scholarly journals Effects of dense code-switching on executive control

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 648-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hofweber ◽  
Theodoros Marinis ◽  
Jeanine Treffers-Daller
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Dense Code ◽  
Executive System ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Bilingualism is reported to re-structure executive control networks, but it remains unknown which aspects of the bilingual experience cause this modulation. This study explores the impact of three code-switching types on executive functions: (1) alternation, (2) insertion, and (3) dense code-switching or congruent lexicalisation. Current models hypothesise that different code-switching types challenge different aspects of the executive system because they vary in the extent and scope of language separation. Two groups of German-English bilinguals differing in dense code-switching frequency participated in a flanker task under conditions varying in degree of trial-mixing and resulting demands to conflict-monitoring. Bilinguals engaging in more dense code-switching showed inhibitory advantages in the condition requiring most conflict-monitoring. Moreover, dense code-switching frequency correlated positively with monitoring skills. This suggests that dense code-switching is a key experience shaping bilinguals’ executive functioning and highlights the importance of controlling for participants’ code-switching habits in bilingualism research.

scholarly journals Latent variable evidence on the interplay between language switching frequency and executive control in Spanish-Catalan bilinguals

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 912-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor A. Sanchez-Azanza ◽  
Raúl López-Penadés ◽  
Eva Aguilar-Mediavilla ◽  
Daniel Adrover-Roig
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Second Language Proficiency ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
The Impact

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: We characterized the impact of several bilingualism-related factors on the executive control of Spanish-Catalan bilinguals. Design/methodology/approach: Participants self-reported information regarding their age of acquisition, second language proficiency and frequency of natural language switching, and performed non-linguistic tasks tapping into specific executive control subcomponents, including inhibition, switching and updating. Data and analysis: Data were analyzed by means of a structural equation model (SEM) approach. Findings/conclusions: Results revealed that the frequency of natural language switching positively modulated the executive control performance of Spanish-Catalan bilinguals, while neither age of acquisition nor second language proficiency had an effect. Moreover, we found that the impact of natural language switching exerted general-processing influences, affecting all subcomponents of executive control. Findings are discussed in relation to context-specific effects on the cognitive system of a particular bilingual population. Originality: The current study applied an SEM approach to provide new evidence on the previously ambiguous relation between bilingualism-related factors and executive control. Significance/implications: Our findings suggest that the frequency of natural language switching does globally influence the executive control of Spanish-Catalan bilinguals.

Intact Context-Dependent Modulation of Conflict Monitoring in Childhood ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1503-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annet Bluschke ◽  
Witold X. Chmielewski ◽  
Veit Roessner ◽  
Christian Beste
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Performance Deficits ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Control Functions

Objective: Conflict monitoring is well known to be modulated by context. This is known as the Gratton effect, meaning that the degree of interference is smaller when a stimulus–response conflict had been encountered previously. It is unclear to what extent these processes are changed in ADHD. Method: Children with ADHD (combined subtype) and healthy controls performed a modified version of the sequence flanker task. Results: Patients with ADHD made significantly more errors than healthy controls, indicating general performance deficits. However, there were no differences regarding reaction times, indicating an intact Gratton effect in ADHD. These results were supported by Bayesian statistics. Conclusion: The results suggest that the ability to take contextual information into account during conflict monitoring is preserved in patients with ADHD despite this disorder being associated with changes in executive control functions overall. These findings are discussed in light of different theoretical accounts on contextual modulations of conflict monitoring.

scholarly journals The Impact of Language Switching Frequency on Attentional and Executive Functioning in Proficient Bilingual Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Barbu ◽  
Sarah Orban ◽  
Sophie Gillet ◽  
Martine Poncelet
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Influence of ambiguity resolution during auditory language comprehension on executive control processes: a dual-task paradigm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel El Bouzaïdi Tiali ◽  
Elsa Spinelli ◽  
Fanny MEUNIER ◽  
richard palluel-germain ◽  
Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Ambiguity Resolution ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Control Load ◽  
Dual Task Paradigm ◽  
The Impact

In the present preregistered study, we evaluated the impact of linguistic ambiguity processing on non-verbal inhibitory processing in a dual-task paradigm. We assessed whether a shared mechanism is involved during verbal and non-verbal conflict resolution. To do so, we constructed a dual-task paradigm including an auditory language comprehension and a non-verbal Flanker task. The language comprehension stimuli included sentences with French homophones presenting a temporary ambiguity (ambiguous sentences) or not (control sentences). The Flanker task included congruent (low executive control load) and incongruent (high executive control load) trials that were synchronized or not with the homophone in the sentence. We hypothesized that if the homophone meaning selection requires executive control this would interfere with executive control performance of the concomitant Flanker trials. This would be reflected by a performance cost during incongruent Flanker trials for the ambiguous sentences only. Surprisingly, we observed a facilitatory effect during ambiguous sentences on incongruent Flanker trials suggesting better non-verbal inhibitory performances when homophone conflict resolution was simultaneously performed. Exploratory data analysis suggests that this effect is not only related to ambiguity resolution processing but also to the previous (n-1) Flanker trial. Indeed, results showed that incongruent n-1 Flanker trials led to a facilitation of the incongruent target Flanker trials only when ambiguous sentences were conjointly presented. This result, even if it remains to be corroborated in future studies, suggests that the recruitment of executive control mechanisms facilitates subsequent executive control implication during difficult language processing. The present study supports the view of a common executive control mechanism during conflict resolution in verbal and non-verbal tasks.

