The impact of chronic environmental stressors on growing pigs, Sus scrofa (Part 1): stress physiology, production and play behaviour

Abstract In theory, supplementing xylanase in corn-based swine diets should improve nutrient and energy digestibility and fiber fermentability, but its efficacy is inconsistent. The experimental objective was to investigate the impact of xylanase on energy and nutrient digestibility, digesta viscosity, and fermentation when pigs are fed a diet high in insoluble fiber (>20% neutral detergent fiber; NDF) and given a 46-d dietary adaptation period. Three replicates of 20 growing gilts were blocked by initial body weight, individually housed, and assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: a low-fiber control (LF) with 7.5% NDF, a 30% corn bran high-fiber control (HF; 21.9% NDF), HF+100 mg xylanase/kg [HF+XY, (Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK)] providing 16,000 birch xylan units/kg; and HF+50 mg arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide (AXOS) product/kg [HF+AX, (XOS 35A; Shandong Longlive Biotechnology, Shandong, China)] providing AXOS with 3-7 degrees of polymerization. Gilts were allowed ad libitum access to fed for 36-d. On d 36, pigs were housed in metabolism crates for a 10-d period, limit fed, and feces were collected. On d 46, pigs were euthanized and ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta were collected. Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model with block and replication as random effects, and treatment as a fixed effect. Compared with LF, HF reduced the apparent ileal digestibility (AID), apparent cecal digestibility (ACED), apparent colonic digestibility (ACOD), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), NDF, and hemicellulose (P<0.01). Relative to HF, HF+XY improved the AID of GE, CP, and NDF (P<0.05), and improved the ACED, ACOD, and ATTD of DM, GE, CP, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose (P<0.05). Among treatments, pigs fed HF had increased hindgut DM disappearance (P=0.031). Relative to HF, HF+XY improved cecal disappearance of DM (162 vs. 98g; P=0.008) and NDF (44 vs. 13g; P<0.01). Pigs fed xylanase had a greater proportion of acetate in cecal digesta and butyrate in colonic digesta among treatments (P<0.05). Compared with LF, HF increased ileal, cecal, and colonic viscosity, but HF+XY decreased ileal viscosity compared with HF (P<0.001). In conclusion, increased insoluble corn-based fiber decreases digestibility, reduces cecal fermentation, and increases digesta viscosity, but supplementing xylanase partially mitigated that effect.

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27 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and a Partial Life Cycle Assessment When Growing Pigs Are Fed High Wheat Millrun Diets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 24-25

Author(s):

Agbee L Kpogo ◽

Jismol Jose ◽

Josiane Panisson ◽

Bernardo Predicala ◽

Alvin Alvarado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Pork Production ◽

Feed Production ◽

Farm Model ◽

And Performance ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽

The Impact

Abstract The impact of feeding growing pigs with high wheat millrun diets on the global warming potential (GWP) of pork production was investigated. In study 1, a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of wheat millrun (0 or 30%) and multi-carbohydrase enzyme (0 or 1 mg kg-1) as main effects was utilized. For each of 16 reps, 6 pigs (60.2±2.2 kg BW) were housed in environmental chambers for 14d. Air samples were collected and analyzed for carbon dioxide (CO2); nitrous oxide (N2O); and methane (CH4). In study 2, data from study 1 and performance data obtained from a previous feeding trial were utilized in a life cycle assessment (LCA) framework that included feed production. The Holos farm model (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge. AB) was used to estimate emissions from feed production. In study 1, total manure output from pigs fed 30% wheat millrun diets was 30% greater than pigs on the 0% wheat millrun diets (P < 0.05), however, Feeding diets with 30% millrun did not affect greenhouse gas (GHG) output (CH4, 4.7, 4.9; N2O, 0.45, 0.42; CO2, 1610, 1711; mg s-1 without or with millrun inclusion, respectively; P > 0.78). Enzyme supplementation had no effect on GHG production (CH4, 4.5, 5.1; N2O, 0.46, 0.42; CO2, 1808, 1513; mg s-1 without or with enzymes, respectively; P > 0.51). In study 2, the LCA indicated that the inclusion of 30% wheat millrun in diets for growing pigs resulted in approximately a 25% reduction in GWP when compared to the no wheat millrun diets. Our results demonstrate that 30% wheat millrun did not increase GHG output from the pigs, and thus the inclusion of wheat millrun in diets of growing pigs can reduce the GWP of pork production.

