Imaging Cells in Liquid with a Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope - Problems and Solutions

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 390-391
Author(s):  
Levi A. Gheber ◽  
Michael Edidin
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Near Field ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Scanning Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field Scanning

Near Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) is the newest member of the Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) family, which includes Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Like its predecessors, it uses a sharp tip and a very precise positioning system to scan the surface of samples. The important difference is that the NSOM tip is made of an optical fiber, with a sub-wavelength size aperture at its end, which is brought to near-field proximity to the sample. In the near-field regime, the resolution is only limited by the size of the light source (the aperture), and not by the wavelength of light, thus allowing NSOM to obtain images with subwavelength resolution. Applying NSOM to biological samples is very appealing, since biological research has developed a wide variety of fluorescent dyes which can be directed with high specificity to objects of interest. Moreover, biological research relies to a large extent on conventional fluorescence microscopy, which is diffraction limited. Application of NSOM to biological problems requires the ability to image rough and soft samples in liquid, a task that presents many challenges.We have developed a NSOM which is capable of imaging cells in liquid with a resolution of ∼150 nm. This has enabled us to image the organization of fluorescently labeled proteins on the membrane of cells in liquid, and demonstrate for the first time that the proteins are clustered.

Progress in near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 436-437
Author(s):  
E. Betzig ◽  
M. Isaacson ◽  
H. Barshatzky ◽  
K. Lin ◽  
A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field Scanning ◽  
Scanning Electron

The concept of near field scanning optical microscopy was first described more than thirty years ago1 almost two decades before the validity of the technique was verified experimentally for electromagnetic radiation of 3cm wavelength.2 The extension of the method to the visible region of the spectrum took another decade since it required the development of micropositioning and aperture fabrication on a scale five orders of magnitude smaller than that used for the microwave experiments. Since initial reports on near field optical imaging8-6, there has been a growing effort by ourselves6 and other groups7 to extend the technology and develop the near field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) into a useful tool to complement conventional (i.e., far field) scanning optical microscopy (SOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning tunneling microscopy. In the context of this symposium on “Microscopy Without Lenses”, NSOM can be thought of as an addition to the exploding field of scanned tip microscopy although we did not originally conceive it as such.

Near-field scanning optical microscopy

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 642-643
Author(s):  
E. Betzig ◽  
A. Harootunian ◽  
M. Isaacson ◽  
A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Visible Radiation ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Optical Elements ◽  
Optical Region ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Nondestructive Imaging ◽  
Scanning Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field Scanning

In general, conventional methods of optical imaging are limited in spatial resolution by either the wavelength of the radiation used or by the aberrations of the optical elements. This is true whether one uses a scanning probe or a fixed beam method. The reason for the wavelength limit of resolution is due to the far field methods of producing or detecting the radiation. If one resorts to restricting our probes to the near field optical region, then the possibility exists of obtaining spatial resolutions more than an order of magnitude smaller than the optical wavelength of the radiation used. In this paper, we will describe the principles underlying such "near field" imaging and present some preliminary results from a near field scanning optical microscope (NS0M) that uses visible radiation and is capable of resolutions comparable to an SEM. The advantage of such a technique is the possibility of completely nondestructive imaging in air at spatial resolutions of about 50nm.

Near-field scanning optical microscopy local luminescence studies of rhodamine dye

Open Physics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Klapetek ◽  
Juraj Bujdák ◽  
Jiří Buršík
Keyword(s):  
Time Domain ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Luminescence Signal ◽  
Local Topography ◽  
Field Radiation ◽  
Scanning Optical Microscopy ◽  
Rhodamine Dye ◽  
Near Field Scanning

AbstractThis article presents results of near-field scanning optical microscope measurement of local luminescence of rhodamine 3B intercalated in montmorillonite samples. We focus on how local topography affects both the excitation and luminescence signals and resulting optical artifacts. The Finite Difference in Time Domain method (FDTD) is used to model the electromagnetic field distribution of the full tip-sample geometry including far-field radiation. Even complex problems like localized luminescence can be simulated computationally using FDTD and these simulations can be used to separate the luminescence signal from topographic artifacts.

