scholarly journals Biphasic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on brain stimulation reward and motor activity

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 2273-2284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicky Katsidoni ◽  
Andreas Kastellakis ◽  
George Panagis
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Brain Stimulation Reward ◽  
Cb1 Receptors ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
High Doses

Abstract Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive ingredient of marijuana, has led to equivocal results when tested with the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure or the open-field test for motor activity, two behavioural models for evaluating the reward-facilitating and locomotor stimulating effects of drugs of abuse, respectively. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of high and low doses of Δ9-THC were compared in the ICSS procedure and the open-field test. Moreover, the involvement of CB1 receptors in tentative Δ9-THC-induced effects was investigated by pre-treating the animals with the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (rimonabant). The results obtained show that low doses of Δ9-THC induce opposite effects from high doses of Δ9-THC. Specifically, 0.1 mg/kg Δ9-THC decreased ICSS thresholds and produced hyperactivity, whereas 1 mg/kg increased ICSS thresholds and produced hypoactivity. Both effects were reversed by pre-treatment with SR141716A, indicating the involvement of CB1 receptors on these actions. Altogether, our results indicate that Δ9-THC can produce acute activating effects in locomotion that coincide with its reward-facilitating effects in the ICSS paradigm. The present findings provide further support that Δ9-THC induces behaviours typical of abuse and substantiate the notion that marijuana resembles other drugs of abuse.

scholarly journals Actualization of Existing Experience and Features of Subsequent Learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-131
Author(s):  
O.E. Svarnik ◽  
A.I. Bulava ◽  
D.L. Gladilin ◽  
I.A. Nazhestkin ◽  
E.A. Kuzina
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Food Acquisition ◽  
Object Preference

The article presents data on the study of neurogenetic changes in the rat brain and the features of performing various behavioral acts during acquisition of a food-acquisition skill, depending on the actualization of the previously acquired skill. The experiments involved 13 animals who were successively trained in the following behaviors: new context in the open field test, new objects in the object preference test, drinking behavior using a vibrissal pad, and food-acquisition behavior of pressing the pedal. It turned out that the nature of motor activity and the severity of neurogenetic changes during learning a new skill in individuals who immediately before this training occurred short-term actualization of the experience formed at one of the previous stages of training, significantly differed from the same parameters in individuals who did not have such actualization. It is suggested that the actualization of previously formed experience before new training contributes to the formation of a new component of experience, but not in the sense of accelerating the formation of new behavior, but in the aspect of increasing the number of active neurons that change the expression of their genes.

The characteristics of motor activity in ISIAH rats in an open field test are controlled by genes on chromosomes 2 and 16

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. E. Redina ◽  
S. É. Smolenskaya ◽  
L. N. Maslova ◽  
D. G. Sakharov ◽  
A. L. Markel’
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Isiah Rats

scholarly journals  The effect of felbamate on behavioural sensitization to methamphetamine in mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Landa ◽  
K. Slais ◽  
A. Sulcova
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptors ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Repeated Treatment ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Challenge Dose ◽  
Behavioural Sensitisation ◽  
Pre Treatment

