Fine Structure of the Lateral Area of the Posterior Rhombencephalic Tela of the Bullfrog, Rana Catesbiana

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 522-523
Author(s):  
J. E. Michaels ◽  
P. A. Tornheim
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Open Communication ◽  
Tela Choroidea ◽  
Lateral Area

In mammals, the caudal roof of the fourth ventricle consists of an inner layer of ependymal cells and an outer layer of leptomeningeal cells. It contains specializations in the form of tufts of choroid plexus for the elaboration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as gross apertures that permit open communication between the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space, an essential feature for mammalian CSF circulation. In the bullfrog, as in most submammals, the roof of the fourth ventricle contains a rostral rhombencephalic choroid plexus with no gross evidence of fourth ventricular apertures. Communication between the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space in this animal, however, has been demonstrated to occur by way of microscopic openings or pores in the caudal roof of the hindbrain or the posterior rhombencephalic tela choroidea.

scholarly journals Targeting the Choroid Plexuses for Protein Drug Delivery

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 963
Author(s):  
Mark A. Bryniarski ◽  
Tianjing Ren ◽  
Abbas R. Rizvi ◽  
Anthony M. Snyder ◽  
Marilyn E. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Protein Therapeutics ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Choroid Plexuses ◽  
Choroid Plexus Epithelial

Delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system is challenged by the barriers in place to regulate brain homeostasis. This is especially true for protein therapeutics. Targeting the barrier formed by the choroid plexuses at the interfaces of the systemic circulation and ventricular system may be a surrogate brain delivery strategy to circumvent the blood-brain barrier. Heterogenous cell populations located at the choroid plexuses provide diverse functions in regulating the exchange of material within the ventricular space. Receptor-mediated transcytosis may be a promising mechanism to deliver protein therapeutics across the tight junctions formed by choroid plexus epithelial cells. However, cerebrospinal fluid flow and other barriers formed by ependymal cells and perivascular spaces should also be considered for evaluation of protein therapeutic disposition. Various preclinical methods have been applied to delineate protein transport across the choroid plexuses, including imaging strategies, ventriculocisternal perfusions, and primary choroid plexus epithelial cell models. When used in combination with simultaneous measures of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, they can yield important insight into pharmacokinetic properties within the brain. This review aims to provide an overview of the choroid plexuses and ventricular system to address their function as a barrier to pharmaceutical interventions and relevance for central nervous system drug delivery of protein therapeutics. Protein therapeutics targeting the ventricular system may provide new approaches in treating central nervous system diseases.

Migrating Lateral Ventricle Choroid Plexus Cyst into the Fourth Ventricle Causing Acute Hydrocephalus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lacey M. Carter ◽  
Benjamin Cornwell ◽  
Naina L. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Cerebral Aqueduct ◽  
Outflow Obstruction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Choroid Plexus Cyst

AbstractChoroid plexus cysts consist of abnormal folds of the choroid plexus that typically resolve prior to birth. Rarely, these cysts persist and may cause outflow obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid. We present a 5-month-old male born term who presented with lethargy, vomiting, and a bulging anterior fontanelle. Magnetic resonance imaging showed one large choroid plexus cyst had migrated from the right lateral ventricle through the third ventricle and cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle causing outflow obstruction. The cyst was attached to the lateral ventricle choroid plexus by a pedicle. The cyst was endoscopically retrieved from the fourth ventricle intact and then fenestrated and coagulated along with several other smaller cysts. Histologic examination confirmed the mass was a choroid plexus cyst. The patient did well after surgery and did not require any cerebrospinal fluid diversion. Nine months after surgery, the patient continued to thrive with no neurological deficits. This case is the first we have found in the literature of a lateral ventricular choroid plexus cyst migrating into the fourth ventricle and the youngest of any migrating choroid plexus cyst. Only three other cases of a migrating choroid plexus cyst have been documented and those only migrated into the third ventricle. New imaging advances are making these cysts easier to identify, but may still be missed on routine sequences. High clinical suspicion for these cysts is necessary for correct treatment of this possible cause of hydrocephalus.

Intracranial Pressure

2019 ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
Eelco F. M. Wijdicks ◽  
William D. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Cerebral Aqueduct ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Route Of Delivery

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills the subarachnoid space, spinal canal, and ventricles of the brain. CSF is enclosed within the brain by the pial layer, ependymal cells lining the ventricles, and the epithelial surface of the choroid plexus, where it is largely produced. Choroid plexus is present throughout the ventricular system with the exception of the frontal and occipital horns of the lateral ventricle and the cerebral aqueduct. The vascular smooth muscle and the epithelium of the choroid plexus receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic input. In an adult, CSF is normally acellular. A normal spinal sample may contain up to 5 white blood cells (WBCs) or red blood cells (RBCs). CSF allows for a route of delivery and removal of nutrients, hormones, and transmitters for the brain.