Degree of conversational code-switching enhances verbal task switching in Cantonese–English bilinguals

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
ODILIA YIM ◽  
ELLEN BIALYSTOK
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Verbal Task ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Verbal Fluency Task ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fluency Task

The study examined individual differences in code-switching to determine the relationship between code-switching frequency and performance in verbal and non-verbal task switching. Seventy-eight Cantonese–English bilinguals completed a semi-structured conversation to quantify natural code-switching, a verbal fluency task requiring language switching, and two non-verbal switching tasks. Participants who engaged in more conversational code-switching showed smaller costs in verbal task switching than those who switched languages less frequently. Participants performed similarly to bilinguals in previous studies on non-verbal switching tasks, but in this case performance was not linked to the degree of conversational code switching. The difference in the influence of code-switching for verbal and non-verbal executive control tasks indicates a dissociation between domains for the mechanism of task switching.

scholarly journals The impact of bilingualism on executive function in adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1278-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Chung-Fat-Yim ◽  
Cari Himel ◽  
Ellen Bialystok
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Mixed Block ◽  
Adolescent Population ◽  
Blue Arrow ◽  
The Impact

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: In early childhood and older adulthood, bilinguals generally demonstrate better performance on executive function tasks than their monolingual counterparts, but in the young adult population, these differences are infrequently observed. However, few studies have examined these effects in the adolescent population, so the trajectory of these changes is unclear. The objective of the study was to compare performance on a modified flanker task for monolingual and bilingual adolescents, a time when the executive functions are still developing. Design/methodology/approach: The flanker task was adapted by including a rule-switching component and contained three blocks: (1) rule; (2) flanker; and (3) mixed. In the rule block, a single red or blue arrow (indicated by light grey or medium grey in Figure 1) denoted a response rule; for example, a blue arrow signaled pressing the button indicating the direction the arrow was pointing but a red arrow signaled pressing the button indicating the opposite direction. The flanker block was a standard flanker task consisting of congruent and incongruent trials. The mixed block manipulated both congruency and rule conditions. Data and analysis: Mean reaction times and accuracy from 33 monolingual and 32 bilingual adolescents were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance with language group as the between-subjects variable and congruency and/or rule-type as the within-subjects variable depending on the block. Findings/conclusions: Bilingual adolescents outperformed monolingual adolescents but only on the block that was most similar to the standard flanker task. The blocks with the rule-switching component yielded equivalent performance. Originality: Unlike previous studies, the current study adapted a simple executive control task to require greater attentional resources by manipulating task demands. Significance/implications: Our findings add to the growing body of literature examining bilingualism and executive control in the adolescent population and fill in the gap in our understanding of the lifespan trajectory of these effects.

scholarly journals How different code-switching types modulate bilinguals’ executive functions: A dual control mode perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hofweber ◽  
Theodoros Marinis ◽  
Jeanine Treffers-Daller
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Dual Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Dense Code ◽  
Proactive Monitoring

AbstractMost existing studies on the relationship between code-switching and executive functions have focused on experimentally induced language-switching, which differs fundamentally from naturalistic code-switching. This study investigated whether and how bilinguals’ code-switching practices modulate different aspects of executive functioning. Our findings suggest that existing processing models of code-switching should be extended by a dual control mode perspective, differentiating between reactive and proactive monitoring. Bilinguals engaging in code-switching types that keep languages more separate (Alternation) displayed inhibitory advantages in a flanker task inducing reactive control. Dense code-switching, which requires bilinguals to constantly monitor cross-linguistic competition, explained performance in proactive monitoring conditions. Furthermore, a correlation between Dense code-switching and response inhibition suggests that linguistic co-activation may persist during articulatory stages of language processing. Crucially, bilinguals outperformed monolinguals at those aspects of the executive system that were trained by their most frequent code-switching habits. This underlines the importance of sociolinguistic variables in bilingualism research.

scholarly journals Multiple sclerosis and bilingualism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fraibet Aveledo ◽  
Yolanda Higueras ◽  
Theodoros Marinis ◽  
Arpita Bose ◽  
Christos Pliatsikas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Monitoring Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Abstract It has been suggested that bilingualism is beneficial for executive control and could have positive long-term effects by delaying the onset of symptoms of degenerative diseases. This research investigates, for the first time, the impact of bilingualism on executive control (monitoring and inhibitory control) in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a neurodegenerative disease which commonly causes deficiencies in the cognitive system. Bilingual and monolingual adults, with and without an MS diagnosis, performed a flanker task with two degrees of monitoring demands (high monitoring vs. low monitoring). Results showed that bilingual MS patients had inhibitory control and monitoring abilities that were similar to healthy bilingual controls. In contrast, monolingual MS patients showed similar inhibitory control but significantly worse monitoring abilities compared to monolingual healthy controls. We propose that the similar behaviour between bilingual groups suggests that bilingualism might counteract cognitive deficits related to MS, especially with respect to monitoring. The high monitoring cost observed in monolingual patients seems related to underlying deficits in monitoring and possibly switching, executive control abilities commonly impaired in MS patients from early stages. Our findings provide some preliminary evidence for the cognitive reserve hypothesis in bilingual MS patients.

The impact of preterm birth on the executive functioning of preschool children: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Carolina Cruvinel Sandoval ◽  
Cláudia Maria Gaspardo ◽  
Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
The Impact
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