scholarly journals HISTORIES OF MODERN MIGRATION IN EAST ASIA: STUDIES OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-195
Author(s):  
Noriaki Hoshino ◽  
Qian Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
English Language ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Border Crossing ◽  
Japanese Empire ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Heterogeneous Features

In recent historical studies of modern East Asia, the issue of migration has received increased scholarly attention. This article traces recent historiographical and methodological trends by analyzing influential English-language works on modern East Asian migrations in the first half of the twentieth century. Modern East Asian migrations during this period present dynamic and heterogeneous features as results of modern social transformations, such as the development of global capitalism, national and global economic integration, the emergence of new transportation and communication technology, and the expansion and collapse of the Japanese empire. Accordingly, the historical works on modern East Asian migrations we examine display a variety of historiographical and theoretical approaches. Specifically, this article underscores important trends or comparable emphases in these studies, including the growing scholarly interest in transnational/regional border crossing movements, migrants’ subject formations in the new environments, and the methodological interest in the role of culture, political economy, and the environment. Thus this article offers a reflective overview of the ongoing development of migration studies centering on modern East Asia.

Domestic Politics and Nationalism in East Asian Security

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall L. Schweller
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Asian Security ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
East Asian Security ◽  
The Rise Of China

This chapter works within the neoclassical realist tradition to examine the role of nationalism in foreign policymaking and the implication for the international politics of East Asia. Whereas the rise of China is an important structural factor necessarily affecting states' security policies throughout East Asia, China's rise does not determine these states' security policies. Rather, domestic politics ultimately determines how a state responds to changing security circumstances. In particular, nationalism can drive states to adopt more belligerent policies than warranted by their strategic environment, thus contributing to heightened bilateral conflicts and regional tension. The chapter argues that, in contemporary East Asia, rising China sets the context of policymaking, but domestic politics has been the primary factor shaping policy.

The Transnational Archive of the Sinosphere: The Early Modern East Asian Information Order

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiri Paramore
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Global History ◽  
Early Modern Japan ◽  
Information Order ◽  
Modern Information

This chapter argues for the existence of an intellectually Confucian-centred, Classical Chinese language delivered archive of knowledge across early modern East Asia. I argue that this broad, transferable, and often commercially delivered Sinosphere archive supported the creation of state-led information orders in early modern East Asia. This argument resonates with recent work in South Asian and Global History demonstrating the role of regional early modern information orders in facilitating global flows of knowledge. I focus particularly on the transregional nature of the literary, pedagogical, and book culture that underlay the information order of early modern East Asia, and the state’s prime role in its development in early modern Japan. The article thus employs the concept of archivality to analyse early modern information systems, demonstrating patterns of trans-regional knowledge development in East Asia which resonate with other early modern global examples.

China and the “Anarchist Wave of Assassinations”

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gotelind Müller
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
East Asian ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Global Terrorism ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Asian Languages

This chapter discusses the reception of what David Rapoport has called the “anarchist wave of assassinations” as the first wave of global terrorism in East Asia at the turn of the twentieth century. It shows how the terms “terrorism” and “anarchism” were translated into East Asian languages; how the practice of assassinations relates to indigenous traditions of political violence; and in which sense one can speak of “modernity” in the Chinese assassination attempts undertaken. What interested the radicals receiving European models most was the perceived “new” strategy of systematic assassination campaigns as lived out by the Russian Narodnaya Volya, and its potential for “new” groups of people to join political violence, namely women. This strategy was attractive for a time to many kinds of ideological commitments, but especially to the Chinese Nationalists. Thus, this chapter calls into question the definition of the “first wave” in Rapoport’s “four wave concept” as “anarchist.”

scholarly journals The Crucial Role of Internal Variability in Modulating the Decadal Variation of the East Asian Summer Monsoon–ENSO Relationship during the Twentieth Century

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (18) ◽  
pp. 7093-7107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengfei Song ◽  
Tianjun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
East Asian Summer Monsoon ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Asian Summer Monsoon ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Internal Variability ◽  
Decadal Variation ◽  
Asian Summer

