scholarly journals Intersectional Violence against Women in Politics

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Kuperberg
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
Theoretical Conceptualization

The field of violence against women in politics (VAWIP) is so new, it seems unfair to discuss its “gaps”; rather, the study of VAWIP is defined by its uncharted territory. The bulk of existing literature, compiled by scholars as well as practitioners, emphasizes theoretical conceptualization, empirical forms of violence, and the tracking of incidents across regions (Krook 2017; Krook and Restrepo Sanín 2016). Researchers have stressed the gendered motivations and implications of VAWIP. In short, women are targets of violence because they are women and because they are in politics.

Economic Violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
Mona Lena Krook
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Economic Violence ◽  
Property Destruction ◽  
Forms Of Violence

Chapter 15 provides an overview of economic forms of violence against women in politics. Economic violence employs economic hardship and deprivation as a means of control, most often by destroying a person’s property or harming their financial livelihood as a form of intimidation. Forms of economic violence include vandalism, property destruction, theft, extortion, raids to remove property, withholding of funds and resources, threats to terminate employment, withdrawal of financial support, and restrictions on access to funding. Despite direct links between economic violence and the ability of women to perform political functions, it remains a largely invisible phenomenon. Few women, indeed, appear willing to speak on the record about their experiences for fear of negative effects on their personal and professional livelihoods. Relative silence on these dynamics, in turn, means that few measures exist to address economic violence, with civil society largely filling the gap to provide emergency grants and accounting oversight.

Psychological Violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-153
Author(s):  
Mona Lena Krook
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Psychological Violence ◽  
Forms Of Violence

Chapter 13 provides an overview of psychological forms of violence against women in politics. Psychological violence inflicts trauma on individuals’ mental state or emotional well-being. It seeks to disempower targets by degrading, demoralizing, or shaming them—often through efforts to instill fear, cause stress, or harm their credibility. These acts may occur inside and outside official political settings and be carried out in person, by telephone, or via digital means like email and social media. Experiencing it firsthand, targets (and their allies) have taken the lead in devising and sharing coping strategies, empowering individuals and mobilizing groups to call out psychological violence and counteract its pernicious effects.

Physical Violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Mona Lena Krook
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
Politically Active

Chapter 12 provides an overview of physical forms of violence against women in politics. Physical violence encompasses a wide range of bodily harms involving unwanted contact and confinement resulting in death or injury. The tangible nature of these acts makes them the most widely recognized and least contested forms of violence against women. They tend to be relatively rare, however, with offenders opting for “less costly” means of violence before escalating to physical attacks. While legal redress may be a solution for at least some forms of physical violence, politically active women have developed a number of grassroots strategies to respond to and anticipate physical violence. At the same time, individual women and state actors have devised new preventive security arrangements, seeking to avert or mitigate the effects of physical attacks.

Cross-Cutting Solutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 217-230
Author(s):  
Mona Lena Krook
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Awareness Raising ◽  
Forms Of Violence

Chapter 17 builds on previous chapters, which focus on solutions for individual categories of violence, by cataloguing solutions that cut across multiple forms of violence. Collective efforts to understand this problem highlight the multi-faceted and overlapping nature of its manifestations, thus single-pronged solutions alone may not suffice to address the fuller spectrum of acts of violence against women in politics. The chapter outlines three categories of cross-cutting solutions pioneered in various parts of the globe: awareness-raising initiatives, legal reforms, and safety and support frameworks. It shows that as a group, they tackle this problem at various stages, seeking to prevent, sanction, and provide redress for acts of violence against women in politics.