Role of transthyretin in thyroxine transfer from cerebrospinal fluid to brain and choroid plexus

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (5) ◽  
pp. R1310-R1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nouhad A. Kassem ◽  
Rashid Deane ◽  
Malcolm B. Segal ◽  
Jane E. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
Perfusion Technique ◽  
Cisterna Magna ◽  
Lateral Ventricles

The transport of 125I-labeled thyroxine (T4) from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into brain and choroid plexus (CP) was measured in anesthetized rabbit [0.5 mg/kg medetomidine (Domitor) and 10 mg/kg pentobarbitonal sodium (Sagatal) iv] using the ventriculocisternal (V-C) perfusion technique. 125I-labeled T4 contained in artificial CSF was continually perfused into the lateral ventricles for up to 4 h and recovered from the cisterna magna. The %recovery of 125I-labeled T4 from the aCSF was 47.2 ± 5.6% ( n = 10), indicating removal of 125I-labeled T4 from the CSF. The recovery increased to 53.2 ± 6.3% ( n = 4) and 57.8 ± 14.8% ( n = 3), in the presence of 100 and 200 μM unlabeled-T4, respectively ( P < 0.05), indicating a saturable component to T4 removal from CSF. There was a large accumulation of 125I-labeled T4 in the CP, and this was reduced by 80% in the presence of 200 μM unlabeled T4, showing saturation. In the presence of the thyroid-binding protein transthyretin (TTR), more 125I-labeled T4 was recovered from CSF, indicating that the binding protein acted to retain T4 in CSF. However, 125I-labeled T4 uptake into the ependymal region (ER) of the frontal cortex also increased by 13 times compared with control conditions. Elevation was also seen in the hippocampus (HC) and brain stem. Uptake was significantly inhibited by the presence of endocytosis inhibitors nocodazole and monensin by > 50%. These data suggest that the distribution of T4 from CSF into brain and CP is carrier mediated, TTR dependent, and via RME. These results support a role for TTR in the distribution of T4 from CSF into brain sites around the ventricular system, indicating those areas involved in neurogenesis (ER and HC).

scholarly journals On the Pathogenesis of Syringomyelia: A Review

1980 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 798-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Williams
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Clinical Improvement ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Venous Congestion ◽  
Perivascular Spaces ◽  
Spinal Tumours ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Cerebellar Tonsils

Discussion of the pathogenesis of syringomyelia involves considering the origin of the fluid and also the forces which cause that fluid to break down the structure of the cord. When cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) appears to be the destructive element, it commonly enters through a patent central canal running from the fourth ventricle to the inside of the syrinx. In both clinical and experimental situations pressure differences may be measured which suck on the hindbrain, particularly the cerebellar tonsils, producing deformities. These pressure differences may also suck fluid into the syrinx. In other cases, even when a communication does not appear to be patent, the hindbrain abnormalities are usually present and suck effect may usually be demonstrated and its correction be accompanied by clinical improvement. Other sources of fluid within a syrinx include liquefaction of haematomata after traumatic paraplegia and transudation of fluid from intrinsic spinal tumours. Once fluid is present within a cord cavity it may pulsate upwards and downwards in response to fluid movements in the subarachnoid space, the most energetic of which result from venous influences. Such movement, ‘slosh’, may cause the cavities to extend at either end giving rise to upward and downward extension from a post-traumatic cord cyst and sometimes to syringobulbia. Cord ischaemia, venous congestion and transport of fluid along perivascular spaces may all play a part in the maintainance of cord cavities or the progression of the clinical disabilities.

scholarly journals The Lactate Receptor HCA1 Is Present in the Choroid Plexus, the Tela Choroidea, and the Neuroepithelial Lining of the Dorsal Part of the Third Ventricle

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Hadzic ◽  
Teresa D. Nguyen ◽  
Makoto Hosoyamada ◽  
Naoko H. Tomioka ◽  
Linda H. Bergersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Dorsal Part ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tela Choroidea ◽  
Csf Lactate ◽  
Lactate Levels

