Effect of Heavy Metals Contamination from Cigarette Smoke on Sound and Caries-Like Enamel

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 762-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica D. Theobaldo ◽  
Waldemir F. Vieira-Junior ◽  
Anderson Catelan ◽  
Maria do Carmo A. Mainardi ◽  
Orlando A. Ysnaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Surface Microhardness ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heavy Metals Contamination ◽  
Heavy Metal Deposition ◽  
Ph Cycling

AbstractIn this study, we sought to evaluate the influence of cigarette smoke and pH cycling on the chemical composition and surface/cross-sectional enamel microhardness. A total of 40 dental blocks obtained from bovine incisors were divided into four groups (n=10): no treatment (control); exposure to cigarette smoke (CS); exposure to pH cycling (PC); and exposure to cigarette smoke and pH cycling (CS-PC). The samples were analyzed by synchrotron radiation micro X-ray fluorescence, bench mode X-ray fluorescence, as well as surface microhardness (SMH) and cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) testing. The SMH results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test. The CSMH results were evaluated using split-plot ANOVA and Tukey’s test. A high amount of Cd and Pb and traces of Ni and As were observed in enamel and dentin after exposure to cigarette smoke (CS and CS-PC). The SMH and CSMH of CS were statistically higher when compared with the control. The PC and CS-PC showed lower SMH and CSMH. We conclude that exposure to cigarette smoke promoted heavy metal deposition in enamel/dentin. In addition, it increased the enamel microhardness but did not promote a protective effect on the in vitro development of caries. The clinical significance of this work is that there is significant bioaccumulation of heavy metals from cigarette smoke on the surface and in the enamel and dentin.

The effect of various fluoride products on dentine lesions during pH-cycling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa M. Alhothali ◽  
Rob A.M. Exterkate ◽  
Maxim Lagerweij ◽  
A.J.P. Van Strijp ◽  
Mark J. Buijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Outer Zone ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Superior Effect ◽  
Ph Cycling ◽  
Topical Fluoride ◽  
Calcium Loss

This study compared the effect of topically applied fluoride products on dentine lesions in an in vitro experiment. Demineralized bovine dentine specimens were treated once with either SDF solution (35,400 ppm F), NaF varnish (22,600 ppm F), TiF4 solution (9,200 ppm F), SnF2 gel (1,000 ppm F), no treatment (control) or preserved as baseline lesions. After the application and subsequent removal of the fluoride products, the specimens were subjected to pH-cycling. Calcium loss and uptake in the de- and remineralization buffers were assessed daily. Fluoride release into the buffers was analyzed on day 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 13. After the pH-cycling period, mineral distribution throughout the lesion depth was analyzed using transversal microradiography (TMR). X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) examined the deposition of silver, titanium and tin after application of SDF, TiF4, and SnF2, respectively. Overall, calcium loss and uptake analysis in the de- and remineralization buffers revealed that the SDF product was the most effective in inhibiting lesion progression, followed by the TiF4, NaF, and SnF2 products. Fluoride analysis disclosed a steep reduction of the amount of fluoride released into de- and remineralization buffers with time. The fluoride effects on de- and remineralization continued beyond the days that fluoride was released into the buffers. TMR analysis showed significant remineralization in the outer zone of the dentine lesions for all fluoride products, with SDF giving hyper-mineralization in this zone. In the inner zone, lesions developed in all fluoride groups, with the smallest in the SDF group. EDS showed silver and titanium deposition in depth up to 85 μm and 8 μm, respectively, while no tin deposition was observed. The silver in the dentine lesions did not contribute significantly to the density of the TMR profiles in the SDF group. In conclusion, all topical fluoride products protected the dentine lesions against lesion progression, but at different degrees. SDF showed a superior effect in protection against further demineralization and enhancement of remineralization. This was probably attributed to its fluoride concentration that was the highest among the fluoride products.

scholarly journals Enamel remineralization by fluoride-releasing materials: proposal of a pH-cycling model

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 446-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana Rodrigues ◽  
Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem ◽  
Denise Pedrini ◽  
Luciana Cavassan
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Surface Microhardness ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microhardness Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ph Cycling ◽  
And Control

