Descriptors for on-farm conservation and use of Butia odorata natural populations

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudete Clarice Mistura ◽  
Rosa Lía Barbieri ◽  
Caroline Marques Castro ◽  
Stefano Padulosi ◽  
Adriana Alercia
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Standard Format ◽  
On Farm Conservation ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Severe Erosion ◽  
User Groups

This paper aims to propose an international list of descriptors for Butia odorata (jelly palm), using scientific documentation methods and farmers' knowledge to allow the germplasm characterization for conservation and sustainable use. It is an attempt to promote the development of new approaches to documenting crop genetic resources using a blend of these two sources of knowledge, frequently perceived as conflicting. This long-lived and useful palm is a neglected and subutilized species, and its genetic diversity and associated knowledge are under severe erosion. A list of 11 morphological descriptors is proposed based on observations, literature review and discussions with farmers who know and use the plant. These descriptors were used to characterize 303 adult jelly palms conserved in situ. Descriptive results are presented. Only five morphological characteristics were reported by farmers as important to discriminate individual plants, indicating that farmers have simpler and more rapid ways to differentiate diversity than do the scientists based on their uses. Standard list of descriptors developed by ex situ conservationists are widely used by breeders, but they rarely reach out to farmers and other user groups, a fact that limits the full use of germplasm collections around the world. Conversely, farmer-based descriptors, which are the expression of deep knowledge of diversity and its deployment by traditional communities, are rarely considered by breeders, mainly because they are not available. In this paper, we support the idea that a blend of these two methods – in a standard format – is highly strategic to promote an effective in situ conservation-through-use approach.

Sustainable use of wildlife in western New South Wales: Possibilities and problems.

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
DB Croft
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Wildlife Tourism ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wild Progenitors ◽  
Ecologically Sustainable ◽  
New Evidence

Sustainable use of wildlife has become equated with exploitation of animal products (meat, skin or feathers) and/or removal of wild progenitors into the pet trade. This consumption of the wildlife is therefore largely ex situ and so removes nutrients and energy from the rangelands. Demand for lethal or a removal action is often driven by the severity of the perceived conflict between the wildlife and other enterprises, especially agriculture, rather than for the resulting products. Such uses also raise community concerns about humane treatment of animals and a valuing of the natural heritage. Wildlife-based tourism, as part of the valuable and growing nature-based or ecotourism industry in Australia, is an in situ use that may be a more ecologically sustainable and economically twble option for use of rangeland wildlife. This paper examines these possibilities and their problems with a focus on the commercial kangaroo industry and the use of arid-zone mammals, birds and reptiles for pets. It provides new evidence that wildlife-tourism based on free-living kangaroos in the rangelands is both feasible and in demand. This industry should be given advocacy in the on-going debate on the management and future of the rangelands. Key words: kangaroos, wildlife management, wildlife tourism, game harvesting

scholarly journals Sustainable Use of Fig Species Provides Nutrition and Medicine for Ethnic Minority Communities in the Southern Shan State of Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aye Mya Mon ◽  
Yinxian Shi ◽  
Pyae Phyo Hein ◽  
Thaung Naing Oo ◽  
Cory W. Whitney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Ethnobotanical Knowledge ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Tropical Regions

Abstract Background: Fig trees are ecological keystone species in many tropical regions and play important roles in the spirituality, nutrition and health for many rural communities. Although the tropical forests in Myanmar contain many fig species, little ethnobotanical knowledge on their uses has been recorded.Information about the uses and conservation related actions of figswould be helpful in development ofstrategic policy for sustainable use and biodiversity conservation of the country. We showcase the rich ethnobotanical knowledge as well as the variety of collection and conservation practices related to figs among five ethnic groups in Southern Shan State. Methods: We performed both key informant and semi-structured interviews with 114 informants from five ethnic groups. Their uses for figs were categorized according to local practices and recipes. Informants were asked about trends in conservation status over the past 10 years and any conservation related customs and practices. Data were analyzed quantitatively by use report (UR) and use value (UV). Results: Informants reported the uses of eight fig species (Ficusauricularta，F.concinna, F. geniculata，F. hispida, F. racemosa, F. religiosa，F. semicordata, and F. virens).F. geniculata and F. virens were most useful (UR = 228) and were used by all five ethnic groups, corresponding to a high use value (UV = 2). Treatments for 16 diseases were reported from seven species. Household consumption, economic, and sacred uses were accompanied by sustainable practices of harvest and protection. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation were practiced especially for highly demanded species (F. geniculata and F. virens), and the sacred fig F. religiosa.Conclusion: Findings suggest that figs are useful for nutrition (all informants) and medicine (13.16% of the informants) in the study area. Traditional taboos, in situ and ex situ conservation practices help to maintain sustainable utilization of locally important figs. This is an early contribution to the traditional knowledge of edible figs. Although similar uses have been reported in neighboring countries for seven of the fig species, the ethnobotanical use of F. concinna is novel.

