Dealing with farmers’ Ethnolinguistic differences when collecting crop diversity on-farm

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 400-408
Author(s):  
Joseph Ireri Kamau ◽  
Vanesse Labeyrie ◽  
Grace Njeri Njoroge ◽  
Anthony Kibira Wanjoya ◽  
Peterson Weru Wambugu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Crop Diversity ◽  
Intraspecific Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ

AbstractIdentification and characterization of the farmers’ named crop varieties cultivated around the world is a major issue for conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources. Intraspecific diversity is strongly determined by farmers’ socio-cultural environment, but this has little been documented. In this paper, we tested, on a contact zone among three ethnolinguistic groups located on the Mount Kenya region, whether farmers’ socio-cultural differences have an impact on the morphological characteristics of the farmers’ named sorghum varieties. Eighteen qualitative morphological traits of the panicles were measured. We first compared the morphological diversity of the named varieties among ethnolinguistic groups using multivariate analysis of homogeneity of groups’ dispersion and tested their differentiation using permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Discriminant analysis of principal components was then used to categorize the morphological diversity withouta priori, and this classification was compared with farmers’ local taxonomy (vernacular names) in the three ethnolinguistic groups. Our results show that some morphotypes are peculiar to some ethnolinguistic groups and that a morphotype can bear different variety names while the same variety name can be used to identify different morphotypes. Morphological differentiation that was explained by ethnolinguistic groups was higher for local landraces than for improved varieties. Our findings imply that socio-cultural diversity of farmers and the criteria they use to identify and maintain landraces need to be considered in studying and sampling crop diversity forin situas well as forex situconservation.

Characteristic of morphological traits and biochemical indicators in Linum pubescens

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-64
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Bright Pink ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Bright Color ◽  
One Year

The article describes the morphological characteristics and biochemical parameters of a very little studied wild species Linum pubescens (downy flax). This representative of the genus Linum naturally grows in the eastern Mediterranean: Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Iraq, Greece, Cyprus, Albania. There are brief references to it in the description of the flora of these regions. In Israel, on natural populations of L. pubescens, studies of dimorphic heterostyly, anatomical features of the flower, mechanisms of pollination and incompatibility were carried out. However, other signs, including economically valuable ones, are not described in him. We were the first to study the species ex-situ in a field bank. It was found that in the arid conditions of the southeastern Steppe of Ukraine L. pubescens has a one-year development cycle, a height of 30 cm, 1.2 flowering stems, a bright pink flower with a diameter of 25 mm, a small slightly elongated box with a diameter of 2.7 mm, weight 1000 seeds is 0.6 g, and the leaf area is 218.9 mm2. Plants bloom in mid-July- September. Taking into account the rather large size, the bright color of the flower and the flowering period, we believe that the L. pubescens species has prospects of use as an ornamental flowering plant. In the resulting artificial population of L. pubescens, dimorphic heterostyly is clearly traced. Long and short pest morphs are clearly identified. L. pubescens seeds contain 24% protein and 35% oil. The fatty acid composition of the oil belongs to the "linum-type", like most other types of flax. With a low content of saturated acids (palmitic 6.7% and stearic 2.8%) and a significant predominance of unsaturated acids, especially linolenic up to 64%. It was revealed that this species has a dense non-cracking capsule. This trait is unusual for other flax varieties. Most annual and perennial species are characterized by moderate to severe cracking. Cultivated flax has a non-cracking boll, but not a hard one that breaks easily. It was found that less organic matter and more ash elements accumulate in the capsules and seeds of L. pubescens than in other species of the genus Linum. Probably, this feature, together with non-cracking, helps to better preserve fruits in difficult natural conditions and preserves seed germination for a long time. According to A.A. Zhuchenko, plant genetic resources are divided into six groups. At this stage, L. pubescen is classified as a wild weed relative. It was proposed to include L. pubescens in breeding work to create ornamental varieties in order to transfer it to the improved germplasm group in the future.