This study proposes a pH-cycling model for verifying the dose-response relationship in fluoride-releasing materials on remineralization in vitro. Sixty bovine enamel blocks were selected for the surface microhardness test (SMH1). Artificial caries lesions were induced and surface microhardness test (SMH2) was performed. Forty-eight specimens were prepared with Z 100, Fluroshield, Vitremer and Vitremer ¼ diluted - powder/liquid, and subjected to a pH-cycling model to promote remineralization. After pH-cycling, final surface microhardness (SMH3) was assessed to calculate percent recovery of surface microhardness (%SMHR). Fluoride present in enamel (μg F/mm3) and in the pH-cycling solutions (μg F) was measured. Cross-sectional microhardness was used to calculate mineral content (∆Z). There was no significant difference between Z 100 and control groups on analysis performed on - %SMHR, ∆Z, μg F and mg F/mm3 (p>0.05). Results showed a positive correlation between %SMHR and μg F/mm3 (r=0.9770; p=0.004), %SMHR and μg F (r=0.9939; p=0.0000001), ∆ and μg F/mm3 (r=0.9853; p=0.0002), ∆ and μg F (r=0.9975; p=0.0000001) and between μg F/mm3 and μg F (r=0.9819; p=0.001). The pH-cycling model proposed was able to verify in vitro dose-response relationship of fluoride-releasing materials on remineralization.

scholarly journals In vitro comparison of the cariostatic effect between topical application of fluoride gels and fluoride toothpaste

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem ◽  
Fernanda Lourenção Brighenti ◽  
Ana Elisa de Mello Vieira ◽  
Jaime Aparecido Cury
Keyword(s):  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Progression Rate ◽  
Surface Microhardness ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fluoride Toothpaste ◽  
Fluoride Uptake ◽  
Ph Cycling

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of topical fluoride products [acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) or neutral gel (NF) x fluoride toothpaste (MFP)], in respect to fluoride uptake and anticariogenic action. One hundred and twenty five blocks of human teeth, sorted in 5 groups according to the treatment, were submitted to pH cycling for ten days. The parameters analyzed were: fluoride uptake before and after pH cycling and surface (SMH) and cross-sectional (CSMH) microhardness of the enamel blocks. The results of fluoride concentration in enamel after the pH cycling showed an enhancement of fluoride uptake for all groups compared to sound control. No significant differences between APF and MFP were observed for surface microhardness, percentage change of surface microhardness and mineral loss. The volume percent mineral obtained from cross-sectional microhardness demonstrated that APF has a different lesion progression rate regarding subsurface carious lesion. The results suggest that professionally applied fluoride gel or frequent fluoride application in low concentration is a positive preventive measure for the control of dental caries.

scholarly journals Resistance against Erosive Challenge of Dental Enamel Treated with 1,450-PPM Fluoride Toothpastes Containing Different Biomimetic Compounds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayanna L. S. Fernandes ◽  
L. da Cunha Juliellen ◽  
F. B. de Oliveira Andressa ◽  
H. P. Paulo D’Alpino ◽  
C. Fábio Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Dental Enamel ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mineral Layer ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
Ph Cycling

Abstract Objectives This in vitro study aimed to characterize the superficial and subsurface morphology of dental enamel treated with fluoridated gels containing different biomimetic compounds after erosive challenge. Materials and Methods Bovine incisor teeth were sectioned to obtain enamel blocks (4 mm × 4 mm × 6 mm; n = 5) that were demineralized to create an artificial caries lesion and treated by pH cycling interspersed with exposure to fluoridated toothpaste slurries under agitation. During pH cycling (demineralization and remineralization for 2 and 22 hours, respectively) for 6 days, the enamel blocks were exposed to toothpaste slurries under agitation with one of the dental gels: Regenerate Enamel Science (NR-5 technology), Daily Regenerator Dental Clean (REFIX technology), and Sensodyne Repair & Protect (Novamin technology). The enamel blocks were subjected to an erosive challenge, immersed in 50% citric acid for 2 minutes, and then washed with plenty of distilled water. The surface and cross-sectional micromorphology were assessed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The elemental analyses (weight percentage) were determined with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results Enamel treated with the product containing REFIX technology presented a smoother surface morphology compared to the other treatments. The higher resistance to the erosive challenge can be attributed to a silicon-enriched mineral layer formed on the enamel induced by the REFIX-based toothpaste. This was not observed in the specimens treated with the other technology-containing toothpastes. Conclusion The REFIX technology seemed to be the most promising compared to the Novamin and NR-5 technologies. In addition to forming a surface mineralized layer, the enamel treated with REFIX technology associated with the pH cycling resisted a subsequent erosive challenge.

scholarly journals Cyclodextrin and TiF4 Nanocomplex on Enamel Demineralization

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-430
Author(s):  
Thiago Vieira ◽  
Adílis K. Alexandria ◽  
Lilian H. Amaral ◽  
Aline de A. Neves ◽  
Ricardo T. Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Surface Microhardness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Titanium Tetrafluoride ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bovine Enamel ◽  
Mineral Loss