Abstract This study investigates the role of internal variability in modulating the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM)–ENSO relationship using Twentieth-Century Reanalysis (20CR) data and simulations from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5). Analysis of 20CR data reveals an unstable EASM–ENSO relationship during the twentieth century. During the high-correlation periods of 1892–1912 and 1979–99, an evident western Pacific anticyclone (WPAC) and dipole sea level pressure (SLP) pattern are present in the decaying El Niño summer, accompanied by Indian Ocean warming and a tropospheric temperature Matsuno–Gill pattern. However, these are weaker or absent during low-correlation periods (1914–34 and 1958–78). After removing the external forcings based on historical simulations from 15 CMIP5 models, all the above features remain almost unchanged, suggesting the crucial role of internal variability. In a 501-yr preindustrial control (piControl) simulation without external forcing variation from CCSM4, the EASM–ENSO relationship also shows significant decadal variation, with a magnitude comparable to the 20CR data. The analysis demonstrates that the EASM–ENSO relationship’s variation is modulated by the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO). Compared to negative IPO phases, the warmer East China Sea in positive IPO phases weakens the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH), inducing more precipitation. Thus, the Kelvin wave–induced interannual divergence suppresses more mean-state precipitation and leads to a stronger WPAC. Hence, the IPO modulates the EASM–ENSO relationship through the WNPSH, which is evident in both 20CR and the piControl simulation.

Pandemic expands role of South-east Asian philanthropy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Economic Distress ◽  
Severe Recession ◽  
Private Philanthropy

Subject Private philanthropy. Significance In South-east Asia, as elsewhere, there is growing pressure on civil society, from non-profit organisations to corporations, to help address the economic distress and social dislocation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Impacts Despite government and philanthropic efforts, South-east Asia is expected to experience a severe recession. A rise in philanthropy by religious organisations will fuel religious polarisation and the risk of violence post-crisis. Indonesia’s non-profit sector will likely experience a particularly sharp funding dip as foreign donations fall.

scholarly journals Intraseasonal Variation of the Strength of the East Asian Trough and Its Climatic Impacts in Boreal Winter

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 2557-2577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Song ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Wen Chen ◽  
Yang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Boreal Winter ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
East Asian Trough ◽  
Climatic Impacts

Abstract The East Asian trough (EAT) is a distinct component of the boreal winter circulation whose strength corresponds to the amplitude of the Northern Hemispheric stationary waves. In this study, the mechanism and climatic impacts of the intraseasonal variations of the EAT’s strength are investigated through composite analysis and dynamical diagnostics. The significant roles played by the low-frequency Rossby wave (RW) and synoptic transient eddy (TE) are revealed. Before the peaks of strong EAT events, an upper-tropospheric RW train propagates across northern Eurasia and interacts with preexisting surface cold anomalies over central Siberia. This pattern intensifies the Siberian high and causes RW convergence toward the EAT, leading to 30% of the EAT’s amplification directly via the RW-induced feedback forcing. Meanwhile, RW weakens the background baroclinicity and reduces TE activities near the entrance region of the North Pacific storm track. The TE-induced feedback forcing leads to another 30% of the EAT’s amplification. The evolution and dynamical processes of the weak EAT events generally resemble those of the strong events with opposite signs. These results are consistent with the knowledge on the mechanism of the strong and weak EAT events regarding the role of RWs with additional quantitative description and provide new insights regarding the role of TEs. Variations of the EAT’s strength exert significant climatic impacts on East Asia and its downstream region. Near-surface air temperature is below (above) normal over East Asia during the growth and peak stages of the strong (weak) EAT events and above (below) normal over North America afterward.

scholarly journals Western and East Asian Protection of Human Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Timo Kivimäki
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Human Security ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Strategic Orientations ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
The Military

One of the main trends in the international relations and international security, for the past two decades, has been the new eagerness to intervene into failed and autocratic countries if they fail to protect their own citizens. This trend has distinguished East Asia (including both Southeast and Northeast Asia) from the West. Generally, the distinction has been based on three differences in strategic orientations. First, the role of the military is seen differently in East Asia and the West. Secondly, the role of states as instruments of the protection of civilians is seen differently in the West and East Asia. Thirdly, there is a difference between East Asia and the West regarding to the expected role of the UN Security Council in the authorization of protection. This article investigates the consequences of the three different strategies on human security by reviewing existing literature and by combining new data on discourses of protection with conflict data on various indicators of human survival and welfare. While the Western strategic concept of human security is dominant and hegemonic in the global debate, it seems, on the basis of this investigation, that the East Asian strategy of self-restraint, non-militarism and respect for sovereignty is more effective in the protection of civilians.