Descriptors for on-farm conservation and use of Butia odorata natural populations

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudete Clarice Mistura ◽  
Rosa Lía Barbieri ◽  
Caroline Marques Castro ◽  
Stefano Padulosi ◽  
Adriana Alercia
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Standard Format ◽  
On Farm Conservation ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Severe Erosion ◽  
User Groups

This paper aims to propose an international list of descriptors for Butia odorata (jelly palm), using scientific documentation methods and farmers' knowledge to allow the germplasm characterization for conservation and sustainable use. It is an attempt to promote the development of new approaches to documenting crop genetic resources using a blend of these two sources of knowledge, frequently perceived as conflicting. This long-lived and useful palm is a neglected and subutilized species, and its genetic diversity and associated knowledge are under severe erosion. A list of 11 morphological descriptors is proposed based on observations, literature review and discussions with farmers who know and use the plant. These descriptors were used to characterize 303 adult jelly palms conserved in situ. Descriptive results are presented. Only five morphological characteristics were reported by farmers as important to discriminate individual plants, indicating that farmers have simpler and more rapid ways to differentiate diversity than do the scientists based on their uses. Standard list of descriptors developed by ex situ conservationists are widely used by breeders, but they rarely reach out to farmers and other user groups, a fact that limits the full use of germplasm collections around the world. Conversely, farmer-based descriptors, which are the expression of deep knowledge of diversity and its deployment by traditional communities, are rarely considered by breeders, mainly because they are not available. In this paper, we support the idea that a blend of these two methods – in a standard format – is highly strategic to promote an effective in situ conservation-through-use approach.

scholarly journals Plant agrobiodiversity conservation and use in intensive farming systems: N-Italy as a case study.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Canella ◽  
Nicola M.G. Ardenghi ◽  
Jonas V. Müller ◽  
Graziano Rossi ◽  
Filippo Guzzon
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Crop Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Neglected Crops ◽  
On Farm

Abstract Northern Italy is an area particularly suitable for the cultivation of different crops. It used to be characterized by a high agrobiodiversity. However, it is estimated that over the last decades, this area experienced a genetic erosion of more than 95%, resulting in the loss of many traditional plant genetic resources (PGR). Nevertheless, recent surveys found an unexpectedly high agrobiodiversity which remains. The presented study aims to provide a complete overview of plant agrobiodiversity (in terms of crop landraces, old cultivars and neglected crops) in northern Italy using a mixed approach of literature research and ethnobotanical field surveys. This paper is a fundamental step towards putting in place successful on farm and ex situ conservation measures in the study area. 811 entities were found, of which 27 were identified as neglected crops, 377 as landraces (plus 124 doubtful landraces) and 99 as old cultivars (plus 184 doubtful old cultivars). 248 entities were here recorded for the first time through field surveys. It clearly emerges that by using an ethnobotanical approach, several PGR can still be found in the study area especially in small farms and home gardens. We describe hotspots of crop diversity and areas in which there is still a lack of knowledge of local agrobiodiversity. Only 43% of the PGR recorded are conserved long-term in seed banks, underlying the fact that great efforts are needed to ensure the ex situ conservation of PGR in northern Italy. Careful interventions are needed to enhance the on-farm conservation status of the crop diversity reported here by enhancing its demand and its accessibility.

Morphological and molecular diversity of the wild carrot Daucus pusillus: implications for classification and ex situ conservation

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 348-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria S. Ibañez ◽  
Elsa L. Camadro ◽  
Carlos A. Sala ◽  
Ricardo W. Masuelli
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
North American ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Inter Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
5.8S Rdna

