use inhibition (e.g., Jackson, Swainson, Cunnington, & Jackson, 2001), which is reflected in the N2 component of the event-related potential (ERP). In the current study, we investigated the dynamics of inhibitory control by measuring the N2 during language switching and repetition in picture naming. We recorded the EEG of 30 unbalanced Dutch-English bilinguals in a cued language-switching task. Participants had to name pictures in Dutch or English depending on the cue. A run of same-language trials could be short (two or three trials) or long (five or six trials). We assessed whether RTs and N2 changed over the course of same-language runs, and at a switch between languages. Results showed that speakers named pictures more quickly late as compared to early in a run of same-language trials. Moreover, they made a language switch more quickly after a long run than after a short run. In ERPs, we observed a widely distributed switch effect in the N2, which was larger after a short run than after a long run. The N2 was not modulated during a same-language run, challenging Kleinman and Gollan (2018), who maintained that inhibition accumulates over time. Our results suggests that speakers adjust the level of inhibitory control at a language switch, but not when repeatedly naming in the same language.

scholarly journals Limits of cross-modal plasticity? Short-term visual deprivation does not enhance cardiac interoception, thermosensation, or tactile spatial acuity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Radziun ◽  
Laura Crucianelli ◽  
H. Henrik Ehrsson
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Washout Period ◽  
Visual Deprivation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Complete Darkness ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Normal Light ◽  
Experimental Group

In the present study, we investigated the effect of short-term visual deprivation on discriminative touch, cardiac interoception, and thermosensation by asking 64 healthy volunteers to perform four behavioral tasks. The experimental group contained 32 subjects who were blindfolded and kept in complete darkness for 110 minutes, while the control group consisted of 32 volunteers who were not blindfolded but were otherwise kept under identical experimental conditions. Both groups performed the required tasks three times: before and directly after deprivation (or control) and after an additional washout period of 40 minutes, in which all participants were exposed to normal light conditions. Our results showed that short-term visual deprivation had no effect on any of the senses tested. This finding suggests that short-term visual deprivation does not modulate basic bodily senses and extends this principle beyond tactile processing to the interoceptive modalities of cardiac and thermal sensations.

scholarly journals Clinical efficacy of plasma exchange therapy for treatment of autoimmune bullous skin disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxu Shi ◽  
Lanying Qin ◽  
Jun Peng ◽  
Zishen Zhao ◽  
Haixiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Exchange ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plasma Exchange Therapy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experimental Group

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of plasma exchange therapy for autoimmune bullous skin disease. METHODS: Fifty patients with autoimmune bullous skin disease enrolled in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 were selected. The patients were grouped by treatment method: 25 control group patients were given conventional hormone therapy, while 25 experimental group patients were treated with plasma exchange therapy; efficacy of treatment was compared between two groups of patients. RESULTS: Initial dose, maximum dose, and cumulative dose of glucocorticoids were lower in experimental group patients than those in control group (P<0.05). Incidence of complication was lower in experimental group patients than those in control group (P<0.05); the difference was significant. There was no significant difference in short-term efficacy between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: The application of plasma exchange therapy was effective for treatment of autoimmune bullous skin disease. It could reduce dosage amount of glucocorticoids and incidence of complications; its application can be promoted.

scholarly journals The Effect of Games with Rules on Voluntary Regulation of 6—7-year-old Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Savina ◽  
I.A. Savenkova ◽  
I.V. Shchekotikhina ◽  
A.M. Gul'yants
Keyword(s):  
Size Effects ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Verbal Instruction ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Voluntary Regulation ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Experimental Group

This article discusses the results of experimental study aimed at investigating the effect of games with rules on voluntary regulation of preschool children. The following components of voluntary regulation were studied: short-term and working memory, verbal interference control, the ability to follow verbal instruction, and knowledge of rules of conduct. One hundred and twenty 6—7-year-old children participated in this study. After the intervention, children in experimental group improved their knowledge of rules of conduct, short-term memory for numbers, verbal interference, and the ability to follow verbal instruction when executing a visual-motor integration task. Children in the control group also improved their verbal interference ability and short-term memory for numbers and words. However, size effects were smaller than in the experimental group.

scholarly journals Effect of Taping of Thoracic and Abdominal Muscles on Pelvic Alignment and Forward Reach Distance Among Stroke Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Megha Mehta ◽  
Abraham M. Joshua ◽  
Suruliraj Karthikbabu ◽  
Zulkifli Misri ◽  
Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Physiotherapy Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Conventional Physiotherapy ◽  
Experimental Group

Introduction: The objective of this study was to find the immediate as well as short-term effect on pelvic alignment and forward arm reach distance in sitting among stroke patients following thoracic spine and abdominal muscles taping along with conventional therapy. Methods: Thirty subjects with stroke attending the physiotherapy programme at Department of Physiotherapy at a tertiary care hospital underwent this randomized controlled experimental study. Subjects in the experimental group received taping, along with conventional physiotherapy treatment, for restricting thoracic kyphosis and facilitating abdominal muscles. Subjects in the control group received only conventional physiotherapy treatment. To assess the change in pelvic alignment and forward arm reach distance while sitting, Palpation MeterTM (PALMTM) and sit and reach test were used, respectively. Results: In the experimental group, pelvic obliquity was corrected (4.1 ± 0.94) and anterior pelvic tilt revealed improvement (4.9 ± 2.1, p value < 0.001). In the control group, no improvement in pelvic alignment was recorded. Improvement in forward arm reach distance was similar in both groups ( p value = 0.804). Conclusion: Taping as an adjunctive treatment method to physiotherapy can cause immediate as well as short-term improvement of pelvic alignment in sitting, following stroke. It also, immediately improves the sit and reach distance in the same population.

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