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The impact of occlusal function on structural adaptation in alveolar bone of the growing pig, Sus Scrofa

Archives of Oral Biology ◽

10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.08.013 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 79-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kuang-Dah Yeh ◽

Tracy Ellen Popowics

Keyword(s):

Sus Scrofa ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Structural Adaptation ◽

Growing Pig ◽

The Impact

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281 Young Scholar Presentation: Digestibility of calcium and phosphorus in feed ingredients fed to gestating sows and growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.188 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 111-111

Author(s):

Su A Lee ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Serum Biomarkers ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Hormonal Control ◽

Late Gestation ◽

Young Scholar ◽

Diet Formulation ◽

Microbial Phytase ◽

The Impact ◽

Ca:P Ratio

Abstract In practical diet formulation, values for standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and P obtained in growing pigs are also applied to sows. However, gestating sows have reduced digestibility and retention of Ca and P compared with growing pigs, and the impact of microbial phytase on the digestibility of P and Ca is much less in sows than in growing pigs. Applying STTD values for Ca and P obtained in growing pigs to diets for gestating sows, therefore, results in an overestimation of the absorbed Ca and P in sows (Table 1). Further research, however, indicated that the digestibility of Ca and P in late gestating sows is greater than in sows in early or mid-gestation and retention of Ca and P was greater in late-gestation compared with earlier gestation periods, which indicates that digestion and absorption of Ca and P may be under hormonal control in sows (Table 2). It was also demonstrated that a wide Ca:P ratio decreased P digestibility in both growing pigs and sows in late-gestation, which demonstrates the need for not overfeeding STTD Ca. In follow-up research, it was demonstrated that several serum biomarkers may be used to predict if a sow is in a positive or a negative Ca and P state, but more research is needed to quantify this effect and to determine if biomarkers can be used in Ca and P requirement experiments. In conclusion, gestating sows have much lower digestibility of Ca and P than growing pigs, which demonstrates that digestibility values obtained in growing pigs cannot be used to accurately formulate diets for gestating sows. Likewise, effects of microbial phytase on digestibility of Ca and P are much less predictable in gestating sows than in growing pigs and phytase effects in sows are much smaller than in growing pigs.

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The impact of reducing dietary crude protein and increasing total dietary fiber on hindgut fermentation, the methanogen community and gas emission in growing pigs

Animal Feed Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.09.005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 245 ◽

pp. 54-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ahmad Reza Seradj ◽

Joaquim Balcells ◽

Henris Morazan ◽

Javier Alvarez-Rodriguez ◽

Daniel Babot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Fiber ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Gas Emission ◽

Total Dietary Fiber ◽

Dietary Crude Protein ◽

Methanogen Community ◽

The Impact

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Greenhouse gases and performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets containing wheat millrun and a multi-carbohydrase enzyme

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab213 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Agbee L Kpogo ◽

Jismol Jose ◽

Josiane C Panisson ◽

Atta K Agyekum ◽

Bernardo Z Predicala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Content ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Net Energy ◽

Enzyme Supplementation ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽

The Impact

Abstract The objective of this project was to determine the impact of feeding growing pigs with high wheat millrun diets supplemented with a multi-carbohydrase enzyme (amylase, cellulase, glucanase, xylanase, and invertase activities) on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and greenhouse gas (GHG) output (carbon dioxide, CO2; nitrous oxide, N2O; methane, CH4). Three experiments were conducted utilizing six treatments arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial (0%, 15%, or 30% wheat millrun; with or without enzyme) for the digestibility experiment or as a 2 × 2 factorial (0% or 30% wheat millrun; with or without enzyme) for the performance and GHG experiments. The digestibility, performance, and GHG experiments utilized 48 individually housed pigs, 180 pigs housed 5 per pen, or 96 pigs housed 6 per chamber, respectively. Increasing wheat millrun up to 30% in the diet of growing pigs resulted in decreased energy, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) apparent total tract digestibility and net energy content (P < 0.01). Overall, average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio were reduced in pigs fed wheat millrun (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation had minimal effects on the digestibility or performance parameters measured. Feeding diets with 30% millrun did not affect GHG output (CH4: 4.7 and 4.9; N2O: 0.45 and 0.42; CO2: 1,610 and 1,711 mg/s without or with millrun inclusion, respectively; P > 0.78). Enzyme supplementation had no effect on GHG emissions (CH4: 4.5 and 5.1; N2O: 0.46 and 0.42; CO2: 1,808 and 1,513 mg/s without or with enzymes, respectively; P > 0.51). Overall, the carbohydrase enzyme had minimal effects on parameters measured, regardless of wheat millrun inclusion (P > 0.10). Although energy, N and P digestibility, and ADG were reduced, the inclusion of up to 30% wheat millrun in the diet has no effect on GHG emissions from growing pigs (P > 0.10).