It has been shown that methamphetamine (Met) similary to other psychostimulants induces a&nbsp;progressive augmentation of behavioural responses after repeated administration, so called behavioural sensitisation. Numerous studies refer to an important role for N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the development of behavioural sensitisation. Activating antiepileptic drugs of the newer second generation, such as felbamate (Fel), also invoke psychotropic effects. They may possess attention-enhancing and antidepressant activity, causing anxiety, insomnia, and agitation. Although not all pharmacological effects of felbamate are fully elucidated yet, many of its clinical effects may be related to the inhibition of NMDA currents. Thus, the present study was focused on investigating the influence of felbamate on sensitisation to the effects of methamphetamine on mouse locomotor behaviour in the Open field test. Mice of the albino out-bred strain ICR were randomly allocated into four groups and were administered drugs seven times (from the 7<sup>th</sup> to 13<sup>th</sup> day of the experiment) as follows: (a) n<sub>1, 2</sub>: 2.5 mg/kg/day of Met; (b) n<sub>3</sub>: 240 mg/kg/day of Fel; (c) n<sub>4</sub>: Met + Fel. Locomotion in the Open field test was measured (a) after administration of vehicle on the 1<sup>st</sup> experimental day, (b) after the first dose of drugs given on the 7<sup>th</sup> day, and (c)&nbsp;on the 14<sup>th</sup> day after the &ldquo;challenge doses&rdquo; given that way (as follows): n<sub>1</sub>: Met; n<sub>2</sub>: Met + Fel, n<sub>3</sub>: Fel; n<sub>4</sub>: Met. The following significant behavioural changes were observed: (1) stimulatory influence of Met and sensitisation after repeated treatment (n<sub>1</sub>); (2) inhibition of Met sensitisation in the case of a challenge dose combined with Fel (n<sub>2</sub>); (3) augmentation of the sensitising effect of Met when sensitisation was induced by pre-treatment with Met + Fel (n<sub>4</sub>); (4) no behavioural effect of the first dose of Fel, but inhibition of locomotion after repeated administration of the drug (n<sub>3</sub>). The prevention of the development of Met sensitization in the group n<sub>2</sub> in which mice received the Met challenge dose with Fel mirrors the results of a majority of similar studies. Most findings are consistent with inhibitory effects of antagonists of the NMDA receptors on the development of sensitisation to amphetamines; nevertheless, also new findings are reported. In the presented paper, combined pre-treatment with Met + Fel in the group n<sub>4</sub> facilitated the development of sensitisation to Met stimulatory effects. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Enhancement of Pentobarbital-induced Sleep by the Vaporized Essential Oil of Citrus keraji var. kabuchii and its Characteristic Component, γ-Terpinene

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601100
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Kobayashi ◽  
Hiroaki Takemoto ◽  
Ziqi Fu ◽  
Emiko Shimizu ◽  
Yukitaka Kinjo
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Spontaneous Motor Activity ◽  
Sedative Effects

Kabuchii (Citrus keraji var. kabuchii hort. ex Tanaka, Rutaceae) is a peculiar Okinawan citrus fruit. Local farmers cultivating various Citrus fruits say that the fragrance of Kabuchii is the most relaxing, but, there are few reports on the biological effects of the essential oil of Kabuchii and its chemical components [1]. In this study, the sedative effects of inhalation of the vaporized Kabuchii essential oil in open field, Rotarod, and pentobarbital sleep tests are compared with diazepam, as a positive control. In the open field test, both Kabuchii essential oil and diazepam decreased the spontaneous motor activity dose-dependently. The reduction in spontaneous motor activity in the 0.3 mg/cage (ca. 0.0278 mg/L) Kabuchii essential oil group was greater than that in the 1 mg/kg diazepam group. In the Rotarod test, Kabuchii did not affect the motor performance, even at the highest dosage tested (3 mg/cage), whereas diazepam decreased it dose-dependently. The effects of the major or characteristic components of Kabuchii, d-limonene, γ-terpinene, thymol, and p-cymene, were also evaluated in the open field and Rotarod tests. γ-Terpinene and thymol significantly decreased spontaneous motor activity at a dosage of 0.3 mg/cage, without affecting motor performance. Thus, γ-terpinene was estimated to be the main active component. Reduction in spontaneous motor activity by γ-terpinene in the open field test was not observed in intranasal zinc sulfate irrigation-induced anosmic mice. In the pentobarbital sleep test, both Kabuchii essential oil and diazepam potentiated pentobarbital-induced loss of the righting reflex (LRR). The LRR duration prolonging effects of both treatments were inhibited by pretreatment with flumazenil, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. The LRR latency reducing effect of Kabuchii was not affected by flumazenil, while that of diazepam was suppressed by it. γ-Terpinene showed similar potentiating effects on pentobarbital-induced sleep. Thus, vaporized Kabuchii essential oil and its active component, γ-terpinene, have sedative effects comparable with diazepam without inducing motor incoordination, which is a well-known side effect of diazepam.

scholarly journals Correlation between Two Parameters of Mice Behaviour in the Open Field Test

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-327
Author(s):  
Nikola M. Stojanović ◽  
Pavle J. Randjelović ◽  
Niko S. Radulović
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
Two Parameters

