Validation and reproducibility of a FFQ focused on pregnant women living in Northeastern Brazil

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Micaely Cristina dos Santos Tenório ◽  
Thiago Marques Wanderley ◽  
Isadora Albuquerque Macedo ◽  
Alanna Lira Ataide Vanderlei ◽  
Bianca Gomes de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Validity Assessment ◽  
Monounsaturated Fats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

Abstract Objective: The aim of the current study is to assess the validity and reproducibility of a FFQ focused on pregnant women living in Northeastern Brazil. Design: Three 24-hour-dietary recalls (24 hR) and two FFQ were applied at 15-d intervals between research stages in order to confirm the validity and reproducibility of the FFQ. Validity assessment was based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) or Spearman’s correlation coefficient (SCC) between FFQ and the mean of three 24 hR (the 24 hR was used as reference standard), whereas reproducibility assessment was based on the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) among FFQ, and P < 0·05 was set as significance level. Setting: Public health network of a capital city in Northeastern Brazil. Participants: Overall, 100 pregnant women were included in the study. Results: The PCC or SCC adopted in the validity analysis recorded the recommended values (from 0·4 and 0·7) for energy (0·44; P < 0·001), carbohydrate (0·40; P < 0·001), vitamins B2 (0·40; P < 0·001), B5 (0·40; P < 0·001), E (0·47; P < 0·001), B12 (0·48; P < 0·001), phosphorus (0·92; P < 0·001), Mg (0·81; P < 0·001), Se (0·70; P < 0·001), cholesterol (0·64; P < 0·001), saturated (0·76; P < 0·001), polyunsaturated (0·73; P < 0·001) and monounsaturated fats (0·87; P < 0·001) and fibres (0·77; P < 0·001). Mg (0·72; P < 0·001), Fe (0·65; P < 0·001), lipid (0·56; P < 0·001) and energy (0·55; P < 0·001) presented ICC within the recommended reproducibility values. Conclusions: The FFQ developed in the current study is a useful tool to assess the usual food intake of pregnant women.

scholarly journals Development and Relative Validity of a Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Dietary Intake among a Multi-Ethnic Population in the Malaysian Cohort Project

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Suzana Shahar ◽  
Mohd Razif Shahril ◽  
Noraidatulakma Abdullah ◽  
Boekhtiar Borhanuddin ◽  
Mohd Arman Kamaruddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Weighted Kappa ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Relative Validity ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

Measuring dietary intakes in a multi-ethnic and multicultural setting, such as Malaysia, remains a challenge due to its diversity. This study aims to develop and evaluate the relative validity of an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in assessing the habitual dietary exposure of The Malaysian Cohort (TMC) participants. We developed a nutrient database (with 203 items) based on various food consumption tables, and 803 participants were involved in this study. The output of the FFQ was then validated against three-day 24-h dietary recalls (n = 64). We assessed the relative validity and its agreement using various methods, such as Spearman’s correlation, weighed Kappa, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland–Altman analysis. Spearman’s correlation coefficient ranged from 0.24 (vitamin C) to 0.46 (carbohydrate), and almost all nutrients had correlation coefficients above 0.3, except for vitamin C and sodium. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from −0.01 (calcium) to 0.59 (carbohydrates), and weighted Kappa exceeded 0.4 for 50% of nutrients. In short, TMC’s FFQ appears to have good relative validity for the assessment of nutrient intake among its participants, as compared to the three-day 24-h dietary recalls. However, estimates for iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C should be interpreted with caution.

scholarly journals A Quantitative Comparison of Multispectral Refraction Topography and Autorefractometer in Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunru Liao ◽  
Zhenlan Yang ◽  
Zijing Li ◽  
Rui Zeng ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Agreement ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Repeatability And Reproducibility ◽  
The Mean