Characteristic of morphological traits and biochemical indicators in Linum pubescens

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-64
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Bright Pink ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Bright Color ◽  
One Year

The article describes the morphological characteristics and biochemical parameters of a very little studied wild species Linum pubescens (downy flax). This representative of the genus Linum naturally grows in the eastern Mediterranean: Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Iraq, Greece, Cyprus, Albania. There are brief references to it in the description of the flora of these regions. In Israel, on natural populations of L. pubescens, studies of dimorphic heterostyly, anatomical features of the flower, mechanisms of pollination and incompatibility were carried out. However, other signs, including economically valuable ones, are not described in him. We were the first to study the species ex-situ in a field bank. It was found that in the arid conditions of the southeastern Steppe of Ukraine L. pubescens has a one-year development cycle, a height of 30 cm, 1.2 flowering stems, a bright pink flower with a diameter of 25 mm, a small slightly elongated box with a diameter of 2.7 mm, weight 1000 seeds is 0.6 g, and the leaf area is 218.9 mm2. Plants bloom in mid-July- September. Taking into account the rather large size, the bright color of the flower and the flowering period, we believe that the L. pubescens species has prospects of use as an ornamental flowering plant. In the resulting artificial population of L. pubescens, dimorphic heterostyly is clearly traced. Long and short pest morphs are clearly identified. L. pubescens seeds contain 24% protein and 35% oil. The fatty acid composition of the oil belongs to the "linum-type", like most other types of flax. With a low content of saturated acids (palmitic 6.7% and stearic 2.8%) and a significant predominance of unsaturated acids, especially linolenic up to 64%. It was revealed that this species has a dense non-cracking capsule. This trait is unusual for other flax varieties. Most annual and perennial species are characterized by moderate to severe cracking. Cultivated flax has a non-cracking boll, but not a hard one that breaks easily. It was found that less organic matter and more ash elements accumulate in the capsules and seeds of L. pubescens than in other species of the genus Linum. Probably, this feature, together with non-cracking, helps to better preserve fruits in difficult natural conditions and preserves seed germination for a long time. According to A.A. Zhuchenko, plant genetic resources are divided into six groups. At this stage, L. pubescen is classified as a wild weed relative. It was proposed to include L. pubescens in breeding work to create ornamental varieties in order to transfer it to the improved germplasm group in the future.

Spatial analyses of occurrence data of crop wild relatives (CWR) taxa as tools for selection of sites for conservation of priority CWR in Zambia

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dickson Ng'uni ◽  
Graybill Munkombwe ◽  
Godfrey Mwila ◽  
Hannes Gaisberger ◽  
Joana Magos Brehm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Spatial Analyses ◽  
Threat Status ◽  
Occurrence Data

AbstractCrop wild relatives (CWR) are valuable gene pools for crop improvement and offer unique potential and opportunity for enhancing food security and adaptation to climate change. However, current actions towards conservation of plant genetic resources in Zambia do not adequately cover CWR occurring in the country. The article describes the process leading to the development of a national strategic action plan (NSAP) for the conservation and sustainable use of priority CWR in Zambia. Based on 59 prioritized crops, a partial checklist of 459 CWR taxa was generated from the national flora checklist of 6305 taxa. The generated CWR taxa were prioritized based on the socio-economic value of the related crop, their utilization potential in crop improvement, relative distribution and threat status to produce 30 prioritized CWR taxa. Occurrence data were compiled for all CWR inventory taxa and used in spatial analyses to establish species distribution, species richness, gaps in in situ conservation and genebank collections, and to identify priority sites for in situ conservation and ex situ collecting. Consistent with the national developmental agenda, along with the contribution of national stakeholders, spatial analyses of occurrence data of priority CWR taxa are valuable input for the development of the NSAP for the conservation and sustainable use of the priority CWR.

scholarly journals Possibilities and reality of on-farm conservation

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S60-S64 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Holubec ◽  
T. Vymyslický ◽  
F. Paprštein
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
On Farm Conservation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
On Farm

Conservation of crops is based on <I>ex situ </I>collection into gene banks. Additionally, crop’s wild relatives can be conserved <I>in situ</I>, and landraces and obsolete cultivars also can be conserved using the on-farm method. The definition and methodology of on-farm conservation is discussed. On-farm conservation has been set up in the Czech Republic as model examples in several institutions dealing with nature protection, education, cultural conservation, as well as by some private farmers. Problems, plus positive and negative experiences are presented. On-farm conservation in open-air-museums in the natur (skansens) as well as in the national parks, seem to be suitable ways forward for the Czech Republic.