scholarly journals Names, Varieties and Ideologies in Revived Cornish

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
Merryn Davies-Deacon
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Language Revival ◽  
Significant Process ◽  
Revival Movement ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The attribution of names is a significant process that often highlights concerns over identity, ideology and ownership. Within the fields of minority languages and Celtic Studies, such concerns are especially pertinent given that the identities in question are frequently perceived as under threat from dominant cultures. The effect of concerns caused by this can be examined with reference to revived Cornish, which became divided into three major varieties in the later twentieth century; by examining the names of these varieties, we can draw conclusions about how they are perceived, or we are invited to perceive them. The motivations of those involved in the Cornish language revival are equally reflected in the names of the organisations and bodies they have formed, which equally contribute to the legitimation of revived Cornish. This paper examines both these categories of name, as well as the phenomenon of Kernowisation, a term coined by Harasta (2013) to refer to the adoption of Cornish personal names, and here extended to the use of Cornish names in otherwise English-language contexts. Examining the names that have been implemented during the Cornish language revival, and the ways in which they are used or indeed refused by those involved, gives us an insight into the various ideologies that steer the revival process. Within the context of the precarious nature of Cornish and Celtic identity, we can identify the concerns of those involved in the Cornish revival movement and highlight the role of naming as an activity of legitimation, showing how the diversity of names that occur reflects an equally diverse range of motivations and influences.

Elicitation of salient brand emotions in Western and East Asian markets: The role of elicitation context

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 518-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Jakubanecs ◽  
Magne Supphellen ◽  
Alexander Fedorikhin ◽  
Hege Mathea Haugen ◽  
Njål Sivertstøl
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Free Association ◽  
Brand Associations ◽  
The West ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Asian Consumers

The objective of this article is to show the effects of the use of Free Association Technique on the elicitation of brand emotions and functional associations across a Western and an East Asian culture as well as to identify and test underlying mechanisms. The use of Western techniques for eliciting brand emotions may prove challenging for marketers in East Asian markets because of the different styles of thinking and feeling of consumers in the West versus East Asia. This investigation focuses on the role of visual context (individual vs social), in which brands are presented when eliciting brand associations in the West and in East Asia. The study shows that elicitation context significantly influences the type of brand emotions and functional associations across two distinct cultures: Norway and Thailand. Consumers’ self-construal and thinking style mediate the effects of culture, as interdependent self-construal and holistic thinking explain more context-dependent brand emotions generated by Thai than Norwegian consumers. This research has important implications for studying and managing brand associations and emotions across markets. The traditional view of brands as possessing abstract, stable associations, and emotions should be reconsidered in the East Asian cultural context. Marketing managers should adapt established Western elicitation techniques to the characteristics of East Asian consumers to increase their validity.

Learning English as a Foreign / Second Language: A Critique

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Dr. M. Jyothi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Second Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Back Ground ◽  
Native Speakers Of English

A knowledge of the English Language has become an object of importance in relation to its application in various walks of life. A complete command over the language could be possible where the varied meanings of usage of words, idioms and phrases according to the changing circumstances and situations are comprehensively elucidated to learners. In the twentieth century there is the phenomenon of the native speakers of English being outnumbered by the non-native speakers considerably. There are as many as 1500 millions users of English as a second language. Of these, an estimated 18 million users are in India. The Indian users of English are spread all over India. Though the users of English are spread all over India. English in India has a pan-Indian character. Though the users of English in India make use of the charastic role of English, yet there is no complete homogeneity. The variation in the use of English is partly due to the vast linguistic diversity in the country. It is estimated that there are as many as fifteen major languages and 1652 languages and dialects spoken in India. The ethnic variety of proficiency tend to contribute to the lack of homogeneity in Indians’ use of English. Against this back ground, Indian users of English language, lack intelligibility in communicating English language as it ought to be communicated like native speakers of English. This kind of situations often noticed by the native speakers who claim that they use only Standard English. Standard English is defined by H.C.Wyld as a certain vareity of English “spoken within certain social boundaries, with an extraordinary degree of uniformity, all over the country”. It is neither a regional nor social dialect, but its use confers a social change on the speakers. Every educated Englishmen speak it as it is the widely accepted dialect. It is the English spoken in southern England and it remains to be the language of the cultured and educated people living in south of the River Thames. It is the speech heard among men who have bee

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