Purpose: Purpose of this study is to evaluate the measuring consistency of central refraction between multispectral refraction topography (MRT) and autorefractometry.Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study including subjects in Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital from September 1, 2020, to December 31, 2020, ages 20 to 35 years with a best corrected visual acuity of 20/20 or better. All patients underwent cycloplegia, and the refractive status was estimated with autorefractometer, experienced optometrist and MRT. We analyzed the central refraction of the autorefractometer and MRT. The repeatability and reproducibility of values measured using both devices were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).Results: A total of 145 subjects ages 20 to 35 (290 eyes) were enrolled. The mean central refraction of the autorefractometer was −4.69 ± 2.64 diopters (D) (range −9.50 to +4.75 D), while the mean central refraction of MRT was −4.49 ± 2.61 diopters (D) (range −8.79 to +5.02 D). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a high correlation between the two devices. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) also showed high agreement. The intrarater and interrater ICC values of central refraction were more than 0.90 in both devices and conditions. At the same time, the mean central refraction of experienced optometrist was −4.74 ± 2.66 diopters (D) (range −9.50 to +4.75D). The intra-class correlation coefficient of central refraction measured by MRT and subjective refraction was 0.939.Conclusions: Results revealed that autorefractometry, experienced optometrist and MRT show high agreement in measuring central refraction. MRT could provide a potential objective method to assess peripheral refraction.

scholarly journals P1213ROLE OF PERITONEAL PHOSPHORUS TRANSPORT IN PERITONEAL DIALYISIS REGIMEN FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Xipell ◽  
Elena Guillen Olmos ◽  
Lida Rodas ◽  
Jose J Broseta ◽  
Angeles Mayordomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Phosphorus Transport ◽  
Peritoneal Membrane ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Package Program ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Equilibrium Test ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Abstract Background and Aims The ratio D/P-Creatinine (DP-Cr) obtained by the peritoneal equilibrium test (PET) is the most widely used parameter to characterize the type of peritoneal membrane transport, and it is used to determine the dialysis regimen for ultrafiltration (UF). It has been suggested that net UF influences the final clearance of solutes, so guiding ultrafiltration by D/P-Phosphorus (DP-P) instead of DP-Cr could have some added value in the management of hyperphosphatemia. The objective of this study is to define if there is a correlation between DP-P and DP-Cr, and if these are related to the clearance of phosphorus (P) and creatinine (Cr). Method retrospective analysis of PETs performed during 2016 and 2017 in our center. DP-Cr and DP-P were calculated, and in patients with 24h effluent sample the day of the PET, it was also analyzed weekly Kt/V-urea, and peritoneal Cr and P clearance (CrCl and PCl, respectively). Statistical analysis was done using t-Student test for independent data and Pearson correlation coefficient, with SPSS Statistical Package program v.23, establishing a significance level of p&lt;0.05. Results 68 PETs were analyzed in 54 patients, mean age 60.4 years (SD 17), predominantly men (69% vs 31%). The mean plasma P, DP-Cr and DP-P were respectively 4.5 mg/dL (SD 1.2), 0.74 (SD 0.12) and 0.71 (SD 0.17). The correlation coefficient DP-P/DP-Cr showed a significant relationship (r=0.84, p&lt;0.001), which was maintained when analyzing patients according to phosphorus levels: DP-P/DP-Cr with P&lt;5 mg/dL (r=0.81); and P≥5 mg/dL (r=0.93) (p&lt;0.001).Patients in DP-P ≥50th percentile had P levels of 4.2 (± 1.05), and those in&lt;50th percentile had levels of 4.88 (± 1.38) (p &lt;0.031). Moreover, in patients with 24h effluent analyzed the day of the PET (n=35), the average PCl and CrCl was 4.1 and 2.85 ml/min, with statistical significant correlation (r=0.92, p&lt;0.001).However, in these patients no relationship was found between DP-Cr and CrCl (r=0.068, p=0.7), nor between DP-P and PCl (r=0.052, p=0.7). Conclusion The DP-P/DP-Cr high correlation suggests that both parameters could be useful to classify the type of peritoneal transport. However, although patients with higher DP-P had better control of hyperphosphatemia, thus suggesting a direct positive relationship between DP-P and PCl, our data showed no correlation between them.

scholarly journals Establishing the reference value for tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance on MRI in Southern Chinese population and its correlation with age, sex, height, weight and size: A multi-centre study