Dealing with farmers’ Ethnolinguistic differences when collecting crop diversity on-farm

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 400-408
Author(s):  
Joseph Ireri Kamau ◽  
Vanesse Labeyrie ◽  
Grace Njeri Njoroge ◽  
Anthony Kibira Wanjoya ◽  
Peterson Weru Wambugu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Crop Diversity ◽  
Intraspecific Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ

AbstractIdentification and characterization of the farmers’ named crop varieties cultivated around the world is a major issue for conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources. Intraspecific diversity is strongly determined by farmers’ socio-cultural environment, but this has little been documented. In this paper, we tested, on a contact zone among three ethnolinguistic groups located on the Mount Kenya region, whether farmers’ socio-cultural differences have an impact on the morphological characteristics of the farmers’ named sorghum varieties. Eighteen qualitative morphological traits of the panicles were measured. We first compared the morphological diversity of the named varieties among ethnolinguistic groups using multivariate analysis of homogeneity of groups’ dispersion and tested their differentiation using permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Discriminant analysis of principal components was then used to categorize the morphological diversity withouta priori, and this classification was compared with farmers’ local taxonomy (vernacular names) in the three ethnolinguistic groups. Our results show that some morphotypes are peculiar to some ethnolinguistic groups and that a morphotype can bear different variety names while the same variety name can be used to identify different morphotypes. Morphological differentiation that was explained by ethnolinguistic groups was higher for local landraces than for improved varieties. Our findings imply that socio-cultural diversity of farmers and the criteria they use to identify and maintain landraces need to be considered in studying and sampling crop diversity forin situas well as forex situconservation.

Genetics and the conservation and use of Australian wild relatives of crops

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. D. Brown ◽  
C. L. Brubaker
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Germplasm Collections

Genetical research stands to make crucial contributions to the in situ conservation of wild Australian relatives of crop plants, management of their ex situ germplasm collections, and their use in crop improvement. For instance, population genetic theory is basic in formulating collecting strategies. Results from the neutral allele model indicate that allelic richness in samples from equilibrium populations is, although directly proportional to the population size, proportional to the logarithm of the sample size. Such trends underline the importance of dividing the sampling effort among many populations. Our empirical genetical studies have been in the Australian wild relatives of soybean and cotton. These species not only contain significant genetic resources for improving their related crops, but also may be at risk from unwanted hybridisation. In perennial Glycine species, previous cytological and genetic research detected major races within the G. tabacina polyploid complex. A maternal phylogeny on the basis of chloroplast restriction-site variation defined plastome lineages and clarified the evolution of the polyploid complexes. Ongoing research with nuclear sequences focuses on the relationship between chloroplast and nuclear phylogenies and morphology. In Gossypium, estimates of interspecific hybrid fertility and outcrossing rates in natural populations near current cotton crops point to negligible risk of transgene escape from genetically engineered commercial cotton cultivars.

scholarly journals Orchid seed stores for sustainable use: a model for future seed-banking activities

Lankesteriana ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Seaton ◽  
Hugh Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Orchid Seed

