scholarly journals How different code-switching types modulate bilinguals’ executive functions: A dual control mode perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hofweber ◽  
Theodoros Marinis ◽  
Jeanine Treffers-Daller
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Dual Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Dense Code ◽  
Proactive Monitoring

AbstractMost existing studies on the relationship between code-switching and executive functions have focused on experimentally induced language-switching, which differs fundamentally from naturalistic code-switching. This study investigated whether and how bilinguals’ code-switching practices modulate different aspects of executive functioning. Our findings suggest that existing processing models of code-switching should be extended by a dual control mode perspective, differentiating between reactive and proactive monitoring. Bilinguals engaging in code-switching types that keep languages more separate (Alternation) displayed inhibitory advantages in a flanker task inducing reactive control. Dense code-switching, which requires bilinguals to constantly monitor cross-linguistic competition, explained performance in proactive monitoring conditions. Furthermore, a correlation between Dense code-switching and response inhibition suggests that linguistic co-activation may persist during articulatory stages of language processing. Crucially, bilinguals outperformed monolinguals at those aspects of the executive system that were trained by their most frequent code-switching habits. This underlines the importance of sociolinguistic variables in bilingualism research.

scholarly journals Effects of dense code-switching on executive control

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 648-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hofweber ◽  
Theodoros Marinis ◽  
Jeanine Treffers-Daller
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Dense Code ◽  
Executive System ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Bilingualism is reported to re-structure executive control networks, but it remains unknown which aspects of the bilingual experience cause this modulation. This study explores the impact of three code-switching types on executive functions: (1) alternation, (2) insertion, and (3) dense code-switching or congruent lexicalisation. Current models hypothesise that different code-switching types challenge different aspects of the executive system because they vary in the extent and scope of language separation. Two groups of German-English bilinguals differing in dense code-switching frequency participated in a flanker task under conditions varying in degree of trial-mixing and resulting demands to conflict-monitoring. Bilinguals engaging in more dense code-switching showed inhibitory advantages in the condition requiring most conflict-monitoring. Moreover, dense code-switching frequency correlated positively with monitoring skills. This suggests that dense code-switching is a key experience shaping bilinguals’ executive functioning and highlights the importance of controlling for participants’ code-switching habits in bilingualism research.

Testing tolerance for lexically-specific factors in Gradient Symbolic Computation

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 897-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANET G. VAN HELL ◽  
CLARA COHEN ◽  
SARAH GREY
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Target Picture ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Lexical Factors

In their keynote article, Goldrick, Putnam and Schwarz (2016) present a computational account of code-mixing. Although they review literature on the co-activation of lexical representations and cognate facilitation effects in bilingual language processing, their model remains silent on how it interfaces with lexical factors, and how lexical factors impact code-switching. One such lexical factor is cognate status, which has been found to affect code-switching, as demonstrated in corpus analyses (e.g., Broersma & De Bot, 2006) and psycholinguistic experiments (Kootstra, Van Hell & Dijkstra, 2012). For example, using the structural priming technique to examine the role of lexical factors in code-switching, Kootstra et al. asked Dutch–English bilinguals to repeat a code-switched prime sentence (starting in Dutch and ending in English) and then describe a target picture by means of a code-switched sentence (also from Dutch into English). They observed that bilinguals' tendency to switch at the same position as in the prime sentence was increased when the prime sentence and target picture contained cognates.

Coactivation in bilingual grammars: A computational account of code mixing

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 857-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW GOLDRICK ◽  
MICHAEL PUTNAM ◽  
LARA SCHWARZ
Keyword(s):  
Symbolic Computation ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Co Activation

A large body of research into bilingualism has revealed that language processing is fundamentally non-selective; there is simultaneous, graded co-activation of mental representations from both of the speakers’ languages. An equally deep tradition of research into code switching/mixing has revealed the important role that grammatical principles play in determining the nature of bilingual speech. We propose to integrate these two traditions within the formalism of Gradient Symbolic Computation. This allows us to formalize the integration of grammatical principles with gradient mental representations. We apply this framework to code mixing constructions where an element of an intended utterance appears in both languages within a single utterance and discuss the directions it suggests for future research.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Language Dominance and Stimulus-Stimulus or Stimulus-Response Inhibition in Uyghur-Chinese Bilinguals with an Investigation of Speed-Accuracy Trade-Offs

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu ◽  
Struys ◽  
Lochtman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Speed Accuracy

The effect of bilingualism on inhibition control is increasingly under ongoing exploration. The present study primarily investigated the effect of within bilingual factors (i.e., dominance types of Uyghur-Chinese bilinguals) on a Stimulus-Stimulus task (Flanker) and a Stimulus-Response task (Simon). We also compared the bilinguals' performance on each type of cognitive control task in respect to a possible trade-off between speed and accuracy. The findings showed no explicit differences on performance in response time or accuracy among balanced, L1-dominant and L2-dominant bilinguals but balanced bilinguals demonstrated a significant speed-accuracy trade-off in the overall context switching between non-conflict and conflict trials in both cognitive control tasks where monitoring process is highly demanded. Additionally, all bilinguals across all language dominance types showed a trade-off strategy in inhibition during a Stimulus-Stimulus conflict (flanker task). This evidence indicates that the differences of within bilinguals in cognitive control could lie in the monitoring process, while for all bilinguals, inhibition during a Stimulus-Stimulus conflict could be a major component in the mechanism of bilingual language processing.

