Maturation and Exercise Training in Children

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Ann Plowman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Delayed Menarche

This paper describes the effects of exercise training on the somatic, skeletal, and sexual maturation of children. Young athletes of both sexes grow at the same rate and to the same extent as young nonathletes. However, there is evidence that the pubertal development of young female athletes may be delayed. Menarche is more consistently late than either thelarche or pubarche. Genetic and environmental factors are explored in an attempt to determine causative mechanisms. Longitudinal training data are needed for both boys and girls on a variety of physical and hormonal variables. Until such data are available, it is recommended that all children engage in regular physical activity but that maturational progress be monitored in those involved in strenuous competitive training.

scholarly journals Age at menarche in urban school-going girls: association between socio-economic status, BMI and physical activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Amrita Behel ◽  
Leena Raje
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Background: Menarche, one of the most reliable markers of pubertal maturity, is a result of a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Since accelerated pubertal development is an important determinant of prognostic disease risk, especially in developing countries, attention must be focused on this important public health aspect.  Methods: Total 200 school-going girls aged between 10-15 years studying in municipal, public-funded and private schools in Mumbai were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria of having attained menarche only in the last three months. Sociodemographic and anthropometric details were collected using a structured schedule and physical activity data was collected using the physical activity questionnaire for older children and adolescents.Results: Socioeconomic status and family size were found to significantly influence the age of onset of menarche (p<0.001). Anthropometric indices of height, weight and BMI were found to have significant negative correlations indicating that taller, heavier girls reached menarche earlier than their shorter and lighter peers (p<0.000). Level of physical activity was also found to be an important contributing factor to age at menarche such that a higher level of physical activity was observed in girls with higher mean menarcheal age (p<0.000).  Conclusions: Age at menarche was found to be influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status, BMI and physical activity.   

Genetic and environmental factors in familial clustering in physical activity

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
André F. Seabra ◽  
Denisa M. Mendonça ◽  
Harald H. H. Göring ◽  
Martine A. Thomis ◽  
José A. Maia
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Familial Clustering ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Genetics of physical activity and physical fitness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nienke M Schutte ◽  
Meike Bartels ◽  
Eco JC de Geus
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Regular physical activity and fitness are key contributors to children’s health. It is important to understand sources of variation in phenotypes seen among children and adolescents. It is important to calculate the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors to observed individual differences. Heritability estimates of physical activity vary, depending on sample size and measurement instrument, but the overall importance of environmental factors seems to decrease in adolescence, whereas genetic effects become more prominent. Twin and family studies show that individual differences in maximal oxygen uptake, muscle strength, flexibility, and balance are affected by genetic factors. Some evidence is found for specific genes coding for physical activity and fitness, but children and adolescent studies are limited. Future research should prioritize these target groups as knowledge of the source of individual differences in physical activity and fitness at different time points can optimize the choice and timing of exercise intervention.

scholarly journals Endocrine Disorders in Adolescent and Young Female Athletes: Impact on Growth, Menstrual Cycles, and Bone Mass Acquisition

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. 4037-4050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Maïmoun ◽  
Neoklis A. Georgopoulos ◽  
Charles Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Peak Bone Mass ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Intense Training

Context: Puberty is a crucial period of dramatic hormonal changes, accelerated growth, attainment of reproductive capacity, and acquisition of peak bone mass. Participation in recreational physical activity is widely acknowledged to provide significant health benefits in this period. Conversely, intense training imposes several constraints, such as training stress and maintenance of very low body fat to maximize performance. Adolescent female athletes are therefore at risk of overtraining and/or poor dietary intake, which may have several consequences for endocrine function. The “adaptive” changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal, -adrenal, and somatotropic axes and the secretory role of the adipose tissue are reviewed, as are their effects on growth, menstrual cycles, and bone mass acquisition. Design: A systematic search on Medline between 1990 and 2013 was conducted using the following terms: “intense training,” “physical activity,” or “exercise” combined with “hormone,” “endocrine,” and “girls,” “women,” or “elite female athletes.” All articles reporting on the endocrine changes related to intense training and their potential implications for growth, menstrual cycles, and bone mass acquisition were considered. Results and Conclusion: Young female athletes present a high prevalence of menstrual disorders, including delayed menarche, oligomenorrhea, and amenorrhea, characterized by a high degree of variability according to the type of sport. Exercise-related reproductive dysfunction may have consequences for growth velocity and peak bone mass acquisition. Recent findings highlight the endocrine role of adipose tissue and energy balance in the regulation of homeostasis and reproductive function. A better understanding of the mechanisms whereby intense training affects the endocrine system may orient research to develop innovative strategies (ie, based on nutritional or pharmacological approaches and individualized modalities of training and competition) to improve the medical care of these adolescents and protect their reproductive function.

scholarly journals Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin resistance: Etiopathegenesis and influencing factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
AK Al-Mahmood ◽  
SF Afrin ◽  
N Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance has been the subject of much debate over the last two decades. Its pathophysiologycal basis, however, still remains to be clearly understood. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Mutation of genes encoding signal transduction molecules of insulin and acquired factors like aging, diets, physical activity, obesity and related molecular changes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and smoking were proposed by many groups. This review examined both acquired and genetic factors and discussed model of hormone-receptor-postreceptor interactions to explore the molecular basis of insulin resistance. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmb.v4i2.13773 Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2011; 4(2): 26-31

scholarly journals Are physical activity or body mass index associated with subsequent knee injuries in young female athletes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. S22
Author(s):  
C. Barton ◽  
M. Brussoni ◽  
C. Emery ◽  
A. Ezzat ◽  
L. Mâsse
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Young Female

scholarly journals The relationship between iron deficiency and bone mineral density in young female athletes