Summary The open field test is being used extensively for the determination of different aspects of animal behaviour for over seventy years. The correlation between different behavioural parameters obtained in this test, although previously studied, is still debatable. Thus, we aimed to analyze and correlate behaviour scores to estimate the importance of individual parameters in this type of experiment. The open field test was performed on male BALB/c mice treated with either saline (10 ml/kg) or diazepam (2 mg/kg), one hour before the experiment. The behaviour scores (number of squares crossed and rearings performed) obtained either by video recording or direct observation, during a five-minute experiment, were compared using a t-test and were tested for correlation. As expected, diazepam caused an increase in the number of squares crossed and rearings performed by the animals. The number of rearings was statistically different between the groups monitored in two different ways. The correlations between the behaviour scores obtained in the two modes of monitoring for all groups were moderate/strong positive ones. The correlation analyses revealed that the amount of information conveyed by a single behaviour parameter, either the number of squares crossed or the number of rearings, could be sufficient to estimate the animals’ motor activity in the open field test. Also, the results of this test could provide clues to very important piece of information in drug discovery, i.e. the general animal behaviour under the influence of CNS acting drugs in an experiment.

scholarly journals The effect of sertindole on behavioural sensitisation to methamphetamine in mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 603-609
Author(s):  
L. Landa ◽  
K. Slais ◽  
A. Sulcova
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Repeated Treatment ◽  
Challenge Dose ◽  
Locomotor Behaviour ◽  
Behavioural Sensitisation ◽  
Pre Treatment

Similarly to various other addictive substances, methamphetamine (Met) produces, following repeated application, a strong increase in behavioural responses (particularly locomotor behaviour), a phenomenon termed behavioural sensitisation. In our previous studies we tested the effects of various psychotropic drugs on behavioural sensitisation to Met, particularly the effects of cannabinoid receptor ligands with different intrinsic activities and felbamate and memantine, antagonists of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. In the present study we investigated the influence of the antipsychotic drug sertindole (Srt) on sensitisation to the effects of Met on mouse locomotor behaviour in the Open field test. Male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups and were administered drugs seven times (from the 7<sup>th</sup> to 13<sup>th</sup> day of the experiment) as follows: (a) n<sub>1, 2</sub>: Met at the doses of 2.5 mg/kg/day; (b)&nbsp;n<sub>3</sub>: Met&nbsp;+ Srt at the doses of 2.5 mg/kg/day + 10.0 mg/kg/day; (c) n<sub>4</sub>: Srt at the dose of 10.0 mg/kg/day. Locomotion in the Open field test was measured (a) after administration of vehicle on the 1<sup>st</sup> day, (b) after the 1<sup>st</sup> dose of drugs given on the 7<sup>th</sup>&nbsp;day, and (c) on the 14<sup>th</sup> day after the &ldquo;challenge doses&rdquo; administered in the following way: n<sub>1</sub>: Met; n<sub>2</sub>: Met+Srt, n<sub>3</sub>: Met; n<sub>4</sub>: Srt. We found the following significant behavioural changes: (1) a stimulatory influence of Met and development of sensitisation after repeated treatment (n<sub>1</sub>); (2) an inhibition of Met sensitisation in the case of a combined challenge dose of Met + Srt (n<sub>2</sub>); (3) a stimulatory effect of Met when animals were repeatedly pre-treated with Met + Srt (n<sub>3</sub>); (4) a significant inhibition of locomotion after the 1<sup>st</sup> dose of Srt, that persisted even after the last Srt dose (n<sub>4</sub>). Data concerning the involvement of sertindole in reward processes associated with drug addiction are not completely consistent and our results reflect this ambiguity to a certain extent. A combined challenge dose of Met + Srt administered after repeated pre-treatment with Met inhibited the development of behavioural sensitisation; on the other hand a Met challenge dose alone administered after repeated pre-treatment with Met + Srt produced a significant increase in locomotion.

scholarly journals Влияние ультразвука на поведение серых крыс

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Matsyura ◽  
T. V. Antonenko ◽  
O. M. Ulitina ◽  
Yu. A. Bondarchuk ◽  
I. I. Shakhmatov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The Individual

The influence of ultrasound on the behavior of Brwon Rats (Rattus norvegicus, Berkenhout, 1769) in the open field test is considered in the article. Animals were exposed to ultrasound at 22 kHz and simultaneously at 50-60 kHz for 24 hours. The indices of the activity of the individual in the open field were compared before and after the experiment. As a result of the tests, multidirectional changes in motor activity (number of columns and intersected squares), frequency of defecations and duration of grooming were revealed. The results obtained show that the behavior of most rats after exposure to ultrasound tended to change, but these data did not differ significantly. Thus, the use of the Quadblaster QB-4 and Filin ultrasound scanners at a frequency of 22 kHz and 50-60 kHz for 24 hours did not cause a significant change in the behavior of the animals, and therefore their use as repellents for gray rats appears to be ineffective.

