scholarly journals Genetic analysis of self-reported physical activity and adiposity: The Southwest Ohio Family Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1052-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey C Choh ◽  
Ellen W Demerath ◽  
Miryoung Lee ◽  
Kimberly D Williams ◽  
Bradford Towne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Family Study ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Central Adiposity ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

AbstractObjectivePhysical inactivity poses a major risk for obesity and chronic disease, and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. However, the genetic association between physical activity (PA) level and obesity is not well characterized. Our aims were to: (i) estimate the extent of additive genetic influences on physical activity while adjusting for household effects; and (ii) determine whether physical activity and adiposity measures share common genetic effects.SubjectsThe sample included 521 (42 % male) adult relatives, 18–86 years of age, from five large families in the Southwest Ohio Family Study.DesignSport, leisure and work PA were self-reported (Baecke Questionnaire of Habitual Physical Activity). Total body and trunk adiposity, including percentage body fat (%BF), were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue mass were measured using MRI.ResultsHeritabilities for adiposity and PA traits, and the genetic, household and environmental correlations among them, were estimated using maximum likelihood variance components methods. Significant genetic effects (P < 0·05) were found for sport (h2 = 0·26) and leisure PA (h2 = 0·17). Significant (P < 0·05) household effects existed for leisure PA (c2 = 0·25). Sport PA had a negative genetic correlation with central adiposity measurements adjusted for height (ρG > |−0·40|). Sport and leisure PA had negative genetic correlations with %BF (ρG > |−0·46|).ConclusionsThe results suggest that the association of sport and leisure PA with lower adiposity is due, in part, to a common genetic inheritance of both reduced adiposity and the predisposition to engage in more physical activity.

scholarly journals Gene–Environment Interactions Between Depressive Symptoms and Smoking Quantity

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaisu Keskitalo-Vuokko ◽  
Tellervo Korhonen ◽  
Jaakko Kaprio
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Depression Score ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Gene By Environment Interactions ◽  
Smoking Quantity ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Shared Genetic

We investigated genetic and environmental correlations and gene by environment interactions (GxE) between depressive symptoms measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and quantity smoked measured by number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) using quantitative genetic modeling. The population-based sample consisted of 12,063 twin individuals from the Finnish Twin Cohort Study. Bivariate Cholesky decomposition revealed that the phenotypic correlation (r = 0.09) between BDI and CPD was explained by shared genetic (rg = 0.18) and environmental (re = 0.08) factors. GxE models incorporating moderator effects were built by using CPD as trait and BDI as moderator and vice versa. The importance of the genetic variance component increased with increasing moderator value in both models. Thus, the influence of genetic effects on variance of smoking quantity was enhanced in individuals with elevated depression score and vice versa; the genetic effects on depression variance were potentiated among heavy smokers. In conclusion, shared genetic and environmental factors as well as GxE underlie the association of smoking with depression.

Genetic and environmental factors affecting the incidence of difficult calving and perinatal calf mortality in Israeli-Friesian dairy herds

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bar-Anan ◽  
M. Soller ◽  
J. C. Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Genotype Effects

SUMMARYRecords of 178 593 monoparous births between 1964 and 1970 in Israeli-Friesian dairy cattle were analysed for information on environmental and genetic factors affecting calving difficulties and perinatal mortality. The incidence of difficult calvings (DC) and peri-natal calf mortality (PM) were 6·9 and 9·1% in heifer calvings, and 1·6 and 4·1% in cow calvings. Calving characters were not related t o heifer age nor cow parity, but there was a seasonal trend in heifer calvings, with both DC and PM being high in winter and low in summer calvings.Heritability estimates for calf-genotype effects on PM were 0·042 in heifer calvings and 0·013 in cow calvings. Heritability estimates for dam-genotype effects on PM were 0·018 and 0·004 respectively. Heritability estimates for DC were similar t o those for PM. The genetic correlations between DC and PM in the same class of calvings ranged between 0·8 and 0·9, while the environmental correlations were considerably lower, about 0·3. The genetic correlations between the calf-genotype effects in heifer and cow calvings were about 0·5, indicating that different factors may affect heifer and cow calvings.It is proposed that sires already proven for milk yield be tested for their calf effects in heifer calvings, using contemporary comparisons within herds and seasons. Results will be available when the sires are 6 to 6½ yr old. Sires causing fewest calving difficulties would be nominated for heifer matings, so that most heifer inseminations would be by sires proven for both yield and calving characters. Some long-term progress might be obtained if sires with a high incidence of difficulties in their heifer mates were not used to produce young sires.

scholarly journals Genetic and environmental architecture of conscientiousness in adolescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Takahashi ◽  
Anqing Zheng ◽  
Shinji Yamagata ◽  
Juko Ando
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Per Se