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S3) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
D.K. Pradita ◽  
F.F. Dieny ◽  
D.M. Kurniawati ◽  
A.F.A. Tsani ◽  
N. Widyastuti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
The Relationship

The iron deficiency that occurs in young female athletes can cause a decrease in bone density in three mechanisms, through the process of hydrolysis of procollagen formation, metabolism along with vitamin D and hypoxia. The aimed of this study is to analyze the relationship of iron deficiency with bone density in young female athletes. A crosssectional study design with 70 athletes aged 12-21 years conducted at the BPPLOP Central Java, Salatiga Athletics Club and Athletics and Swimming Club Semarang State University. Iron deficiency was determined by levels of ferritin serum, bone density measured by Bone Densitometer Quantitative Ultrasound, body fat percentage and muscle mass measured by Body Composition Analyzer. Bone-specific Physical Activity Questionnaire was used for physical activity data. Nutrition intakes such as protein, calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, iron, potassium, magnesium, and sodium was collected by Semi Quantitative-Food Frequency Questionnaire. This study used bivariate analysis with Pearson and Rank-Spearman Correlation Tests and multivariate analysis with Multiple Linear Regression Test. A young female athlete who suffers from iron deficiency is approximately 14.3%. All subjects had normal bone density. Significant relationships were observed between iron deficiency based on serum ferritin (p = 0.044) and muscle mass (p = 0.002) with bone density on young female athletes. The muscle mass variable had the strongest influence on bone density (p = 0.002; adjusted R2 = 0.117). This study showed that iron deficiency and muscle mass are related to bone density, but the other factors that might have an impact on bone density must be considered.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Genetic and Environmental Influences on Percent Body Fatness and Physical Activity

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1187-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin White ◽  
Jennifer D. Slane ◽  
Kelly L. Klump ◽  
S. Alexandra Burt ◽  
Jim Pivarnik
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Female Adolescent ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Background:Knowing the extent to which genetic and environmental factors influence percent body fatness (%Fat) and physical activity (PA) would be beneficial, since both are tightly correlated with future health outcomes. Thus, the purpose was to evaluate sex differences in genetic and environmental influences on %Fat and physical activity behavior in male and female adolescent twins.Methods:Subjects were adolescent (age range 8.3 to 16.6 yr) twins. %Fat (n = 518 twins) was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and PA (n = 296 twins) was measured using 3-Day PA Recall. Each activity was converted to total MET-minutes. Univariate twin models were used to examine sex differences in genetic and environmental factors influencing %Fat and PA.Results:%Fat was influenced by genetic effects in both boys and girls (88% and 90%, respectively), with slightly higher heritability estimates for girls. PA was influenced solely by environmental effects for both sexes with higher shared environmental influences in boys (66%) and higher nonshared effects in girls (67%).Conclusions:When developing interventions to increase PA in adolescents, it is important to consider the environment in which it takes place as it is the primary contributor to PA levels.

scholarly journals Wpływ uwarunkowań genetycznych i czynników środowiskowych na zachorowalność na cukrzycę typu 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Natalia Cecot ◽  
◽  
Beata Boruczkowska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Diabetes Clinic ◽  
Survey Technique ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Interview Questionnaire

Admission. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease resulting from disturbed secretion or action of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. It is genetically and multi-gene conditioned and by environmental factors, mainly obesity, bad eating habits and lack of physical activity. Aim. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of genetic conditions and environmental factors on the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Material and methods. In this work, the survey technique and classic qualita-tive analysis of documents were used. Research tools are used for the technical collection of data, such as: interview questionnaire, observation sheet, dicta-phone, pen, etc. Patients from the CDL Barska Diabetes Clinic in Włocławek participated in the study. The condition was the patient's written consent. Pa-tients received the questionnaire and it was conducted with their consent Results. One of the factors causing complications is alcohol consumption. Most respondents stated that they do not consume alcohol (45%), but a very large proportion of the respondents admitted that they drink alcohol occasion-ally (44%). Patients indicated that alcohol may induce hypoglycaemia (51%). Most of the respondents answered that alcohol is bad for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (88%). When indicating the type of physical activity, the respondents most often re-ported walking (48,4%) and cycling (25,8%). Patients admitted that they do physical activity once a week (34%) or not at all (27%). Conclusions. Genetic and environmental factors in the incidence of type 2 dia-betes are playing the very important role.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis and Factors associated with Insulin Resistance

KYAMC Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-532
Author(s):  
Md Atiqur Rahman ◽  
Tabassum Tahmin Sajani ◽  
Kamrunnahar Alo
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Insulin resistance has been the subject of much debate over the last two decades. Its pathophysiological basis, however, still remains to be clearly understood. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Mutation of genes encoding signal transduction molecules of insulin and acquired factors like aging, diets, physical activity, obesity and related molecular changes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and smoking were proposed by many groups. This review examined both acquired and genetic factors and discussed model of hormone-receptor-postreceptor interactions to explore the molecular basis of insulin resistance.KYAMC Journal Vol. 5, No.-2, Jan 2015, Page 527-532

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