scholarly journals The effect of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA) on behavioural sensitisation to methamphetamine in mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
L. Landa ◽  
K. Slais ◽  
A. Machalova ◽  
A. Sulcova
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Repeated Treatment ◽  
Locomotor Behaviour ◽  
Behavioural Sensitisation

The psychostimulant methamphetamine (Met), similarly to other drugs of abuse, is known to produce an increased behavioural response after its repeated application (behavioural sensitisation). It has also been described that an increased response to a drug may be elicited by previous repeated administration of another drug (cross-sensitisation). We have previously shown that the CB<sub>1</sub>, CB<sub>2</sub> and TRPV (vanilloid) cannabinoid receptor agonist methanandamide, cross-sensitised to Met stimulatory effects in mice. The present study was focused on ability of the more selective and potent CB<sub>1</sub> receptor activator arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA) to elicit cross-sensitisation to the stimulatory effects of Met on mouse locomotor behaviour in the Open field test. Male mice were randomly divided into three groups and on seven occasions (from the 7<sup>th</sup> to 13<sup>th</sup> day of the experiment) were administered drugs as follows:(a) n<sub>1</sub>: vehicle at the dose of 10 ml/kg/day; (b) n<sub>2</sub>: Met at the dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day; (c) n<sub> 3</sub>: ACPA at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg/day. Locomotor behaviour in the Open field test was measured (a) after administration of vehicle on the 1<sup>st</sup> experimental day, (b) after the 1<sup>st</sup> dose of drugs given on the 7<sup>th</sup> day, and (c) on the 14<sup>th</sup> day after the &ldquo;challenge doses&rdquo; administered in the following manner: n<sub>1</sub>: saline at a dose of 10 ml/kg, n<sub>2, 3</sub>: Met at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. The observed behavioural changes consisted in: (a) gradual development of habituation to the open field conditions in three consecutive tests; (b) development of behavioural sensitisation to the stimulatory effects of Met after repeated treatment; (c) insignificant effect of repeated pre-treatment with ACPA on the stimulatory effects of Met challenge dose. The results of our study give rise to the question which of the cannabinoid receptor mechanisms might be most responsible for the neuroplastic changes inducing sensitisation to the stimulatory effects of Met. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Pre-Treatment with Quercetin Prevents Dementia in Streptozotocin Treated Zebrafish via Modulation of Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilima Pradhan ◽  
Bhawna Devi ◽  
Deepali Sharma ◽  
Charan Singh ◽  
Arti Singh
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract Aim: To examine the protective outcome of quercetin against streptozotocin induced dementia in adult zebrafish. Materials and method: In this study, adult zebrafish (weighing 470-530 mg) were subjected to the streptozotocin administration (300 mg/kg; i.p) followed by a quercetin (50 & 100mg/kg i.p) pre-treatment before 24 hr of streptozotocin administration followed by blood glucose level measurement, behavioral parameters (light-dark test, novel diving test, open field test and T-maze test), biochemical parameters (lipid peroxidase, reduced glutathione, nitrite and AChEs activity), molecular and histopathological analysis. Results: In light-dark test, streptozotocin treated zebrafish shown their preference in dark compartment as compared to normal group. In novel diving tank, streptozotocin zebrafish spent less time and decrease in total number of entries to the top zone when compared to the normal group. In the T-maze test, streptozotocin treated zebrafish has shown significantly more time spent in unfavorable zone and less time spent in favorable zone with increase in total latency as compared to normal group. However, in the open field test no significant effect was seen among any group. Moreover, pre-treatment with quercetin (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated the memory deficits in all the behavioral, biochemical and molecular parameters as compared to animals treated with streptozotocin. Additionally, results of histopathology studies showed less disruption in neuronal cells in quercetin treated group when compared to STZ treated animals.Conclusion: Pre-treatment with quercetin ameliorates streptozotocin induced dementia in adult zebrafish by preventing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.

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