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a newly developed nanocomplex formed of hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin and 1% titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) after distinct complexation periods (12/72 h) on demineralization of bovine enamel in vitro. Enamel blocks (n=60) were allocated in different groups: Mili-Q water, hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin, 1% TiF4, hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin + 1% TiF4 after 12 h of complexation and hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin + 1% TiF4 after 72 h of complexation. The samples were evaluated by surface microhardness, cross-sectional microhardness and micro-CT. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDX) were also obtained. Hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin + 1% TiF4 after 12 h complexation resulted in lower percentage of surface microhardness loss compared to Mili-Q water, hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin, 1% TiF4 and hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin + 1% TiF4 after 72 h of complexation group, with a large effect size (from 1.307 to 2.943) and high power (84.9 to 99%). All groups resulted in similar integrated mineral loss (ΔZ) obtained by both internal microhardness and micro-CT techniques. Enamel treated with TiF4 and TiF4 + hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin groups showed a TiO2 glaze-layer, while EDX evaluation identified Ti. The solution containing the inclusion complex of hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin + TiF4 with 12 h of complexation period demonstrated a significant ability to reduce surface demineralization of sound enamel under an artificial cariogenic challenge.

Is the Binding Pattern of Zinc(II) Equal in Different Bryophyte Species?

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko S. Sabovljević ◽  
Marieluise Weidinger ◽  
Aneta D. Sabovljević ◽  
Wolfram Adlassnig ◽  
Ingeborg Lang
Keyword(s):  
Binding Pattern ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heavy Metal Deposition ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Cellular Compartments

AbstractBryophytes are usually taken as good bioindicators. However, they represent a large group of terrestrial plants and they express an enormous range of peculiarities within the plant kingdom. With the aim to search for a common pattern of zinc binding, we established axenical in vitro cultures of a dozen bryophyte species that include hornworts, thallose, and leafy liverworts, as well as acrocarp and pleurocarp mosses. The species were grown free of contaminants for many years prior to the application of different treatments, i.e. offering Zn(II) from solid and liquid media and in combination with different anions. The localization and binding of zinc was detected by confocal microscopy using the zinc-specific dye FluoZin™-3. In one of the species, Hypnum cupressiforme (which is widely used for atmospheric heavy metal deposition studies in biomonitoring), semi-quantitative analyses of zinc were performed by energy dispersive X-ray microspectrometry (EDX) in a scanning electron microscope. The results suggest no common pattern of Zn(II) binding in different bryophyte species. Instead, the binding pattern seems to be species specific. Zinc is located in certain areas or cellular compartments, as clearly shown by the EDX measurements in H. cupressiforme.

scholarly journals Impact of an Anticaries Mouthrinse onIn VitroRemineralization and Microbial Control

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank C. Sun ◽  
E. Eric Engelman ◽  
James A. McGuire ◽  
Gabrielle Kosmoski ◽  
Lauren Carratello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Surface Microhardness ◽  
Fluoride Uptake ◽  
Biofilm Model ◽  
Ph Cycling ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Biofilm Matrix

Objective. The objective of this research was to evaluate the caries control potential of a new fluoride mouthrinse that also contained antimicrobial agents and a biofilm disrupting agent using differentin vitromodels.Methods. Fourin vitrostudies were conducted to assess the performance of this three pronged approach to caries control: (1) traditional enamel fluoride uptake, (2) surface microhardness study using pH cycling model and subsequent fluoride uptake, (3) a salivary biofilm flow-through study to determine the anti-microbial activity, and (4) a single species biofilm model measuring effect on biofilm matrix disruption.Results. The data showed that a LISTERINE rinse with fluoride, essential oils and xylitol was superior in promoting enamel fluoride uptake and in enhancing antimicrobial activity over traditional commercially available fluoridated products. An increase of the surface microhardness was observed when the LISTERINE rinse was used in combination with fluoridated toothpaste versus the fluoridated toothpaste alone. Finally, it was demonstrated that xylitol solutions disrupted and reduced the biovolume of biofilm matrix of matureStreptococcus mutans.Conclusion. Thesein vitrostudies demonstrated that a fluoride mouthrinse with antimicrobial agent and biofilm matrix disrupting agent provided multifaceted and enhanced anti-caries efficacy by promoting remineralization, reducing acidogenic bacteria and disrupting biofilm matrix.

scholarly journals Effect of fluoridated varnish and silver diamine fluoride solution on enamel demineralization: pH-cycling study

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem ◽  
Maurício Bergamaschi ◽  
Kikue Takebayashi Sassaki ◽  
Robson Frederico Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Surface Microhardness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Silver Diamine Fluoride ◽  
Fluoride Solution ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Enamel Demineralization ◽  
Percentage Loss ◽  
Ph Cycling ◽  
Mineral Loss ◽  
Silver Fluoride