2020 ◽  
pp. 221049172096970
Author(s):  
Kwun Man Cyrus Mo ◽  
Kwan Yin Francis Cho ◽  
Ka Yan Alice Au ◽  
Ka Yin Gregory Lee ◽  
Hei Man Joyce Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Chinese Population ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Tibial Tubercle ◽  
P Value ◽  
Trochlear Groove ◽  
Measurement Reliability ◽  
Multi Centre Study ◽  
Southern Chinese ◽  
The Mean

Objective: The first objective of this study is to determine the reference Tibial Tubercle-Trochlear Groove (TT-TG) distance on MRI in Southern Chinese population. The second objective is to investigate the correlation between TT-TG distance and (i) age, (ii) sex, (iii) height, (iv) weight and (v) Body Mass Index (BMI) respectively. Method: Three hundred MRI knees performed in two different centres between August 2017 and October 2018 were included. All patients were prospectively recruited after MRI referral from Orthopaedics department. The TT-TG distances were measured by two radiologists independently. Measurement reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). One sample t-test was used to compare the results between this study and other published studies. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to determine correlations between the TT-TG distance and age, sex, height, weight and BMI respectively. Result: There was no statistical significance between the mean of TT-TG distances from the two radiologists ( P-value = 0.32). The measurement reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.922 ± 0.02). The mean of averaged TT-TG distance was 8.32 ± 0.33 mm (range 2.01 to 17.48 mm). There were no statistical significant differences in means of TT-TG distance between laterality and gender. There were statistically significant correlations between (i) TT-TG distance and age ( p-value = 0.009), and (ii) TT-TG distance and height ( p-value = 0.014). Conclusion: The reference TT-TG distance on MRI in Southern Chinese population was 8.32 ± 0.33 mm. Statistically significant correlations were established between (i) TT-TG distance and age; and (ii) TT-TG distance and height.

Determinants of the ability of general practitioners to detect psychiatric illness

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Marks ◽  
D. P. Goldberg ◽  
V. F. Hillier
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Professional Background ◽  
Case Identification ◽  
Personality Inventories ◽  
Global Ratings ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

SynopsisThis study of psychiatric illness among 4098 patients attending 91 general practitioners compares 2 methods of case identification: ‘conspicuous morbidity’ by the doctor's own assessments, and ‘probable prevalence’ by the patients' responses to the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). In general, the latter gives somewhat higher estimates than the former, but there are wide variations in morbidity between practices. The ability of each general practitioner to detect psychiatric illness was measured by computing Spearman's correlation coefficient between his assessments and the GHQ scores of his patients. The mean correlation coefficient was +0·36, but the range was very wide (0·09–0·60).The first part of the study deals with various demographic characteristics of the patients themselves which are associated with an increased likelihood of the doctor detecting a psychiatric illness; such factors include unemployment, female sex, and marriages which have ended by separation, divorce or death.The second part of the study examines characteristics of the doctors themselves in an attempt to account for the wide variation between them in their ability to detect psychiatric illness. A research psychiatrist made detailed observations on 2098 interviews carried out by 55 general practitioners. Each doctor's verbal and non-verbal styles were recorded minutely, and in addition various global ratings were made. The doctors completed personality inventories and supplied details of training and professional background. It was possible to account for 67 % of the variance of correlation coefficient mainly in terms of 2 dimensions: ‘interest and concern’ and ‘conservatism’. The way in which the doctor interviews his patients is shown to be important, but there are interactions between interview style and the doctor's personality.

scholarly journals Reliability Measurement of Corneal Wavefront Aberrations using Corneal Videokeratograph Atlas 9000

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noorshazana Mat Rejab @ Md Rejab ◽  
Mohd Radzi Hilmi ◽  
Khairidzan Mohd Kamal ◽  
Md Muziman Syah Md Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Wavefront Aberration ◽  
Wavefront Aberrations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reliability Measurement