The volume, composition, and movement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are important for brain physiology, pathology, and diagnostics. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the main structure that produces CSF, the choroid plexus (CP). Due to the presence of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in the CP, changes in blood and brain lactate levels are reflected in the CSF. A lactate receptor, the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA1), is present in the brain, but whether it is located in the CP or in other periventricular structures has not been studied. Here, we investigated the distribution of HCA1 in the cerebral ventricular system using monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP)-HCA1 reporter mice. The reporter signal was only detected in the dorsal part of the third ventricle, where strong mRFP-HCA1 labeling was present in cells of the CP, the tela choroidea, and the neuroepithelial ventricular lining. Co-labeling experiments identified these cells as fibroblasts (in the CP, the tela choroidea, and the ventricle lining) and ependymal cells (in the tela choroidea and the ventricle lining). Our data suggest that the HCA1-containing fibroblasts and ependymal cells have the ability to respond to alterations in CSF lactate in body–brain signaling, but also as a sign of neuropathology (e.g., stroke and Alzheimer’s disease biomarker).

scholarly journals Aquaporin-4 Expression In The Human Choroid Plexus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Deffner ◽  
Corinna Gleiser ◽  
Ulrich Mattheus ◽  
Andreas Wagner ◽  
Peter H Neckel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Aquaporin 4 ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Aqp4 Expression ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Background: The choroid plexus (CP) consists of specialized ependymal cells and underlying stroma and blood vessels, producing the bulk of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CP epithelial cells are the site of the internal blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, show epithelial characteristics (basal lamina, tight junctions), and express aquaporin-1 (AQP1) apically. In contrast, ventricle-lining ependymal cells express aquaporin-4 (AQP4) basolaterallly. The initial purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of aquaporins in the ependyma – CP transition zone in the human brain to gain insights in aquaporin regulation. The results prompted us to investigate aquaporin expression in the mouse CP of different age groups. Methods: We analyzed the CP from eight body donors (age 74-91) applying immunofluorescence, qPCR, and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. We used antibodies against AQP1, AQP4, NKCC1, and Na/K-ATPase. In addition, we compared the CP from young (2 months), adult (12 months) and old (30 months) mice by qPCR and immunofluorescence. Results: Unexpectedly, many cells in the human CP were positive not only for AQP1 but also for AQP4, normally restricted to ependymal cells and astrocytes. Expression of AQP1 and AQP4 was found in the CP of all eight body donors. These results were confirmed by qPCR, and by electron microscopy detecting AQP4-specific orthogonal arrays of particles. To find out whether AQP4 expression correlated with relevant transport-related proteins we investigated expression of NKCC1 and Na/K-ATPase. Immunostaining for NKCC1 was similar to AQP1 and revealed no particular pattern related to AQP4. Co-staining of AQP4 and Na/K-ATPase indicated a trend for an inverse correlation of their expression. To test for the possibility of age-related changes causing AQP4 expression in the CP, we analyzed mouse brains from different age groups and found a significant increase of AQP4 on the mRNA level in old mice compared to young and adult animals. Conclusions: We provide evidence for AQP4 expression in the human and murine CP related to aging which likely contributes to the water flow through the CP epithelium and CSF production. In two alternative hypotheses, we discuss this as a beneficial compensatory, or a detrimental mechanism influencing the previously observed CSF changes during aging.

scholarly journals Congenital Hydrocephalic Monster in an Indigenous Gir Calf: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 69-70
Author(s):  
DN Borakhatariya ◽  
Rupesh J Raval ◽  
Karsan B Vala ◽  
Bakti P Chavda ◽  
Sanny G Prajapati
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
Present Case Report ◽  
The Brain

There are several types of fetal dropsy (fetal ascites, fetal anasarca, fetal hydrocephalus), which have obstetrical importance preventing normal easy delivery of calf. Hydrocephalus is one of the fetal causes of dystocia. It is characterized by an accumulation of fluid which may be in the ventricular system or between the brain and the subarachnoid space. The swelling or enlargement of cranium occurs as a result of an imbalance between formation and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (Arthur et al., 2001). This congenital dropsical condition is associated with an autosomal recessive gene, whereas some cases are due to BVD-MD or bluetongue virus infection in bovine (Roberts, 1986). Though this dropsical condition is rare in Gir cattle, it is reported in many other species (Dhami et al., 2007; Kumar et al., 2010; Parmar et al., 2018). The present case report depicts an unusual instance of hydrocephalic monster in an indigenous Gir calf, causing dystocia, which was successfully managed by per vaginum.

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