AbstractUsing a genetically informative design (about 2000 twin pairs), we investigated the phenotypic and genetic and environmental architecture of a broad construct of conscientiousness (including conscientiousness per se, effortful control, self-control, and grit). These four different measures were substantially correlated; the coefficients ranged from 0.74 (0.72–0.76) to 0.79 (0.76–0.80). Univariate genetic analyses revealed that individual differences in conscientiousness measures were moderately attributable to additive genetic factors, to an extent ranging from 62 (58–65) to 64% (61–67%); we obtained no evidence that shared environmental influences were observed. Multivariate genetic analyses showed that for the four measures used to assess conscientiousness, genetic correlations were stronger than the corresponding non-shared environmental correlations, and that a latent common factor accounted for over 84% of the genetic variance. Our findings suggest that individual differences in the four measures of conscientiousness are not distinguishable at both the phenotypic and behavioural genetic levels, and that the overlap was substantially attributable to genetic factors.

scholarly journals Sex-dimorphic genetic effects and novel loci for fasting glucose and insulin variability

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Lagou ◽  
◽  
Reedik Mägi ◽  
Jouke- Jan Hottenga ◽  
Harald Grallert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Sex Dimorphism ◽  
Waist To Hip Ratio ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractDifferences between sexes contribute to variation in the levels of fasting glucose and insulin. Epidemiological studies established a higher prevalence of impaired fasting glucose in men and impaired glucose tolerance in women, however, the genetic component underlying this phenomenon is not established. We assess sex-dimorphic (73,089/50,404 women and 67,506/47,806 men) and sex-combined (151,188/105,056 individuals) fasting glucose/fasting insulin genetic effects via genome-wide association study meta-analyses in individuals of European descent without diabetes. Here we report sex dimorphism in allelic effects on fasting insulin at IRS1 and ZNF12 loci, the latter showing higher RNA expression in whole blood in women compared to men. We also observe sex-homogeneous effects on fasting glucose at seven novel loci. Fasting insulin in women shows stronger genetic correlations than in men with waist-to-hip ratio and anorexia nervosa. Furthermore, waist-to-hip ratio is causally related to insulin resistance in women, but not in men. These results position dissection of metabolic and glycemic health sex dimorphism as a steppingstone for understanding differences in genetic effects between women and men in related phenotypes.

Association of fatigue, inflammation, and physical activity on gait speed: the Long Life Family Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon W. Renner ◽  
Yujia Qiao ◽  
Theresa Gmelin ◽  
Adam J. Santanasto ◽  
Robert M. Boudreau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Family Study ◽  
Long Life

Maturation and Exercise Training in Children

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Ann Plowman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Delayed Menarche

This paper describes the effects of exercise training on the somatic, skeletal, and sexual maturation of children. Young athletes of both sexes grow at the same rate and to the same extent as young nonathletes. However, there is evidence that the pubertal development of young female athletes may be delayed. Menarche is more consistently late than either thelarche or pubarche. Genetic and environmental factors are explored in an attempt to determine causative mechanisms. Longitudinal training data are needed for both boys and girls on a variety of physical and hormonal variables. Until such data are available, it is recommended that all children engage in regular physical activity but that maturational progress be monitored in those involved in strenuous competitive training.

scholarly journals Dietary and non-dietary determinants of central adiposity among Tehrani women

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Azadbakht ◽  
Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Central Adiposity ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Dairy Consumption ◽  
Central Fat

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the correlates of central adiposity.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study.SubjectsA total of 926 women (aged 40–60 years) from all districts of Tehran.MethodsDemographic data were collected and anthropometric indices were measured according to standard protocols. Dietary intakes were assessed by means of a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The suggested cut-off point for waist-to-hip ratio (WHR≥0.84) for Tehrani people, adjusted for their age group, was used to determine central adiposity. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the correlates of WHR, which were adjusted for age, taking medications and body mass index (BMI). The components of dietary intake were determined by factor analysis. Pearson correlation was used to determine the association between the dietary components and WHR. Analysis of covariance was employed to compare the mean values of WHR in different lifestyle groups, with adjustment for BMI and age.ResultsMean WHR was 0.82 ± 0.06. The possibility of being centrally obese was higher in women with light physical activity (odds ratio: 2.11; 95% confidence interval: 1.40–2.53), depressed women (1.36; 1.02–1.93), smokers (1.21; 1.02–1.56) and unemployed women (1.41; 1.13–1.72). Marriage (1.31; 1.10–1.82), menopause (1.22; 1.02–1.61), low vitamin C intake (2.31; 1.25–4.25) and low calcium intake (1.30; 1.07–3.78) were associated with central fat accumulation. Dairy consumption was inversely correlated with central fat accumulation (r = −0.2, P < 0.05).ConclusionCentral adiposity is associated with poor lifestyle factors including low physical activity, depression, smoking, low intake of vitamin C, low intake of calcium and dairy products and high fat consumption. Thus lifestyle modifications should be encouraged to achieve a healthier body shape.