Introduction: Accurate corneal wavefront aberration measurements are essential in determining patient’s suitability, vision outcomes and patient satisfaction in laser refractive surgeries. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability measurement of higher-order aberration (HOA) using corneal videokeratograph Atlas 9000. Materials and method:  38 eyes of 19 participants were recruited in this study. Comprehensive eye examination was done to ensure all participants eligibility, and any conditions in which obstruct the central cornea were excluded. Corneal wavefront aberrations were measured based on Zernike polynomials. In assessing repeatability, three repetitive measurements in five minutes in a single session were taken by 2 experience examiners. For reproducibility measurement, similar approach was done with the time-interval between measurements was set at one week. Bland-Altman, limits of agreement (LoA) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to evaluate the reliability measurement. Results: Bland-Altman and LoA findings revealed no significant differences for both repeatability and reproducibility measurement. For repeatability testing, the mean differences for vertical trefoil, oblique trefoil and spherical aberration were -0.096 ± 0.493, 0.001 ± 0.048, 0.008 ± 0.035, 0.004 ± 0.029, 0.010 ± 0.053 with LoA of 1.930, 0.188, 0.138, 0.114, and 0.208 respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) excellent reliability of 0.841 for all parameters. Likewise, reproducibility  testing showed similar findings  with the mean difference were -0.018 ± 0.091, 0.016 ± 0.061, -0.0004 ± 0.036, -0.002 ± 0.042, 0.003 ± 0.026, with LoA of 0.356, 0.24, 0.141,0.164, and 0.102 respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) shows excellent reliability of more than 0.9 for all parameters. LoA of less than 1.0 were observed in all measurements (except for repeatability of vertical trefoil) indicates high consistency of the measurements. Conclusions: Corneal videokeratograph Atlas 9000 provides excellent HOA measurement reliability.

scholarly journals Validation of a food consumer frequency questionnaire for pregnant women in primary Health Care Units

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Oliveira Rodrigues Duarte ◽  
Lucinéia De Pinho ◽  
Marise Fagundes Silveira ◽  
Ernani Mendes Botelho
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Consumption Frequency ◽  
24 Hour Recall

Introduction: The Food Consumption Frequency Questionnaire (FCFQ) is a tool for assessing food consumption. However, to be used in pregnant women, it must be submitted to validation. The food consumption of pregnant women can impact on maternal and child health, becoming a public health issue. The questionnaire applied during pregnancy can create parameters for better prenatal care. Objective: To validate a FCFQ for pregnant women attended at primary health care units. Methods: The Food Consumption Frequency Questionnaire and two 24-hour recall were applied to 155 pregnant women from the municipality of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The questionnaire results were contrasted with the average of the two 24- hour recall using the chi-square test. The mean of the differences were estimated by limits of agreement. Pearson's correlation test and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient as well were used. Food consumption medians and quartiles were calculated. Results: The value of estimate energy consumption and most nutrients was higher by the questionnaire. The concordance between the methods in the classification in quartiles of consumption was variable, being similar for 26.11% and opposite for 12.1%. After adjusting for energy, the correlation coefficient ranged from -0.144 (carbohydrate) to 0.337 (potassium). The questionnaire estimated values were approximately 1.94 higher than the 24 hour recall, corresponding to 20% higher for almost all nutrients. Conclusion: The FCFQ showed  to be a good  instrument to be considered clinically as well as for research purposes in  Brazilian pregnant women, this tool  measures  appropriately  food intake which  is  fundamental  for establishing health conditions during pregnancy, helping to assess the association between diet, nutrition and health..

Validity and reliability of Korean version of simplified nutritional appetite questionnaire in patients with advanced cancer: A multicenter, longitudinal study.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (31_suppl) ◽  
pp. 211-211
Author(s):  
Su-Jin Koh ◽  
So Yeon Oh ◽  
Ji Yeon Baek ◽  
Kyung A. Kwon ◽  
Hei-Cheul Jeung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Advanced Cancer ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Advanced Cancer Patients ◽  
Korean Version ◽  
The Mean