Daucus pusillus Michx. and Daucus montevidensis Link ex Spreng. are wild carrots from the Americas with unresolved taxonomic status. An investigation was carried out with accessions of D. pusillus and (or) D. montevidensis from Argentina for (i) morphological and molecular (amplified fragments length polymorphism (AFLP) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)) characterization, (ii) analysis of congruence of morphological and molecular variation, and (iii) comparison of diversity for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region with that reported for a North American accession of D. pusillus. Twelve accessions of D. pusillus and (or) D. montevidensis — representing their geographical distribution in Argentina — and one accession each of wild Daucus carota L. and Daucus montanus Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult. — as outgroups — were included. In the multivariate analysis of morphological diversity, two accessions were clearly differentiated; this result is not sustained by multivariate analysis of molecular diversity. Based on multivariate and molecular variance (AMOVA) analyses, D. pusillus and (or) D. montevidensis accessions were separated at the molecular level into two groups, associated with geographical origin. Because this result is not supported by morphology, the segregation into two taxa seems unjustified. In all accessions, ITS and 5.8S rDNA regions had identical sequences, which differ in one nucleotide from the corresponding sequence of the North American accession. According to the combined results, D. pusillus would be a single taxon distributed from North to South America, and D. montevidensis a nomenclatural synonym. Autogamy of D. pusillus and its highly structured genetic diversity (Fst = 0.86) allows the application of a geographically targeted approach for germplasm exploration, conservation and eventual use in pre-breeding.

New insights into the range, morphology, and natural hybridization of wild Lactuca aculeata in Israel

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Beharav ◽  
Souad Khalifa ◽  
Eviatar Nevo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Natural Hybridization ◽  
Center Of Origin ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Western Side

In recent years we initiated extensive studies on the characterization of the population structure of wild Lactuca relatives (WLRs) originating from their center of origin and diversity in Southwest Asia. The objectives of our research program are related to the identification, collection, distribution, conservation and sustainable use of these unique plant genetic resources (PGR) for breeding. Natural populations of Lactuca aculeata Boiss., a wild lettuce, closely related and fully inter-fertile with cultivated lettuce, sativa L., were identified throughout northeastern Israel. The collection includes 485 seed samples, which is likely the largest and most diverse collection of this important WLR. Seeds were collected from 46 locations, representing its ecogeographic distribution in northeastern Israel. Together with 14 additional observed localities, we recorded our observations from a total of 60 native locations of L. aculeata. Thus, we assume that northeastern Israel is an ecological domain where natural L. aculeata populations can be found. The analyzed data allowed us to specify the borders of the growing area in the region, as well as to describe the ecological features of the habitats and altitude distribution of natural L. aculeata within the studied area. Notably, our data included new findings of native locations of L. aculeata on the western side of the watershed in Israel. Selected morphological characteristics, from the regeneration of 185 samples, verified the identity of all except one as L. aculeata. Some progenies (0.27%) of the original collected plants were identified as hybrids of L. aculeata x L. serriola.

scholarly journals Main Challenges and Actions Needed to Improve Conservation and Sustainable Use of Our Crop Wild Relatives

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes M. M. Engels ◽  
Imke Thormann
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Threat Status

Crop wild relatives (CWR, plural CWRs) are those wild species that are regarded as the ancestors of our cultivated crops. It was only at the end of the last century that they were accorded a high priority for their conservation and, thus, for many genebanks, they are a new and somewhat unknown set of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. After defining and characterizing CWR and their general threat status, providing an assessment of biological peculiarities of CWR with respect to conservation management, illustrating the need for prioritization and addressing the importance of data and information, we made a detailed assessment of specific aspects of CWRs of direct relevance for their conservation and use. This assessment was complemented by an overview of the current status of CWRs conservation and use, including facts and figures on the in situ conservation, on the ex situ conservation in genebanks and botanic gardens, as well as of the advantages of a combination of in situ and ex situ conservation, the so-called complementary conservation approach. In addition, a brief assessment of the situation with respect to the use of CWRs was made. From these assessments we derived the needs for action in order to achieve a more effective and efficient conservation and use, specifically with respect to the documentation of CWRs, their in situ and ex situ, as well as their complementarity conservation, and how synergies between these components can be obtained. The review was concluded with suggestions on how use can be strengthened, as well as the conservation system at large at the local, national, and regional/international level. Finally, based on the foregoing assessments, a number of recommendations were elaborated on how CWRs can be better conserved and used in order to exploit their potential benefits more effectively.

scholarly journals Statistical analysis of genetic diversity using faba bean landraces database

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-215
Author(s):  
N. Velcheva ◽  
S. Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Breeding Programs