Sex-Dependent Associations Between Daily Physical Activity and Leg Exercise Blood Pressure Responses

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquin U. Gonzales ◽  
Dustin M. Grinnell ◽  
Martha J. Kalasky ◽  
David N. Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Daily Physical Activity ◽  
Peak Exercise ◽  
Central Adiposity ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Leg Exercise ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

The authors examined interindividual and sex-specific variation in systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure responses to graded leg-extension exercise in healthy older (60–78 yr) women (n= 21) and men (n= 19). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), body composition, physical activity (accelerometry), and vascular function were measured to identify predictors of exercise BP. Neither VO2maxnor activity counts were associated with the rise in SBP or DBP during exercise in men. The strongest predictors of these responses in men were age (SBP:r2= .19,p= .05) and peak exercise leg vasodilation (DBP:r2= –.21,p< .05). In women, the modest relationship observed between VO2maxand exercise BP was abolished after adjusting for central adiposity and activity counts (best predictors, cumulativer2= .53,p< .05, for both SBP and DBP). These results suggest that determinants of variation in submaximal exercise BP responses among older adults are sex specific, with daily physical activity influencing these responses in women but not men.

scholarly journals Multiple biological mechanisms result in correlations between pre- and post-mating traits that differ among versus within individuals and genotypes

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1885) ◽  
pp. 20180951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Tuni ◽  
Chang S. Han ◽  
Niels J. Dingemanse
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Male Quality ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Ejaculate Size ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure

Reproductive traits involved in mate acquisition (pre-mating traits) are predicted to covary with those involved in fertilization success (post-mating traits). Variation in male quality may give rise to positive, and resource allocation trade-offs to negative, covariances between pre- and post-mating traits. Empirical studies have yielded mixed results. Progress is hampered as researchers often fail to appreciate that mentioned biological mechanisms can act simultaneously but at different hierarchical levels of biological variation: genetic correlations may, for example, be negative due to genetic trade-offs but environmental correlations may instead be positive due to individual variation in resource acquisition. We measured pre-mating (aggression, body weight) and post-mating (ejaculate size) reproductive traits in a pedigreed population of southern field crickets ( Gryllus bimaculatus ). To create environmental variation, crickets were raised on either a low or a high nymphal density treatment. We estimated genetic and environmental sources of correlations between pre- and post-mating traits. We found positive genetic correlations between pre- and post-mating traits, implying the existence of genetic variation in male quality. Over repeated trials of the same individual (testing order), positive changes in one trait were matched with negative changes in other traits, suggesting energy allocating trade-offs within individuals among days. These findings demonstrate the need for research on pre- and post-mating traits to consider the hierarchical structure of trait correlations. Only by doing so was our study able to conclude that multiple mechanisms jointly shape phenotypic associations between pre- and post-mating traits in crickets.

scholarly journals Genome-wide association meta-analysis of childhood and adolescent internalising symptoms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eshim S Jami ◽  
Anke R Hammerschlag ◽  
Hill F Ip ◽  
Andrea G Allegrini ◽  
Beben Benyamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Childhood Aggression ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Genome Wide

Internalising symptoms in childhood and adolescence are as heritable as adult depression and anxiety, yet little is known of their molecular basis. This genome-wide association meta-analysis of internalising symptoms included repeated observations from 64,641 individuals, aged between 3 and 18. The N-weighted meta-analysis of overall internalising symptoms (INToverall) detected no genome-wide significant hits and showed low SNP heritability (1.66%, 95% confidence intervals 0.84-2.48%, Neffective=132,260). Stratified analyses showed rater-based heterogeneity in genetic effects, with self-reported internalising symptoms showing the highest heritability (5.63%, 95% confidence intervals 3.08-8.18%). Additive genetic effects on internalising symptoms appeared stable over age, with overlapping estimates of SNP heritability from early-childhood to adolescence. Gene-based analyses showed significant associations with three genes: WNT3 (p=1.13×10-06), CCL26 (p=1.88×10-06), and CENPO (p=2.54×10-06). Of these, WNT3 was previously associated with neuroticism, with which INToverall also shared a strong genetic correlation (rg=0.76). Genetic correlations were also observed with adult anxiety, depression, and the wellbeing spectrum (|rg|> 0.70), as well as with insomnia, loneliness, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, and childhood aggression (range |rg|=0.42-0.60), whereas there were no robust associations with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or anorexia nervosa. Overall, childhood and adolescent internalising symptoms share substantial genetic vulnerabilities with adult internalising disorders and other childhood psychiatric traits, which could explain both the persistence of internalising symptoms over time, and the high comorbidity amongst childhood psychiatric traits. Reducing phenotypic heterogeneity in childhood samples will be key in paving the way to future GWAS success.

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