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Influence of the Intestinal Microbiota on Colonization Resistance to Salmonella and the Shedding Pattern of Naturally Exposed Pigs

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.00021-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Héctor Argüello ◽

Jordi Estellé ◽

Finola C. Leonard ◽

Fiona Crispie ◽

Paul D. Cotter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

16S Rrna ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Current Control ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Microbiota Composition ◽

Core Microbiome ◽

The Core ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Salmonella colonization and infection in production animals such as pigs are a cause for concern from a public health perspective. Variations in susceptibility to natural infection may be influenced by the intestinal microbiota. Using 16S rRNA compositional sequencing, we characterized the fecal microbiome of 15 weaned pigs naturally infected with Salmonella at 18, 33, and 45 days postweaning. Dissimilarities in microbiota composition were analyzed in relation to Salmonella infection status (infected, not infected), serological status, and shedding pattern (nonshedders, single-point shedders, intermittent-persistent shedders). Global microbiota composition was associated with the infection outcome based on serological analysis. Greater richness within the microbiota postweaning was linked to pigs being seronegative at the end of the study at 11 weeks of age. Members of the Clostridia, such as Blautia, Roseburia, and Anaerovibrio, were more abundant and part of the core microbiome in nonshedder pigs. Cellulolytic microbiota (Ruminococcus and Prevotella) were also more abundant in noninfected pigs during the weaning and growing stages. Microbial profiling also revealed that infected pigs had a higher abundance of Lactobacillus and Oscillospira, the latter also being part of the core microbiome of intermittent-persistent shedders. These findings suggest that a lack of microbiome maturation and greater proportions of microorganisms associated with suckling increase susceptibility to infection. In addition, the persistence of Salmonella shedding may be associated with an enrichment of pathobionts such as Anaerobiospirillum. Overall, these results suggest that there may be merit in manipulating certain taxa within the porcine intestinal microbial community to increase disease resistance against Salmonella in pigs. IMPORTANCE Salmonella is a global threat for public health, and pork is one of the main sources of human salmonellosis. However, the complex epidemiology of the infection limits current control strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence of this infection in pigs. The present study analyzes for the first time the impact of the gut microbiota in Salmonella infection in pigs and its shedding pattern in naturally infected growing pigs. Microbiome (16S rRNA amplicon) analysis reveals that maturation of the gut microbiome could be a key consideration with respect to limiting the infection and shedding of Salmonella in pigs. Indeed, seronegative animals had higher richness of the gut microbiota early after weaning, and uninfected pigs had higher abundance of strict anaerobes from the class Clostridia, results which demonstrate that a fast transition from the suckling microbiota to a postweaning microbiota could be crucial with respect to protecting the animals.

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Antisocial Play in the Preschool: Survey Data on Children's Behaviour and Some Response Strategies in Current Use

Australasian Journal of Early Childhood ◽

10.1177/183693919802300104 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 10-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christine Gruss ◽

Ian Jackson ◽

Anne Grimson ◽

Derek Hedgcock

Keyword(s):

General Practice ◽

Survey Data ◽

Response Strategies ◽

Play Behaviour ◽

Children’S Behaviour ◽

Survey Responses ◽

The Impact

Antisocial play behaviour, though not commonly encountered in the preschool, nonetheless introduces interpersonal as well as organisational tensions when it occurs. The research reported in this paper is based on survey details which outline the behaviours involved and a range of strategies currently used to deal with disruptive play. The study used a sample from State preschool centres in North Queensland. Survey responses highlighted the general practice of keeping centre rules and guidelines constantly in public view, and the need for diversity and flexibility in access to and deployment of strategies designed to ameliorate the impact of antisocial play.

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