Los Almacenes de Semillas de Orquídeas para Uso Sostenible (Orchid Seed Stores for Sustainable Use – oSSSu Por sus siglas en inglés) es una iniciativa de tres años del proyecto Iniciativa Darwin del Reino Unido, con el principal objetivo de establecer una red global de bancos de semillas de orquídeas, enfocándose inicialmente en aquellos “puntos calientes” de biodiversidad en Asia y América Latina. Al momento de escribir este documento, hay 20 instituciones participantes en 16 países. A más largo plazo, nuestro objetivo es el de incluir un mayor número de instituciones de todo el mundo, y especialmente de países africanos. Tenemos la confianza de que una semilla seca de orquídea de buena calidad tiene el potencial sobrevivir durante muchas décadas bajo condiciones de temperatura de un banco de semillas convencional de alrededor de -20 C. Las instituciones participantes han recibido tubos para el almacenamiento de semillas, junto con los fondos para adquirir una congeladora de baúl específicamente dedicada así como algunos de los suministros consumibles necesarios. Se ha acordado una serie de protocolos, que por primera vez permitirán la comparación de la germinación de semillas de más de 250 especies de orquídeas de países tropicales y templados que cubren una amplia gama de tipos de hábitat en un solo medio de germinación (Knudson C) y compararlas con su viabilidad de largo plazo. El rol de la OSSSU tanto en conservación ex situ e in situ queda ilustrado con el caso de Cattleya quadricolor, una endémica colombiana. La historia de C. quadricolor es algo muy familiar: pérdida de hábitat combinada con la ilegal recolección de esta especie tan hermosa debido a intereses comerciales. Sin embargo, aquí tenemos un proyecto en el cual todas las piezas del rompecabezas de la conservación de orquídeas calzan en forma exacta: una Lista Roja actualizada para las orquídeas de Colombia que sería de gran ayuda para apuntar a las especies raras y amenazadas, un Plan Nacional de Acción para las especies de Cattleya, la participación en OSSSU, un grupo de cultivadores amateur y profesionales con los conocimientos necesarios para germinar las semillas para el proyecto y estar en capacidad de producir plántulas, un cultivador comercial comprometido que esté dispuesto a proporcionar plantas para polinización y realizar la cosecha de semillas, y un jardín botánico que está dispuesto a actuar como punto focal para re-introducir plantas de C. quadricolor cultivadas por el proyecto a un número de sitios que ofrezcan seguridad. 

New insights into the range, morphology, and natural hybridization of wild Lactuca aculeata in Israel

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Beharav ◽  
Souad Khalifa ◽  
Eviatar Nevo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Natural Hybridization ◽  
Center Of Origin ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Western Side

In recent years we initiated extensive studies on the characterization of the population structure of wild Lactuca relatives (WLRs) originating from their center of origin and diversity in Southwest Asia. The objectives of our research program are related to the identification, collection, distribution, conservation and sustainable use of these unique plant genetic resources (PGR) for breeding. Natural populations of Lactuca aculeata Boiss., a wild lettuce, closely related and fully inter-fertile with cultivated lettuce, sativa L., were identified throughout northeastern Israel. The collection includes 485 seed samples, which is likely the largest and most diverse collection of this important WLR. Seeds were collected from 46 locations, representing its ecogeographic distribution in northeastern Israel. Together with 14 additional observed localities, we recorded our observations from a total of 60 native locations of L. aculeata. Thus, we assume that northeastern Israel is an ecological domain where natural L. aculeata populations can be found. The analyzed data allowed us to specify the borders of the growing area in the region, as well as to describe the ecological features of the habitats and altitude distribution of natural L. aculeata within the studied area. Notably, our data included new findings of native locations of L. aculeata on the western side of the watershed in Israel. Selected morphological characteristics, from the regeneration of 185 samples, verified the identity of all except one as L. aculeata. Some progenies (0.27%) of the original collected plants were identified as hybrids of L. aculeata x L. serriola.

scholarly journals Use of Core Subsets in Developing Germplasm Collections of Clonally Propagated Crops

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 907D-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Grauke ◽  
T.E. Thompson ◽  
Philip Forsline ◽  
Kim Hummer
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Carya Illinoinensis ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Subset ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Ex Situ Collection ◽  
Geographic Regions

Core subsets have been formed in several clonally propagated crops; for pear (Pyrus), strawberry (Fragaria), mint (Mentha), currant (Ribes), blackberry (Rubus), blueberry (Vaccinium), apple (Malus), and pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]. Criteria for selecting entries into each core varies, as does the use each core receives. Core subsets have been selected for each of the major collections maintained at NCGR-Corvallis (pear, strawberry, mint, currant, blackberry, and blueberry). In general, core subsets include 10% of the full collection. Entries were selected on the basis of horticultural characteristics and species representation. Management of the collection is facilitated by recognition of core entries, which are frequently distributed. The 2500 accessions of the Malus collection are represented in a core subset of 200 accessions. Of those, 100 represent the 35 known species, while 100 accessions were selected from elite clones on the basis of horticultural characteristics. The core has been successfully used to find a superior virus indicator. Entries have been propagated in test orchards in five states. The core strategy was used to compare the pecan cultivar collection to seedlings from native populations throughout the species range. The analysis revealed gaps in the ex situ collection, and may have implications for in situ conservation. A core subset (26 cultivars) was selected by stratified sampling within the geographic regions to mirror the allele frequency of the cultivar collection, consciously including extreme expressions of each horticultural trait evaluated. The availability of the diverse subset has effected management and distribution.

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