Abstract. Evaluation of genetic diversity among landraces could be an invaluable aid related to the sustainable use of ex situ collections. Statistical methods are currently available for analysis of databases from investigation of stored germplasm. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a self-pollinating with high percentage of foreign pollination legume crop with a great importance for food and forage due to its high protein content as well as the important role in soil fertility and nitrogen fixation. The local populations are well adapted to specific agro-climatic conditions in the growing areas and are a rich initial material for the breeding programs. The purpose of this study is to establish the genetic diversity of 21 Bulgarian faba bean landraces by important traits in order to review the current potential of conserved germplasm for its sustainable use. All genotypes, included in the study, are collected from expeditions in the country, recorded in the National Register for Plant Genetic Resources and long term stored at the National Genebank. They are characterized according to the International Faba Bean Descriptors. The cluster analysis results show a high genetic diversity in the collection and the variability of each studied trait is presented. The factor analysis, which complements the cluster analysis, gives a reason to group the genotypes with their features into groups that have a breeding value. Genetic diversity in the studied collection has been identified and some of the landraces could be included in future breeding programs.

Ex-situ conservation of medicinal plant genetic resources managed by national agrobiodiversity center of Korea

Planta Medica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Sung ◽  
CW Jeong ◽  
YY Lee ◽  
HS Lee ◽  
YA Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ

scholarly journals Cryopreservation of Woody Crops: The Avocado Case

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 934
Author(s):  
Chris O’Brien ◽  
Jayeni Hiti-Bandaralage ◽  
Raquel Folgado ◽  
Alice Hayward ◽  
Sean Lahmeyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Recalcitrant Seed ◽  
In Vitro Storage ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Seed Crops

Recent development and implementation of crop cryopreservation protocols has increased the capacity to maintain recalcitrant seeded germplasm collections via cryopreserved in vitro material. To preserve the greatest possible plant genetic resources globally for future food security and breeding programs, it is essential to integrate in situ and ex situ conservation methods into a cohesive conservation plan. In vitro storage using tissue culture and cryopreservation techniques offers promising complementary tools that can be used to promote this approach. These techniques can be employed for crops difficult or impossible to maintain in seed banks for long-term conservation. This includes woody perennial plants, recalcitrant seed crops or crops with no seeds at all and vegetatively or clonally propagated crops where seeds are not true-to-type. Many of the world’s most important crops for food, nutrition and livelihoods, are vegetatively propagated or have recalcitrant seeds. This review will look at ex situ conservation, namely field repositories and in vitro storage for some of these economically important crops, focusing on conservation strategies for avocado. To date, cultivar-specific multiplication protocols have been established for maintaining multiple avocado cultivars in tissue culture. Cryopreservation of avocado somatic embryos and somatic embryogenesis have been successful. In addition, a shoot-tip cryopreservation protocol has been developed for cryo-storage and regeneration of true-to-type clonal avocado plants.

scholarly journals An integrated approach to identification and conservation of medicinal plants in the tropical forest—a Brazilian experience

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Claudio Di Stasi
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Multiple Use ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Toxicological Studies

An integrated and interdisciplinary research programme with native medicinal plants from tropical forests has been performed in order to obtain new forest products for sustainable use in regional markets vis-à-vis ecosystem conservation. For the success of this programme ethnopharmacological studies are very important with respect to (i) identification of useful plants including medicinal and aromatic species; (ii) recuperation and preservation of traditional knowledge about native plants; and (iii) identification of potential plants with economic value. The plants are selected with a view to evaluate efficacy and safety (pharmacological and toxicological studies), and phytochemical profile and quality control (phytochemical and chromatographic characterization). These studies are very important to add value to plant products and also to mitigate unscrupulous exploitation of medicinal plants by local communities, since multiple use of plants represents an excellent strategy for sustaining the tropical ecosystem through ex situ and in situ conservation. Thus, conservation of tropical resources is possible in conjunction with improvements in the quality of life of the traditional communities and production of new products with therapeutic, cosmetic and ‘cosmeceutic’ value.

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