RTDS-Based Simulate Analysis of AC Filters Switch Method in HVDC Converter for Voltage Stability

2013 ◽  
Vol 756-759 ◽  
pp. 4250-4253
Author(s):  
Xiao Jun Zhu ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Wei Fang ◽  
Luo Jiang Qian ◽  
Yi Yu Wen
Keyword(s):  
Voltage Stability ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Voltage Control ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Voltage Level ◽  
Action Sequence ◽  
Voltage Control Mode

In most of the AC-DC hybrid power transmission system AC filters is widely applied to stabilize voltage level in addition to filter harmonic. However, the voltage stability of AC bus is greatly influenced by action sequence of switching AC filters in group. The paper presents the concept of reactive characteristics of the convertor and AC filters, using reactive and voltage control mode to switch them. The modeling, control, and principle of operation for the AC-side switching filters are described. The voltage level is controlled via regulating action of switching filters by step. The salient feature of the proposed control modes is that voltage control contributes to keep the voltage level, and reactive control has no fast response on guaranteeing voltage stability, but two methods can apply to different occasions based on the requirements of voltage stability. All analysis and control system designs are verified through building a RTDS model in a typical ±500kV power system.

scholarly journals Language processing and executive functions in early treated adults with phenylketonuria (PKU)

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 148-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara De Felice ◽  
Cristina Romani ◽  
Tarekegn Geberhiwot ◽  
Anita MacDonald ◽  
Liana Palermo
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Language Processing

Electrophysiological and experimental-behavioral approaches to the study of intra-sentential code-switching

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet G. van Hell ◽  
Carla B. Fernandez ◽  
Gerrit Jan Kootstra ◽  
Kaitlyn A. Litcofsky ◽  
Caitlin Y. Ting
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Electrophysiological Response ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Behavioral Techniques ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Response Profiles

Abstract A hallmark of bilingual language processing is intra-sentential code-switching. An emergent body of research seeks to understand the intricate neural and cognitive mechanisms that underlie this seemingly effortless skill. In this paper, we discuss electrophysiological and experimental-behavioral research approaches that have been used to study intra-sentential code-switching, and illustrate the use of these techniques by discussing a select number of empirical studies. More specifically, we discuss electrophysiological approaches that are used to study the comprehension of visually and auditorily presented code-switched sentences, including the Event-Related brain Potentials (ERPs) method, time-frequency analysis, and approaches to study inter-individual variation in electrophysiological response profiles. This is followed by a discussion of experimental-behavioral techniques to study the comprehension and production of code-switched sentences, including self-paced reading, shadowing, and confederate scripting.

Influence of tumor site on cognitive deficits in children with cerebellar tumors at diagnosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9045-9045
Author(s):  
R. Riccardi ◽  
L. Peruzzi ◽  
L. Iuvone ◽  
C. Colosimo ◽  
G. Tamburrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Neurological Examination ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Cerebellar Tumor ◽  
The Impact

9045 Background: Children with cerebellar tumor are at risk for cognitive deficits (CD) depending on surgery and radiotherapy. Only few studies analyze the role of tumor itself in mental functioning (Ellenberg et al., ‘87). Data about neuropsychological organization before any treatment are essential to understand the effect of tumor and have a baseline for analyzing the negative impact of the different treatments in the CD. Aim of this study is to prospectively analyze cognitive functions before treatment in patients (pts) with cerebellar tumors. Methods: Twenty-five pts with cerebellar tumor were assessed at diagnosis.Children with previous and severe neurological disturbances neurological were excluded. Intelligence quotient (IQ) and sectorial cognitive abilities (memory, attention, language, visuospatial and executive functions) were evaluated. Neurological examination (BUSPAR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in the same period of cognitive assessment. Neurological deficits were classified as major, mild or absent in relation with the results of BUSPAR. Results: Twenty pts were selected; males/females: 12/8; age: 7.6 years (range: 18 m-14.8 y); histhology: pilocytic astrocytoma (9 pts), medulloblastoma (9), ependymoma (1) and atypical teratoid-rabdoid (1); tumor location: right cerebellar hemisphere (4), left (4), vermal (12); neurological examination: major neurological signs (2 pts), mild (10), absent (6); hydrocephalus: 50% of pts. Three pts had IQ values below the average level, although mean IQ values were normal (mean: 99.6; range: 78–118). Sixteen/20 pts had selective CD mainly involving working memory, executive functions, attention, and visual motor integration. Language processing was defective in 6 pts (2/4 right-sides lesions, 4/12 vermal lesion). Conclusions: Sectorial CD are present before treatment in about 80% of pts, mainly related to the location of tumor. Preliminar data suggest a correlation between specific sites inside cerebellum and selective CD, with language problems mainly in right hemispheric tumor. Complex cognitive impairment was present in 15% of pts before treatment. These data will represent the baseline for further analysis about the impact of treatment on cognitive outcome. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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