Semiotic Violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 187-214
Author(s):  
Mona Lena Krook
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Body Language ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Role Incongruity ◽  
Forms Of Violence

Chapter 16 provides an overview of semiotic forms of violence against women in politics. These dynamics involve mobilizing semiotic resources—words, images, and even body language—to injure, discipline, and subjugate women. Unlike other forms of violence against women, these acts are less about attacking particular women directly than about shaping public perceptions about the validity of women’s political participation more broadly. Analyzed inductively, women’s experiences in politics suggest two main modes of semiotic violence: rendering women invisible, attempting to “symbolically annihilate” women in the public sphere, and rendering women incompetent, emphasizing “role incongruity” between being a woman and being a leader. Emerging solutions seek to counteract these dynamics by revising or reversing prevailing semiotic frames, forging new semiotic tools to defend women’s right to participate and create a more inclusive public sphere.

Violence before pregnancy and the risk of violence during pregnancy

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vislava Globevnik Velikonja ◽  
Miha Lučovnik ◽  
Tanja Premru Sršen ◽  
Vesna Leskošek ◽  
Megie Krajnc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Anonymous Questionnaire ◽  
Violence During Pregnancy ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
In Pregnancy ◽  
Consequences Of Violence

AbstractObjective:To investigate the relationships among different forms of violence before and during pregnancy.Material and methods:An anonymous questionnaire (adapted NorAQ) was given to 1269 women after childbirth.Results:The response rate was 80% (n=1018). Different forms of violence were experienced by 46.9% of the women; 9.2% reported violence in pregnancy. Suffering from the consequences of violence was reported by 43.8% of the women; sexual (76.6%) and psychological (54.1%) ranked the highest. Past experience of any form of violence increased the risk of violence in pregnancy, violences experienced in adulthood even more than that in childhood [odds ratio (OR) 4.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7–6.5 vs. OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–2.9]. The onset of violence during pregnancy is rare. Violence was most frequently exerted by the intimate partner.Conclusion:Healthcare systems have access to most women of reproductive age, thus they have the unique opportunity to identify and adequately manage violence against women and its consequences.

scholarly journals Turning the Tide on Violence against Women in Politics: How Are We Measuring Up?

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Ballington
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Psychological Harm ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Right ◽  
Human Rights Violation

Violence against women in politics (VAWP) is a human rights violation, as it prevents the realization of political rights. Violence against women in political and public life can be understood as “any act or threat of gender-based violence, resulting in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering to women, that prevents them from exercising and realizing their political rights, whether in public or private spaces, including the right to vote and hold public office, to vote in secret and to freely campaign, to associate and assemble, and to enjoy freedom of opinion and expression” (UN Women/UNDP 2017, 20).

scholarly journals Physical, sexual and psychological intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence against women and girls: a systematic review protocol for producing global, regional and country estimates

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. e045574
Author(s):  
Heidi Stöckl ◽  
Lynnmarie Sardinha ◽  
Mathieu Maheu-Giroux ◽  
Sarah R Meyer ◽  
Claudia García-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Forms Of Violence

IntroductionIn 2013, the WHO published the first global and regional estimates on physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) and non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) based on a systematic review of population-based prevalence studies. In this protocol, we describe a new systematic review for the production of updated estimates for IPV and NPSV for global monitoring of violence against women, including providing the baseline for measuring Sustainable Development Goal to eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls.Methods and analysisThe systematic review will update and extend the previous search for population-based surveys (either nationally or subnationally representative) conducted among women aged 15+ years that measured the prevalence of physical, sexual, psychological and physical and/or sexual IPV, NPSV or sexual violence by any perpetrator up to December 2019. Data will be extracted separately for all age groups, setting (urban/rural), partnership status (currently partnered/ever partnered/all women) and recall period (lifetime prevalence/past 12 months). Studies will be identified from electronic searches of online databases of EMBASE, MEDLINE, Global Health and PsycInfo. A search of national statistics office homepages will be conducted for each country to identify reports on population-based, national or subnational studies that include data on IPV or NPSV published outside academic journals. Two reviewers will be involved in quality assessment and data extraction of the review. The review is planned to be updated on a continuous basis. All findings will undergo a country consultation process.Ethics and disseminationFormal ethical approval is not required, as primary data will not be collected. This systematic review will provide a basis and a follow-up tool for global monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goal Target 5.2 on the elimination of all forms of violence against women and girls.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017054100.

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