211 Background: Malnutrition and a loss of muscle mass are frequent in cancer patients and have a negative effect on clinical outcome. Nutrition risk screening aims to increase awareness and allow early recognition and treatment of cancer cachexia. Therefore, screenings should be brief, inexpensive, highly sensitive, and have good specificity. SNAQ is a simple screening tool including 4 questions, and validated to predict weight loss within 6 months in community-dwelling adults and nursing home residents. Our study aimed to translate the SNAQ into Korean, and to assess the validity and reliability of the translated screening tool in advanced cancer patients. Methods: The SNAQ was translated into Korean according to linguistic validation. The internal consistency of the SNAQ was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Test–retest reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Concurrent validity was evaluated by measuring the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the SNAQ and Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Results: In the 194 patients included in full analysis set, cancer stage was predominantly (98.5%) metastatic, the mean age was 60 years, and the mean BMI was 24 kg/m2. According to MNA score ≤11, 57 patients (29.3%) were malnourished. The mean score of the Korean version of the SNAQ was 13.8 (SD = 2.5) with a range of 6–19. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.74, and intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.87. The SNAQ was moderately correlated with MNA(r = 0.4043, p < 0.0001) and PG-SGA(r = -0.5297, p < 0.0001). A significant weight loss of 5% of the original body weight within 6 months occurred in 46 (24.7%) of the 186 patients. SNAQ score ≤14 predicted 5% weight loss with a sensitivity of 56.5% and a specificity of 44.3%. Conclusions: The Korean version of the SNAQ had high validity and reliability. SNAQ is useful for the screening tool for advanced cancer patients. The SNAQ had a limitation to predict impending weight loss in advanced cancer patients.

scholarly journals Individuality of the plasma sodium concentration

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (12) ◽  
pp. F1534-F1543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Jonathan Duckart ◽  
Christopher G. Slatore ◽  
Yi Fu ◽  
Amanda F. Petrik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The Mean

Older literature has suggested that the plasma sodium concentration is not individual, that it is neither intrinsic to an individual nor reproducible, longitudinally. We recently observed that the plasma sodium concentration is heritable. Because demonstrable heritability requires individuality of the relevant phenotype, we hypothesized that the plasma sodium concentration was substantially individual. In two large health plan-based cohorts, we demonstrated individuality of the plasma sodium concentration over a 10-yr interval; the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) averaged 0.4–0.5. The individuality of plasma sodium increased significantly with age. Plasma sodium individuality was equal to or only slightly less than that for plasma glucose but was less than the individuality for creatinine. The individuality of plasma sodium was further confirmed by comparing the Pearson correlation coefficient for within-individual versus between-individual pairs of sodium determinations and via application of the agreement index. Furthermore, the distribution of all sodium determinations for all participants within a population was similar to the distribution for the mean sodium concentration for individuals within that population. Therefore, the near-normal distribution of plasma sodium measurements within a population is likely not attributable to assay-specific factors but rather to genuine and durable biological variability in the osmotic set point. In aggregate, these data strongly support the individuality of the plasma sodium concentration. They further indicate that serial plasma sodium values for any given individual tend to cluster around a patient-specific set point and that these set points vary among individuals.

scholarly journals The Reproducibility of the Jaw Index in the Measurement of Healthy Newborns

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 574-580
Author(s):  
J.F. Mermans ◽  
S.M. Ghasemi ◽  
B.I. Lissenberg-Witte ◽  
J.P.W. Don Griot
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Feeding Problems ◽  
Interclass Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Interclass Correlation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maxilla And Mandible ◽  
Measuring Tool ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: Establish the reliability of the jaw index to objectify the relationship between the maxilla and mandible in healthy newborns. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Tertiary setting. Patients: A total of 52 healthy newborns were included to detect an inter and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.8 with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of width 0.3. Inclusion criteria were children born full term without respiratory or feeding problems, and without congenital malformations or facial deformities due to birth trauma. Uncooperative patients were excluded. Interventions: The jaw index, a measuring tool for objectifying micrognathia in children suspected of having Robin sequence, was used. An ICC of greater than 0.8 was considered clinically relevant. Main Outcome Measure(s): Primary outcomes are the reliability of the jaw index expressed as interclass correlation coefficient and ICC. Secondary outcomes are the mean jaw index and mean length of the mandible, maxilla, and the alveolar overjet. Results: An interclass correlation coefficient of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.49-0.86) and an ICC of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.66-0.89) were found. The mandible had an average length of 162.6 mm (standard deviation [SD] 11.1), the maxilla 168.7 mm (SD 9.4), the alveolar overjet 2.0 mm (SD 0.60), and the mean jaw index was 2.1 (SD 0.64). Conclusion: The jaw index is a consistent instrument between different observers as well as for one observer measuring consecutively in the same child, to objectify the size of the lower jaw compared to that of the upper jaw in healthy newborns.

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