OBJECTIVE: In the present investigation, the anticariogenic effect of fluoride released by two products commonly applied in infants was evaluated. METHODS: Bovine sound enamel blocks were randomly allocated to each one of the treatment groups: control (C), varnish (V) and diamine silver fluoride solution (D). The blocks were submitted to pH cycles in an oven at 37ºC. Next, surface and cross-sectional microhardness were assessed to calculate the percentage loss of surface microhardness (%SML) and the mineral loss (deltaZ). The fluoride present in enamel was also determined. RESULTS: F/Px10-3 (ANOVA, p<0.05) in the 1st layer of enamel before pH-cycling were (C, V and D): 1.61ª; 21.59b and 3.98c. The %SMH (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05) were: -64.0ª, -45.2b and -53.1c. %deltaZ values (ANOVA, p<0.05) were: -18.7ª, -7.7b and -17.3ª. CONCLUSION: The data suggested that the fluoride released by varnish showed greater interaction with sound enamel and provided less mineral loss when compared with silver diamine solution.

scholarly journals Histological and microhardness evaluation of early artificial carious lesions in human and bovine enamel: in vitro study

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Allan Kenji Masuda ◽  
Mayra Fidelis Zamboni Quitero ◽  
Luciana Cardoso Espejo-Trung ◽  
Maria Aparecida Alves Cerqueira Luz
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Polarization Microscopy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Enamel Caries ◽  
Carious Lesions ◽  
Ph Cycling ◽  
Bovine Enamel

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Early carious lesions in bovine and humanenamel developed in vitro using a pH cycling regimenwere compared. <strong>Material and Methods: </strong>Fifteencentral bovine incisors and fifteen recently extractedhuman third molars were randomly divided into twogroups: ten for the cross-sectional microhardness test(MT) and five for polarized light microscopy (PLM)analysis. Enamel blocks measuring 5 x 5 mm weremade from the buccal face of the teeth. The blocksused for the MT were sliced into two halves: “A” and“B”. “A” slices were embedded in acrylic resin, withthe face of the dentin-enamel junction left exposedfor the MT prior to pH cycling. “B” slices and wholeblocks were coated with acid-resistant varnish,except a 3 x 3 mm central window, and submitted tothe pH cycling regimen (demineralizing solution for3 h and remineralizing solution for 21 h) over fiveconsecutive days. The “B” slices were then submittedto the MT and the whole blocks were processed forthe PLM study. <strong>Results: </strong>The PLM analysis revealedshallow, extensive lesions in the bovine enamel,hardly showing the superficial, dark and translucentzones, as well as deep cavity lesions in the humanenamel, with the body of the lesion and the darkzone evident. The MT revealed a significant decreasein microhardness in the superficial levels of thebovine enamel caries and at all depth levels of thehuman enamel caries. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The pH cyclingregimen adopted led to the development of deeperand more demineralized carious lesions in humanenamel than bovine enamel</p><p>Keywords<br />Dental caries; Dental enamel; Microhardness tests; Polarization microscopy.</p>

Sodium Trimetaphosphate as a Novel Strategy for Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition and Dentin Remineralization

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Simões Gonçalves ◽  
Polliana Mendes Candia Scaffa ◽  
Marina Ciccone Giacomini ◽  
Cristina de Mattos Pimenta Vidal ◽  
Heitor Marques Honório ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sodium Trimetaphosphate ◽  
Ph Cycling ◽  
Zymographic Analysis ◽  
Inhibitory Potential ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Inhibited Enzyme

The effect of sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) as an antiproteolytic and remineralizing agent on demineralized dentin was evaluated in vitro. The inhibitory potential of STMP at 0.5, 1.5, 3.5, and 5% against recombinant matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMPs-2 and -9 was assessed by zymography. To investigate its remineralization potential, 40 bovine root specimens were obtained and subjected to a demineralization protocol to produce caries-like dentin lesions. After that, dentin surfaces were divided into 3 areas: (1) mineralized (no treatment); (2) demineralized; and (3) demineralized/treated with STMP and submitted to a pH-cycling associated or not with STMP (1.5, 3.5, or 5% STMP, 10 min of treatment). After that, superficial hardness (SH) and cross-sectional hardness (CSH) were determined. Polarized light microscopy (PLM) was used to qualitatively evaluate mineralization within the caries-like lesions. The zymographic analysis showed that STMP solution is a potent inhibitor of the gelatinolytic activity of MMPs-2 and -9 depending on the dose, since the lowest concentration (0.5%) partially inhibited the enzyme activity, while the higher concentrations completely inhibited enzyme activity. Regarding remineralization effect, only 1.5% STMP solution enhanced both the SH and CSH. PLM showed that the area treated with 1.5% STMP presented similar birefringence as mineralized sound dentin. In conclusion, 1.5% STMP solution is effective as an antiproteolytic agent against MMPs and promotes dentin remineralization.

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