Measurement of Strain Associated with Defects in SiTiO3 Bicrystals using Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy

1997 ◽  
Vol 474 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. McDaniel ◽  
J. W. P. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Polarization Modulation ◽  
Reflection Symmetry ◽  
Strain Fields ◽  
Modulation Technique ◽  
Scanning Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field Scanning

ABSTRACTWe incorporate a polarization modulation technique in a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) for quantitative polarimetry studies at the nanometer scale. Using this technique, we map out stress-induced birefringence associated with submicron defects at the fusion boundaries of SiTiO3 bicrystals. The strain fields surrounding these defects are larger than the defect sizes and show complex spiral shapes that break the reflection symmetry of the bicrystal boundary.

scholarly journals Attaboy! Attoboys, or the new Zeptoscopists

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 2-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Revel
Keyword(s):  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Scanning Force Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Near Field Optics ◽  
Scanning Force ◽  
Scanning Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field Scanning

As the year ends there is a bumper crop of announcements of advances that I find absolutely amazing. First of course is the continued clever use of light as a veritable tool in manipulating everything from atoms (entrapping them in “atomic molasses”) to having tugs of war with biological motors (using “light tweezers”). But these developments will be for discussion another time. What I want to talk about in this installment are advances in Near Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM), which has now been used by Chichester and Betzig to visualize single molecules.In classical (far field) optics, resolution is limited by diffraction to about 1/2 the wavelength of the radiation used for imaging. Near field optics overcome this limitation by use of scanning techniques similar to those employed in Scanning Tunneling or Scanning Force Microscopy.

Towards High-Speed Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Wang ◽  
Cheng Sun ◽  
Nicholas Fang ◽  
Xiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Scanning Optical Microscopy ◽  
Serial Scanning ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Near Field Scanning

Recently, near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and its variations, which combine the scanning probe technology with optical microscopy, have been intensively applied in the study of biology, material science, surface chemistry, information storage, and nanofabrication. However, due to the serial scanning nature, the speed at which NSOM can successively records highly resolved images is rather limited. This hampers the applications of NSOM in characterizing dynamic response of particular samples. In this article, we perform systematic investigation of NSOM system parameters, which include scan rate, signal detector amplification, and illumination intensity. In this work, a model of signal flow for the NSOM system has been established to quantitatively investigate the interplay of the key process parameters and to further explore the technique solutions for high-speed NSOM imaging. The model is in good agreement with experimental results and the optimized conditions for high speed NSOM imaging are suggested.

Imaging of Silicon Carrier Dynamics with Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy

1995 ◽  
Vol 406 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. La Rosa ◽  
B. I. Yakobson ◽  
H. D. Hallen
Keyword(s):  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Infrared Transmission ◽  
Visible Radiation ◽  
Free Carriers ◽  
Scanning Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field Scanning ◽  
Local Generation

AbstractA contactless high spatial resolution technique has been developed to characterize semiconductor materials using the Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope. The technique can be used to non-invasively measure: surface topography, defect content, and carrier lifetime variations in silicon. The success of the technique relies on the sensitive detection of changes in infrared transmission induced by local generation of free carriers using pulsed visible radiation. Here we extend the application of this technique to characterize silicon on insulator materials. We also include computer simulation results to address the role played by diffusion in the ultimate lateral resolution that can be achieved using this technique.

Examination of the Electrolytic Polishing Metal Probe for the Cell Trap by an Electric Field

2014 ◽  
Vol 595 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Yuji Sekido ◽  
Kozo Taguchi
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Scanning Tunneling Microscope ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscope ◽  
Electrolytic Polishing ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Scanning Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field Scanning

Generally, the metal probe for NSOM (Near field scanning optical microscopy) or STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscope) was made with gold or tungsten. However, they were not suitable for the cell trap in our research for the reasons of cost, hardness, etc. In our research, these problems were solved by choosing brass as a material of a probe. Since the probe production by electrolytic polishing can change the shape of the top, tip angle, and taper length etc, we can propose a probe suitable for a cell trap. Therefore, in this examination, we propose the brass probe by electrolytic polishing with low cost and sufficient hardness for cell trap.

scholarly journals The NSOM Technique And It's Significance

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Gary Aden
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Human Chromosomes ◽  
Compact Disk ◽  
General Shape ◽  
Scanning Optical Microscopy ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Diffraction Effects ◽  
Glass Lenses ◽  
Near Field Scanning

Prior to Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) there were two major light microscopy techniques; optical and confocal.In an optical microscope a sample is illuminated with a flood of light. The lighted area is then imaged and magnified by collecting the light that is either reflected from or transmitted through the sample by a series of glass lenses. A color magnified image of the sample may be seen directly or displayed on a TV screen. Even if the lenses could be made perfectly, the resolution and magnification of an optical microscope are limited by diffraction effects to approximately one half of the wavelength of the light that is used. Optical microscopes are used routinely to image the general shape of samples as small as human chromosomes or compact disk bits.

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